Part -1

Chapter
No. Chapters
History
1. The Advent of Europeans to India
2. The Extension of the British Rule
3. The Impact of the British Rule in India
4. Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka and Wodeyars of Mysore
5. Social and Religious Reform Moments

Political Science
6. Public Administration- An Introduction
7. Challenges of India and their Remedies

Sociology
8. Social Stratification
9. Work and Economic Life
Geography
10. India-Geographical Position and Physical Features
11. India-Seasons
12. India- Soils
13. India- Forest Resources
14. India- Water Resources
Economics
15. Economy and Government

Business Studies
16. Bank Transactions
History - The Advent of Europeans to India K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 01
The Advent of Europeans to India
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. In 1453, the ottoman Turks occupied Constantinople.
2. The sea route between India and Europe was discovered by Vasco da Gama.
3. In 1741 Dutch declared war on Travancore.
4. The capital of the French in India was Pondicherry.
5. The war broke out between Siraj-ud-Daulah and Robert Clive in 1757 was
Plassey war.
6. The Diwani rights over Bengal were handed over to the British by Shah Alam
Ⅱ.
7. The Dual government policy was implemented by Robert Clive in Bengal.
8. Arab merchant has gained monopoly over the trade in Asian countries.
9. Italian traders had gained monopoly over trade in Europe.
10. The Dastaks (licence) issued by the Mughal ruler Furak Siar.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. How did trade take place between India and Europe during middle ages?
 There were trade and commerce relations between India and Europe
since ancient times.
 There was great demand for Indian pepper, cumin, cinnamon, cardamom,
ginger and many other spices in Europe.
 The trade relations between India, Europe and other Asian countries
continued even during the middle ages.
 The Arab merchants carried Asian merchandise to Constantinople of
Eastern Roman [Byzantium] empire.
 The Italian merchants would buy these goods and then sell them to
European countries.
 Constantinople was thus the centre of international trade and was
considered as the ‘Gateway of European trade’.

2. Discuss the causes that resulted in the discovery of a new sea route to India.
 The Constantinople was captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453.
 The demand of Indian spices in Europe.
 The group of Christians financially supported to navigators.
 The discovery of scientific instruments in Europe like compass, astrolabes
and gun powder.
 The support of kings in Europe like Henry [The king of Portugal]
established the training centre in Portugal for the youths to become
navigators.

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3. List the Europeans who came to India for trade.

Ans. Portuguese, Dutch, British and French.

4. Explain how Marthanda Varma checked the Dutch.

 Marthanda Varma ruled from 1729 to 1758 and saved from the
surroundings rulers as well as foreigners.
 He made this as a great kingdom among all.
 The stood against the foreigners who were greedy of pepper and brought
many reforms in administration.
 He shifted his capital from Padmanabhapura to Triruwanthapura and
made his kingdom as “World Travancore Province”.
 The Dutch who were trying to monopolise (rule alonely) was defeated by
Marthanda Varma.
 He controlled the surrounding areas & made them to oppose the dutch.
 The Dutch with the help of the provenances like Kayamkulan, Kochi,
Purakkad and vadakukur attacked on Travancore, Raja Marthanda
defeated them and captured Vedumangala and Kottarakara trade centre.
 In 1741 the Dutch declared a war on Travancore with Kottarakara
province in the forefront.
 But Marthanda Varma’s army strongly sent it back.
 Finally on 15th August 1753 a treaty was signed and the Dutch forces
surrender its power to the Travancore province.

5. Explain the second Carnatic war.

 French made Salabath Jung, another son of Asaf Jha as the Nizam of
Hyderabad.
 An officer named Bussy was appointed in Hyderabad for his protection by
the French.
 In the Carnatic, Chandasaheb has become the Nawab with the help of
French.
 Robert Clive of East India Company attacked Arcot, the capital city of
Carnatic and defeated Chandasaheb.
 Chandasaheb was imprisoned.
 In the place of Chandasaheb, the English named Mohammed Ali, the son
of Anwaruddin, as the Nawab of Carnatic.
 The second Carnatic war ended with the “Treaty of Pondicherry”.
 The French recalled Dupleix.

6. Explain the causes and the results of the battle of Plassey.

Reasons:
 Misuse of Dastaks by the officials of company.
 Mending (Renogoration) of the fort without permission: The British
repaired the fort of Calcutta and placed Cannons (Tankers) in them.

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 Black Room Tragedy: Siraj-ud-Daulah imprisoned 146 Englishmen in a

small room in the fort of which 123 died.
Results:
 This was brought out the immortality, lack of unity among the Indians and
the greed of Indian businessmen.
 Mir Jaffar became the Nawab of Bengal.
 The company gained exclusive right to trade in Bengal.
 Mir Jaffar had to pay Rupees seventeen crores and seventy lakhs as war
indemnity (compensation) to the British company for the attack on the
fort William by Siraj-ud-Daulah.

