OUTLINE

• Vector Differentiation
• Differentiation of sum and products of
vectors
• Partial differentiation of vectors
• Integration of vectors
• Gradient, divergence and curl of vectors
• Divergence theorem

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 VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION
• Vector differentiation problems are associated with vectors that change with
time or other variables. That is, � is a vector that varies with respect to a
variable t.

For � � � � . Then;
� � � �

• UNIT TANGENT VECTOR along A is:

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Differentiation of sum and products of
vectors

(1) �
(2) �. �. .
(3) � × � × ×
Where � and are differentiable vectors.

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 Example One
• If � 2 2 3 3 and
3 1 .
Calculate:
(a) (b) at t =1 (c) (d) at t = 1 (e)
(f) at t = 1
(g) � (h) �. (i) � ×
(j) tangent vector for the vector � at t=1.

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Solution to Example one
If vectors � (2 2) ( 3) 3 and 3 t 1 j
Then,
(a) 4 9
(b) 4 9 4 1 9 98 9.9
=
(c) 6 2
(d) 6 2 6 1 2 41 6.4
=
(e) 4 0 18 4 18

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 Solution to Example one contd.
(f) 4 18 4 18 340 18.4
=
(g) � 2 2 3 3 3 t 1 j
5 2 2 2 (3 )
Therefore (� ) 10 2 (9 2 )
(h) � . 2 2 3 3 1 3
6 6 2 3 3 3 6 7 2 3
But �. �. .

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Solution to example one contd.
�. 3 6 7 2 3
OR from;
�. .
2 2 3 3 . 6 2 4 9 . {3
t 1 j }
6 2 2 3 6 12 1 9
12 12 3 6 12 1 9
Same as in �. above.

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 Solution to example one contd.
(i) � × �× ×

Where � × 2 2 3 3
3 1
3 3 1 2 2 3 3 { 2 2 1 3 3 }

3 3 3 2 2 9 (2 2 2 2 3 9 )
2 3 3 2 2 9 ( 7 2 2)

� ×

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 Solution to example one contd.
Alternatively from;

× ×

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 Solution to example one contd.
Also,
�
× 4 1 9
3 1
1 9 4 9 4 1
1 3 3 1
8 9 4 27 4
Thus;
�
�× ×
Hence,
�
� × �× ×

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 Solution to example one contd.
(j) Tangent vector for the vector A at t = 1;
�
4 9
൙ � ൘
4 9

At t = 1;
4 9 4 9
൘4 9 ൘
98

. . .

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 Class Work One

(a) (b) (c) (d)

ANS: (a) (b)

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 Class Work Two
A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are
−
, 2 3 and 2 3 where is the time.
(a) Determine its position vector, velocity and acceleration at any time.
(b) Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at 0.
ANS: (a) − , − ,
−

(b) At t=0, + and = ; ,

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 Class Work Three
A particle is located along parametric curve 1,
4 3 and 2 6 where is the time. Determine:
(a) The unit tangent vector on the curve
(b) The unit tangent at the point where 2.
+ + −
ANS: (a) ൗ ( ) + +( − )
(b) At t = 2

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 Partial Differentiation of Vectors
If a vector A is function of two independent variables x and y. Then, partial
differentiation can be used to find the differential of the vector. The following
forms are applicable with respect to independent variables;

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 Partial Differentiation of Vectors contd.
•

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 Example Two
• If � 2 .
Find:
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

(g) (h)

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 Solution to Example Two
(a) 4 4 2
(b) 2
(c) 4 12 2
(d)
(e) 2

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 Solution to Example Two contd.
(f) 4 4 2

Note from (e) and (f) above that;

(g) 4 2
4 2
4 2 2

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 Solution to Example Two contd.

(h) 4 2
2
2 2

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 Example Three
• If a vector � and a scalar
∅ , , . Find:
(∅ )
at point (2, 1, 1).

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Solution to Example Three
∅�
(∅�)
2 3
(∅�) (∅�)
4 2 3

(∅�) (∅�)
4 2

Therefore, at point (2, 1, 1)

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 Class Work Four
If a vector � 2 ( 3 )
Find:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
(g) (h)
ANSWERS: (a) 2 2 2 (b) 2 3
(c) 2 2 (d) 0 (e) (f) (g) 2
(h) 0

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 INTEGRATION OF VECTORS
A vector which is a function time can be easily
integrated along curve. Hence,
For � � � �
Then,

න� න� න� න�

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 Example Four
If � 2 3 . Find:
‫�׬‬ (b) ‫� ׬‬
SOLUTION
(a) ‫� ׬‬ ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬2 ‫׬‬3
=( ) 3

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Solution to Example Four contd.
(b) ‫� ׬‬ ‫׬‬ ‫ ׬‬2 ‫ ׬‬3

( ) 3
2 3 2
5 15
3
6 2

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 Example Five
The acceleration of a particle at any time t > 0 is
given by:
12 2 8 2 16
If the velocity and displacement are zero at
0, find and at any time.

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Solution to Example Five
(a) ‫׬‬ ‫ ׬‬12 2 8 2 16

න 12 2 න8 2 න 16

6 2 4 2 8
Thus, at 0, 0
0 0 4 0
4
There at any time;
6 2 (4 2 4) 8

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 Solution to Example Five contd.
Displacement;

න න 6 2 (4 2 4) 8

8
3 2 2 2 4
3
Thus, at 0, 0
0 3 0 0
3
Therefore, at any time;
8
(3 3 2 ) (2 2 4 )
3

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Class Work Five
• If � 2 2 2 .
Find:

න �

ANSWER:
. .

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Class Work Six
If � 2 4 and 2 4 . Find:

න (� × )

ANSWER:
( )

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Class Work Seven
If � × ( × ) where;
� 3 (2 3) 4 , 2 4 (3 3 )
and 2 3 2 .
Determine:

ANSWER:
�× ×

න ( )

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