7. What were the results of Battle of Buxar?

 Shah Alam-Ⅱ accorded the ‘Diwani rights’ over Bengal to the British.
 Shah Alam-Ⅱ gave away all the rights over Bengal to the British for an
annual fee of rupees 26 lakhs.
 Shuj-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh had to pay war indemnity of rupees
50 lakhs for waging a war against the company.
 With the death of Mir Jaffar, the company paid pension to his son and
took over the entire administration of Bengal.

8. When was Vasco da Gama found a new sea route to India?

Ans. 1498.

9. Who were the First Europeans arrived to India?

Ans. Portuguese.

10. Who arrived to India as the Viceroy of Portuguese after Vasco-da-Gama?

Ans. Fransisco de-Almida.

11. Who implemented blue water policy? Why?

Ans. Fransisco de-Almida.
He wanted to establish his supremacy over the water.

12. Who is considered as red founder of Portuguese empire in India? Why?

 Alfonso de Albuquerque who came after Almeida, is considered as the
real founder of Portuguese power in India.
 He waged a battle against the sultan of Bijapur in 1510 and won Goa.
 Goa became the administrative centre of the Portuguese administration
in India.

13. List the trading centres of Dutch East India Company.

Ans. Surat, Broach, Cambay, Kochin, Nagapatnam, Machalipatnam and Chinsore.

14. Why did the power of Portuguese declined in India?

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Ans. Due to the arrival of English and French.

15. When was Dutch India Company arrived to India?

Ans. 1602

16. Name the Moghul emperor who gave permission to British to establish their
first trading Company in Surat.
Ans. Jahangir.

17. Who was Sir Thomas Roy?

Ans. He was a royal Ambassador from the court of James - Ⅰ

18. Which fort did the British constructed in Madras?

Ans. St. George Fort

19. Name the Presidencies [important trading centres] of British in India.

Ans. Bombay, Madras & Kolkata.

20. Name the trading centres [factories] of French in India.

Ans. Machalipatnam, Chandranagore, Mahe, Karikal, Cassimbazar, Balasore.

21. Which is the first trading centre of French, Dutch & British East India
Company in India?
Ans. Surat

22. When was French East India Company arrived to India?

Ans. 1664

23. By which Treaties the first, second, third Carnatic wars came to end?
Ans. First Carnatic war: Aix la Chappelle
Second Carnatic war: Pondicherry
Third Carnatic war: Paris

24. Between whom and whom the battle of Plassey took place?
Ans. Siraj – ud – Daulah and Robert Clive on 23rd June 1757.

25. When was the battle of Buxar fought?

Ans. 1764

26. Explain the effects of the fall of Constantinople.

 The trade and commerce between Asia and Europe was carried on place
through the city of Constantinople.
 In 1453, the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople.
 As a result, all the trade routes connecting the city of Constantinople
came under the control of Turks.

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 The Turks started levying (collect) too many taxes on the goods passing
through these routes.
 As a result, trade became unprofitable. Meanwhile, Spain, Portugal &
other European rulers were attempting to break monopoly of Italian
traders.
 They started encouraging adventurous sailors to find a new sea route to
India.

27. Write a short note on First Carnatic war.

 On the request of Dupleix, La Bourdonnais, a French military leader from
Mauritius invaded Madras and captured it from the English.
 This force the helpless British to request the help of Anwaruddin, the
Nawab of Carnatic.
 The army sent by Anwaruddin failed to defeat the French at Madras.
 Finally, La Bourdonnais took money from the English and returned
Madras and went back to Mauritius.
 This enraged Dupleix & he attempted to take Madras but failed.
 Finally, the war ended with a treaty in Europe between France & English
called ‘Treaty of Aix – la – Chappelle’.

28. Write the short note on third Carnatic war.

 Count de Lally of the French attempted to besiege [capture] the fort
Wandiwash in 1760.
 In this decisive [final] battle, sir Eyre Coote of the English army defeated
the French and imprisoned Bussy.
 Lally escaped and hid in Pondicherry.
 Finally, Eyre Coote attacked Pondicherry and Lally had to surrender
unconditionally in 1761.
 And war ended with ‘Treaty of Paris in 1763’.

29. Explain the reasons for the battle of Buxar.

 Mir Qasim (Nawab of Bengal) was efficient administrator. In the
beginning he remained loyal to the company.
 He paid two lakhs pounds to the company and gave away a few places
to it.
 Shortly afterwards, he declared himself an independent king.
 After verifying the misuse of Dastaks, he declared all business was duty-
free in Bengal.
 Indians completed against the British in all spheres of business.
 They brought in Mir Jaffar again and dethroned Mir Qasim.
 As Mir Qasim knew the cunningness of the British, he went for an
organised war against them.

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 The combined forces of Mir Qasim faced the British army led by Hector
Munro at Buxar in 1764.

30. Explain the concept of dual government.

 In 1765, Robert Clive brought in ‘Dual-government’ in Bengal.
 The British had the right to collect land taxes, whereas the Nawab had
power over administrative issues like justice and others.
31. Explain the struggle between French and English for their supremacy in
South India.
Ans. First Carnatic war (1746-1748):
 La Bourdonnais took money from the English and returned Madras and
went back to Mauritius.
 This enraged Dupleix and he attempted take Madras but failed.
 Finally, the war ended with a treaty in Europe between France and
England called “Treaty of Aix – la – Chappelle”.

Second Carnatic war (1749-1754):

 In the place of Chandasaheb, the English named Mohammad Ali, the son
of Anwaruddin as the Nawab of Carnatic.
 The second Carnatic war ended with the treaty of Pondicherry.
 This war brought Laurels [Strength] to the English, while the French
suffered a political setback.

Third Carnatic war (1756-1763):

 The French lost all their bases in India due to the Carnatic wars.
 As per the ‘Treaty of Paris’ signed in 1763, Pondicherry was returned to
French.
 With these development, the French lost their importance in India.

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History - The Extension of the British Rule K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 02
The Extension of the British Rule
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. At the end of the First Anglo – Maratha war, Salbai agreement was signed
between the Marathas and the British.
2. The subsidiary alliance system was implemented by Lord Wellesley.
3. The governor general who integrated Punjab into the British Empire was
Dalhousie.
4. The Doctrine of Lapse policy was implemented by Dalhousie.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Explain the reasons for First Anglo Maratha war.
 The Marathas installed Shah Alam-Ⅱ back on the throne pf Mughal
Empire in Delhi.
 Shah Alam--Ⅱ gave Kora and Allahabad to Marathas, which he had earlier
given to the British.
 This resulted in the enmity between the Marathas and the British.
 Narayan Rao was murdered by his uncle Raghoba [Raghunath Rao].
 This resulted in fighting for the Peshwa post.
 The Maratha federation brought Madhav Rao--Ⅱ, the minor son of
Narayan Rao to the post of Peshwa.
 Upset with their development Raghoba approached the British for
support.

2. What were the conditions under subsidiary Alliance? Explain.

 The Indian kings had to keep the British Army in their Kingdom.
 The State concerned [take care] had to bear the expenses of the army
and the wages of soldiers, or had to give certain revenue lands for the
same.
 The king had to have the British Resident in his court.
 The king could not appoint any other European without the permission of
the British.
 In order to enter into any agreement or pact with any Indian state, the
permission of the governor general was mandatory.
 In return for all these services the company would offer protection to the
state from any internal or external aggression.

3. Explain the Thirst Anglo-Maratha war. Why did they install Pratapa Simha
as the ruler of Satara?
 The Maratha families tried their best to protect their independence and
honour.

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 In 1817 the Peshwa attacked the British Residency in Poona and burnt it
down.
 Appa Saheb and Malhar Rao Holkar rebelled [fight] against the British and
were defeated by British.
 Finally, in 1818 Peshwa Baji Rao--Ⅱ fought against the British at Koregaon
and Ashti and later surrendered to the British.
 The British abolished the Peshwa post & granted a pension to Baji Rao-Ⅱ.
 They installed Pratapa Simha, the descendant [relative] of Shivaji as the
ruler of the Satara.

4. How did the Doctrine of Lapse support the expansion of British Empire in
India?
 Dalhousie adopted the Doctrine of lapse policy whereby the adopted
children of Indian kings were refused of their right to throne.
 According to this policy, “If any Indian ruler died childless, his adopted
male child had no legal right over the throne”. Such a state was merged
with the British Empire.
 Princely state like, Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Jaipur
came under their policy.

5. Mention the cunning policies of British.

Ans. Subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse.

6. Which incident was the major setback of Marathas?

Ans. The death of Strong man Madhav Rao-Ⅱ.

7. Name the three policies followed by Lord Wellesley to extend his power in
India.
Ans. Subsidiary Alliance, waging war and administering the states directly that
were under the control of the British.

8. What is Subsidiary Alliance?

Ans. Subsidiary Alliance was basically a military protection agreement between
the East Indian Company and the Indian state.

9. Which was the 1st state accepted the Subsidiary Alliance?

Ans. Hyderabad.

10. What was the main reason for second Anglo Maratha war?
Ans. The difference among the Maratha Chieftains [Heads] was the reasons for
second Anglo Maratha war.

11. By which treaty second Anglo Maratha war ended [Started]?

Ans. Treaty of Bassien (1802).

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12. Mention the states which were accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
Ans. Mysore, Awadh, Tanjore, Maratha Kingdom, Berar, Arcot, Pune, Gwalior
and other states entered this agreement.

13. Between whom the Lahore agreement was signed?

Ans. British and Sikhs.

14. Explain the reasons for second Anglo Maratha war.

 There was enmity between Yeshwant Rao of Holkar family and Daulath
Rao of Scindia family.
 Both wanted to establish control over the Peshwa Balaji Rao--Ⅱ.
 In 1802, the army of Holkar defeated the armies of Scindia and the
Peshwa.
 The Peshwa appealed to the British for help.

15. Explain the Anglo Sikhs war.

 A political anarchy [problem] broke out in the Punjab after the death of
King Ranjith Singh in 1839.
 The British attempted to invade [attack] Punjab violating the treaty of
friendship of 1809.
 In December 1845, a war broke between the British and Punjab.
 The Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims got together to defeat the British.
 They had to accept the defeat due to few traitor leaders.
 They signed a humiliating Lahore agreement in 1846.
 In 1848, the Sikhs apposed the attempts by the British to rule Punjab
directly.
 The opposition was led by ‘Chattar Singh Attariwalla’ in Lahore and
‘Mooraj’ in Multan.
 Again the people of Punjab were defeated.
 Finally, Dalhousie merged the state of Punjab with the British Empire.

16. Why did Lord Wellesley resign his post?

Ans. Due to war thirstiness of Lord Wellesley, the company financially suffered
due to which he resigned his post.

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History - The Impact of British Rule in India K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 03
The Impact of British Rule in India
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Diwani Adalat in civil court was introduced by Warren Hastings.
2. The post of superintendent of Police was created by Lord Cornwallis.
3. The Permanent Zamindari system was introduced in Bengal and Bihar
provinces in 1793.
4. The land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed is Ryotwari System.
5. The report given by Maulay became the base of modern education system.
6. The Regulating Act was implemented in the year 1773.

II. Answer the following:

1. Illustrate the judicial system formulated through East India Company.
 Warren Hastings established a Diwani Adalat as a civil court & Nijamat
Adalat as a criminal court in 1772.
 In this civil court Hindus were dispensed. Justice as per the Hindus
Scriptures [Holy book] and the Muslims as per the Sharyat.
 The British legal procedures were introduced in the criminal courts.
 Civil courts came under the administration of European officers.
 The criminal courts were under the control of ‘Qajis’.
 They were functioning under the supervision of European officers.

2. What were the measures undertaken at the time of British in police system?
 Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient police system n India for the
first time.
 He created the new post of Superintendent of Police [SP].
 He divided a district into many stations in 1793 and put every station
under a ‘Kotwal’.
 He put every village under the care of ‘Chowkidhar’.
 The system of appointing British magistrate started in 1781.
 In 1902, the Police commission allowed the appointment of suitable
Indians qualified for the post of the police officers.

3. British land tax system made the Indian farmers to “Born in debt, lived in
debt and died in debt”. How?
 The officials took punitive actions to collect land taxes.
 The farmers had to borrow from the money lenders [financers] whenever
the crops failed.
 They had to sell their lands whenever they failed to repay the loans.
 Due to these land taxes, farmers had to lose their lands.

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4. What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?

 The Ryotwari system was first implemented in Baramahal region by
Alexander Reed in 1792.
 This system was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by
Thomas Munro in 1801.
 Under this system, both the farmer and the company were directly linked.
 The tiller of the land was recognised as the owner of the land.
 The owner had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the company
government.

5. What were the effects of British Land tax?

 A new class [new group] of Zamindars who exploited [tortured] the
farmers was created.
 The farmers who were subjected [targeted/under] to the exploitation of
the Zamindars, became landless slowly.
 Land became a commodity [thing]. Loans could be raised by mortgaging
[pledge] the lands.
 Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands in order to pay their
land taxes.
 The agricultural sector became commercialized [business] and had to
grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.
 The money lenders became strong.

6. Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.

 Indians could develop moderning secularism, democratic attitudes and
rationality [questioning mind] along with Nationalistic ideals [national
feelings].
 Impetus [encouragement] was received for the local literature and
languages. This facilitated [helped] unity in thinking process among the
educated class.
 Periodicals [newspaper/magazines] started emerging. And the people
started to analyse the work and policy of government by reading. This
changed opinion of Indians on the British Government.
 New social and religious reformation [changes] movements emerged.
 The thoughts of thinkers like J. S. Mill, Rousseau and Montesquieu
brought fresh thinking in the minds of educated youth of India.
 The freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe influenced
the Indians also.
 Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition.

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7. What were the restrictions imposed in regulating Act?

 Before the implementation of the act, there were three presidencies
under British rule. They are, Bengal, Madras and Bombay. All these three
were independent administrative units. Under Regulating Act, the Bengal
Presidency gained control over the other two presidencies.
 The governor of Bengal became the Governor General of all the three
presidencies.
 The governor general was authorized to direct, exercise control and to
supervise over the other two presidencies.
 The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not declare war on anyone
or enter into peace agreements without prior [before] approval of the
governor general of Bengal presidency and the Board of directors of the
company.
 According to this Act, Supreme Court was established in Calcutta.
 In this central court, one chief justice and three ordinary judges were
officiating.

8. What were the important features of the Indian Government Act of 1858?
 The license of East India Company was cancelled and India was brought
under the direct administration of the Queen.
 The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning
became the first Viceroy of India.
 A new post called ‘Secretary of state for India’ was created in the British
government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was
responsible for the administration of India.
 A council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the
administration. The council had fifteen members.

9. How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of Indian
constitution?
 A federal system of Indian principalities [princely states – small states]
British government regions and dominion states [states which come
under the control on Indians] was formed.
 Reserve Bank of India were established.
 Diarchy [two system] was established at the centre. [State & central
government].
 Diarchy was abolished [cancelled] at the provincial [State] level and
autonomy [power] was granted.
 The federal [two] court was established.

10. Who introduced the administration of Civil services?

Ans. Lord Cornwallis.

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11. What were the important features of 1919 Act?

 Act formulated Bi – Cameral legislative body. Lower house and upper
house were formed.
 Diarchy was allowed at provincial government.
 A high commissioner was appointed for India.
 Promised to improve local self-government [gram, jilla, taluk, panchayat].
 Provincial budget was separated from central budget.
 ‘Separate Electrol [constituents] college’ was extended for Muslims,
Sikhs, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

12. Who opened Fort William College in Kolkata?

Ans. Lord Cornwallis.

13. What is the aim of ‘Regulating Act’?

Ans. The main aim of ‘Regulating Act’ is to enforce control the East India
Company.

14. Why was Lord Cornwallis opened the Fort William College in Kolkata?
Ans. In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Kolkata/Calcutta to
provide education for the benefit of people aspiring [interest] to join civil
services.

15. Who argued ‘All the native of Hindustan are completely corrupt’?
Ans. Lord Cornwallis.

16. “The Indian farmers were born in dept. lived in dept.” who gave this
statement?
Ans. Charles Metcalf.

17. What is Mahal?

Ans. Mahal means ‘Taluk’.

18. Who were implemented to Mahalwari system?

Ans. R. M. Bird & James Thompson.

19. Who implemented Ryotwari system in Madras and Mysuru regions?

Ans. Thomas Munro.

20. Who was appointed as chairperson of the committee of an education?

Ans. Macalay.

21. Who established the universities in Kolkata, Bombay & Madras?

Ans. The Governor General Lord Dalhousie after the report of Charles Wood’s
report.

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22. Who criticized the corruption in East India Company?

Ans. Edmond Burk.

23. Which policy aimed at the creation of the new classes of Indians who said are
Indian by body but British in intelligence opinion & taste?
Ans. Macaulay Policy.

24. According to which act Supreme Court was established in Kolkata?

Ans. According to Regulating Act.

25. Which act declared that “The Indian have attained their paramount
[political] power in the name of British empire only but not their won.
Ans. Pitts India Act on 1784 C.E.

26. Which act officially allowed the Churches at enter India?

Ans. The Charter Act of 1813.

27. By which act the governor general of Bengal was named as the governor
general of India?
Ans. The Charter Act of 1833 C.E.

28. Who became the first viceroy of India?

Ans. Lord Canning.

29. What is the other name of Indian council Act of 1909?

Ans. Minto – Marley Reformation Act.

30. Which Act was used to divide and rule India?

Ans. Indian council acts of 1909.

31. Which act is also called as Montague Chelmsford Reforms Act?

Ans. The Government of Indian Act of 1919.

32. Explain the Mahalwari System.

 The company government entered into an agreement at the level of
‘Mahals’ with regard to payment of land tax in Uttar Pradesh, in many
parts of Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi.
 ‘Mahal’ means taluk, R. M. Bird and James Thompson implemented this
system.
 The big and small Zamindars were part of this system.
 Many Zamindars had to lose their ownership of the lands.

33. What are the important features of the Chartar Act of 1813?
 This act licensed the East company to stay for another twenty years in
India.

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 This act allowed this demand and authorized all interested persons to
carry out trade in India.
 A new era of license and permit was started.
 The board of Directors was vested with the powers to appoint the
governor general and the commander–in–Chief.
 The Churches were allowed to enter India officially.

34. What are the features of Indian council act of 1909?

 The total number of central legislature members were increased to 60
from 16.
 The member of council members were also increased in the provinces
[State].
 The members for the legislature was allowed through election for the first
time.
 In order to provide separate representation for Muslims, ‘Separate
Electorate College’ was created.

35. What is policy of assertion? Or

The Indian council act of 1909 was used to divide and rule India. Justify
Ans. In order to understand the aspirations [desires] of Indians, representation
was given to Indians. This is called as ‘Policy of Assertion’.

36. Which Act acted as the lease for the formation of Indian constitution?
Ans. Indian Government Act of 1935.

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Chapter – 04
Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka and
Wodeyars of Mysore
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The First Anglo-Mysore war took place between Hyder Ali and British.
2. The Second Anglo-Mysore war ended with Mangalore treaty.
3. Raja Wodeyar made Srirangapattna as his capital.
4. Kittur Rani Chennamma adopted a boy named Shivalingappa.
5. Rayanna of Kittur state belonged to Sangolli village.
6. Surapura is in the present district of Yadgiri.
7. The Bedas of Halagali village of Bagalkot district rebelled against the British.
8. The Amara Sullia rebellion was basically a Farmers rebellion.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the achievements of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar?
 Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar was an efficient soldier and administrator.
 He had the titles like Karnataka ‘Kavichakravathi’, ‘Aprathima veera’,
‘Thenkanaraja’ and ‘Navakoti Narayana’.
 He started the council of ministers [Athara Kacheri] to help in
administration.
 The postal system came into existence during his time.
 A dam was constructed across river Cauvery and Chikka Devaraja &
Dodda Devaraja canal were also constructed for irrigation.
 He had patronised many poets like Thirumalaraya, Sanchi Honnammara.

2. How did Hyder Ali come to power?

 The death of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar in 1704 created various political
challenges in Mysuru State.
 His death created the problems in the administration of Mysuru.
 All these developments helped Hyder Ali to get administration and
political power in Mysuru.
 Hyder Ali soon became popular in using arms and experiments.
 He understood the invasion [attack] of the forces by active military
operation and suppressed [controls] Daluoys [Commander].
 He imprisoned Krishna Raja Wodeyar Ⅱ and kept him under house
arrest and took over the power.
 He became famous as Nawab Hyder Ali in a short time.

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3. What were the effects of Second Anglo-Mysore war?

 Hyder Ali died due to illness during the war in 1782. The war was led by
his son Tippu Sultan.
 Tippu Sultan thought of all these development and decided to protect
Mangalore and the coastal regions.
 He defeated the British.
 The ‘Treaty of Mangalore’ ended the Second Anglo-Mysore war in 1784.

4. What were the conditions of Srirangapatnam treaty? Or

What were the effects of Third Anglo-Mysore war?
 Tippu Sultan signed the “Treaty of Srirangapatnam” in 1792 which had
unfavourable conditions.
 Tippu was forced to part with half of his Kingdom.
 He was forced to pay three crore rupees as war damage fee and had to
pledge two of his sons as a guarantee against the payment.
 He was also forced to release the prisoners of war.
 The British withdraw the combined army from Srirangapatna.

5. What were the achievements of Krishnaraja Wodeyar Ⅳ?

 Krishnaraja Wodeyar Ⅳ was very much interested in spreading
education among his people.
 He abolished fees in all primary schools to develop primary education.
 He helped Girls education.
 He started ‘The University of Mysore’ and also started scholarship to the
student’s continuing education in foreign countries.
 In 1909 ‘The Indian Institute of Science’ was established at Bangalore
with the help of Tata.
 A barrage [dam] was constructed across Cauvery near Belagola.
 The Iron and Steel factory, cement factory, paper mills at Bhadravathi,
Sugar factory at Mandya, Sandal oil factory at Mysore, Soap factory at
Bangalore, Chemical and Fertilizers factory at Belagola were also
constructed.
 Legislative council was formed by Krishnaraja Wodeyar Ⅳ.

6. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore strengthened the position of the British in Mysore.

Discuss. Or
What were the effects of Fourth Anglo-Mysore war?
 This was started in 1799.
 The British were able to destroy the strong fort.
 Tippu died while fighting the British in 1799.
 With the death of Tippu Sultan, the British were happy as if the whole
India came under their rule.

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 Most of the territories under Tippu’s rule was shared among the British,
the Maratha’s and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
 A small territory was handed over to the royal representative of Mysore
Wodeyars.

7. Explain the method of resisting the British power by Dhondia Wagh.

 Dhondia was born in a Maratha family of Chennagiri.
 He was called the Wagh, the tiger, due to his bravery.
 In 1779 he started his career as a cavalry soldier in Hyder Ali’s army and
grew to the position of a military general.
 Due to differences with Tippu, he was imprisoned.
 The British released him from the prison after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore
war.
 He captured Bidanoor and Shivamogga forts and made unsuccessful
attempt to capture Chitradurga fort.
 Lord Wellesley tried to check [start] this rebellion.
 An attack was organised on Shivamogga, Honnali, Harihara and other
places under the control of Dhondia.
 Dhondia ran away towards Gutti, which was under the control of the
Nizam of Hyderabad.
 When the Nizam’s army attacked Gutti, Dhondia had to run towards the
regions of the Marathas.
 The Marathas army attacked him and captured most of his horses, camels
and arms.
 When he was caught in between Maratha army and Nizam’s army, the
British attacked him near Yapalaperaui and killed him at Konagal.

8. Explain the method adopted by Rayanna to fight the British.

 Rayanna was a brave soldier.
 He fought for the independence of Kittur and felt it was his duty to
liberate his motherland.
 He fought against the British and was imprisoned along with her.
 He was later released by the British.
 He aimed at looting the treasury and taluk offices of the British.
 He had an army of five hundred men.
 The British thought that Rayanna was being instigated [inspired] by Rani
Chennamma.
 Hence, they shifted Chennamma to Kusugal prison from Bylahongala.
 The British devised a cunning strategy to capture Rayanna.
 An Amaldar [minister] named Krishnaraya joined hands with them.
 Rayanna was cunningly captured and bought down at Dharwad.
 He was declared as a main offender and was hanged to death at
Nandagadh on 26th January 1831.

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9. Explain the contributions of Putta Basappa of Kodagu in the freedom

struggle.
 The rebellion started in the hilly region.
 He declared that tax on tobacco and salt will be withdrawn.
 The capture of the government office in Bellary was the first move in this
rebellion.
 This further increased the popularity of Puttabasappa.
 The rebels marched towards Mangalore to capture it.
 The rebels marched towards Mangalore through Pane Mangalore and
Bantwal.
 They looted the treasury and prison of Bantwal.
 The British captured them with the help of people in Kodagu.
 Puttabasappa, Lakshmappa, Bangarasa, Kedambadi Ramayiah Gowda and
Guddemane Appaiah were hanged to death.

10. Discuss the Surapura rebellion in brief.

 The British government was observing the various developments of
Surapura.
 In 1857, it came to the notice of government that the representatives of
Nana Saheb were present in Surapura.
 The British appointed an officer named Campbelled to report on the
various activities of the king, an officer submitted a report to the resident
of Hyderabad that the king is involved in Malad administration.
 Venkatappa Nayaka is usually presented as the leader of 1857 revolt in
Karnataka by the historians.
 The British army captured Surapura in 1858.

11. Explain the achievements of Chamarajendra Wodeyar Ⅹ.

 During the period of Chamarajendra Wodeyar Ⅹ more importance was
given to irrigation.
 Special importance to Girls education was given by establishing ‘Maharani
Girls High School’.
 Chamarajendra Wodeyar gave shelter to Vivekananda when he came to
Mysore and also helped him to participate in the parliament of world
religious at Chicago.
 He had love towards Kannada and Sanskrit, he patronised [protect] many
scholars.
 Basappa Shastry was important among them who had written many
books and was known as “Abhinava Kalidasa” and has composed the
state Anthem of Mysore, “Kayo Shri Gowri”.

12. Name the last Wodeyar of Mysore Dynasty.

Ans. Jayachamaraja Wodeyar.

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13. Explain the achievement of Raja Wodeyar.

 The credit of expanding the small Pallyapattu into a large Mysore goes to
Raja Wodeyar.
 Srirangapattna was captured from the representative of Vijayanagara.
 He revived [rebuilt] the temples of Srirangapattna, Mysore and Melukote
“Rajamudi” the crown was offered to Lord Cheluvanarayana Swamy.
 He started the Navaratri [Dasara] festival of Mysore province in
Srirangapattna.

14. Who was the first governor of Karnataka?

Ans. Jayachamaraja Wodeyar.

15. The 18th century is called as the political problems century. How?
 In India History, the 18th century was considered as ‘The century of
political problems”.
 The death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor in 1707 was the main
reason.
 His death weakened the Mughal Empire.
 As a result the Mughal lost political control over South India.
 The death of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar in 1704 created various political
challenges in Mysore.

16. By which Treaty the First Anglo-Maratha war came to an end?

Ans. Madras Treaty.

17. What is the main reason for Third Anglo-Maratha war?

 The political situation of Travancore was the main reason for this war.
 The king of Travancore built a fort in Kochi with the help of the British
and captured Ayacotta and Kanaganoor forts from the Dutch.
 All these were the clear breach [break] of Mangalore Treaty.

18. Where is Kittur?

Ans. Kittur lies between Dharwad and Belagavi.

19. Who is Shivalinga Rudrasarja?

Ans. Son of Mallasarja.

20. Where was Chennamma imprisoned?

Ans. Bylahongala.

21. Who rebelled against British in Koppal?

Ans. Veerappa.

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22. Why Bedas of Halagali rebelled against British?

Ans. Bedas of Halagali Rebelled against the British when they were asked to
surrender their firearms.

23. What were the reasons for the First Anglo-Mysore war?
 The prominence [importance] gained by Hyder Ali in the South was not
tolerated by the British, Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
 The British started the cunning plans to defeat Hyder Ali.
 The British entered into an agreement with the Marathas and the Nizam
of Hyderabad against Hyder Ali.
 Hyder Ali brought this alliance and created the enmity among the
Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad and British.

24. What were the reasons of Second Anglo-Mysore war?

 The British attempted to break the ‘Madras treaty’.
 When Madhava Rao attacked Srirangapattna with the Maratha army,
Hyder Ali expected the British to support him as per the Madras Treaty.
 But, the British rejected the request of Hyder Ali and went against the
Marathas treaty.
 Mahe, the French colony was under the hold of Hyder Ali.
 The British attacked Mahe and captured it.

25. What were the reasons of Fourth Anglo-Mysore war?

 Tippu Sultan took the defeat in the Third Anglo-Mysore war personally.
 He paid off all the dues and got his children released.
 He gave half of his kingdom.
 Tippu’s attempt to form an alliance of local rulers and his closeness with
the French angered Lord Wellesley further.
 Tippu sent an ambassador to France to seek the alliance of the French.
 Tippu rejected to accept the subsidiary alliance.
 The British also captured Malabar regions illegally.

26. Explain the achievements of Kittur Rani Chennamma.

 After the death of her husband Mallasarja, Chennamma, the queen of
Mallasarja took active interest in the administration matters.
 After the death of Shivalinga Rudrasarja, Chennamma adopted a boy
named Shivalingappa & started ruling Kittur as a queen regent.
 Thackeray was the collector and political agent of the British in Dharwad.
 He attempted to take over the treasury and fort under his control.
 Chennamma considered war as inevitable.
 She prepared for the war.
 In the battle, Thackeray was shot dead.
 The British attacked Kittur again under the leadership of colonel Deak.

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 The army fought the battle bravely.

 She was captured by the British army.
 Chennamma and others were imprisoned at Bylahongala fort.
 Queen Chennamma passed away in prison.

27. Explain the rebellion of Bedas of Halagali.

 Halagali is a small village of Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district.
 It was part of the Mudhol principality.
 In 1857, the British banned the usage of weapons.
 The Bedas who always kept guns as part of their customs were good
hunters.
 The Bedas of Manturu, Boodni, Alagundi and neighbouring villages joined
Halagali Bedas.
 The British army entered Halagali village to supress the rebellion.
 They suppressed the Bedas in an inhuman way.

28. Explain the achievements of C. Ranga Charlu as the Diwan of Mysore.

 C. Rangacharlu was appointed as Diwan.
 He was an efficient administrative and liberal minded.
 He established the Mysore representative assembly [Gram panchayat].
 Gold mines in Kolar in 1881, Bangalore – Mysore railway line in 1882
were also started.

29. Explain the achievements of K. Sheshadri Iyer as the Diwan of Mysore.

 K. Sheshadri Iyer had a vast experience of having worked in different
positions.
 He was responsible for many new railway lines.
 In order to select the talented youngsters for various administrative
positions.
 He started the Mysore civil services examinations.
 ‘Anti child Marriage Prevention Act’ was implemented in 1894.
 Shimsha Hydro-Electric Power project was started.

30. The British shifted Chennamma to Kusugal prison from Bylahongala. Why?
Ans. The British thought that Rayanna was being instigated [inspired] by Rani
Chennamma. Hence, they shifted Chennamma to Kusugal prison from
Bylahongala.

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History – Social and Religious Reform Movements K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 05
Social and Religious Reform Movements
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The 19th Century is called the period of Indian Renaissance.
2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the newspaper Samavada Kaumudi.
3. The founder of Prarthana Samaj was Atma Rama Panduranga.
4. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule propagated that freedom was the basic necessity of
every individual.
5. Swami Vivekananda’s guru was Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.
6. Young Bengali movement was started by Henri Louis Derozio.

II. Answer the following:

1. What were the preaching’s of the Brahmo Samaj? Or Raja Ram Mohan Roy
has been called the father of Indian renaissance. Justify.
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy was one of the important person in establishment of
Brahmo Samaj.
 He was well-versed [Knowledge] in many languages like Sanskrit, Arabic,
Persian, English, French, Greek, Latin and others.
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy studied the Upanishads and questioned the practise
of idol worship.
 He argued that modern science and English education were essential for an
Indian revival [re-build].
 He opposed exploitation of women.
 He led an organized attack against the practise of Sati and child marriage.
 Ram Mohan Roy supported the prohibition of Sati Act which was
introduced by Lord William Bentinck.
 It opposed idol-worship and polytheism & encouraged monotheism.

2. Analyse the call of Dayananda Saraswati to return to the Vedas.

 Arya Samaj was established by Dayananda Saraswati.
 He travelled throughout the country giving lecturer and emphasized
[encourage] that the Vedas were the source of truth and knowledge.
 He advised people to ‘Back to the Vedas’.

3. Explain the reforms propagated [spread] by Satyashodhak Samaj. Or

Which were the teachings of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule?
 Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phule.
 He believed that freedom was the basic necessity of every individual and
that no individual could express his ideas if he did not have freedom.
 Satyashodhak Samaj forced for prohibition of liquor.
 It vehemently [completely] opposed gender inequality, denial [refuse] of
human rights, exploitation of people and practice of untouchability.

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 It started a movement for social justice.

 He advocated free and compulsory education in order to bring about
reform in the social system.
 He wanted to bring casteless society.

4. Analyse the objectives of the Aligarh mission.

 The Aligarh movement aimed at promoting harmony [co-operation] of
Eastern and Western ideas through transformation of the Muslims in their
political, social, educational, Religious and philosophical beliefs.
 Its main objective was to provide religious education along with Western
education and to create a modern society through western education.
 He supported female literacy and condemned [opposed] polygamy and ideas
against widow marriage.

5. Explain the vision of Ramakrishna Mission.

 Swami Vivekananda established Ramakrishna mission order to propagate
[spread] and ideals [principle] of his teachers, Ramakrishna
Paramahamsa.
 The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of
equality of all religions and to put that into practise.

6. Which were the reforms brought about by Annie Besant?

 Annie Besant aroused [arise] pride in Indian culture through her lectures.
 She attempted to establish equality universal brotherhood and harmony in
society.
 Annie Besant gave her full support to the freedom struggle.
 She started a newspaper called ‘New India’.
 In 1916 CE, she started Home Rule movement.
 She was the President of the Congress Session in 1917.

7. Explain the contribution of Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana Yogam.

 One caste, one Religion and One God for human beings was the basic ideas
of Sri Narayana Guru.
 Education is the only path to achieve this he declared.
 He built alternate temples for the backward communities.
 Narayana Guru and his companions [friends] started ‘Vaikom Satyagraha
movement’ in 1924.
 The Satyagraha for entry of untouchables into Guruvayoor temple was a
major incident.

8. List out the highlights of Periyar movement.

 Periyar said Tamil was the language of Dravidians.
 He became the president of the justice party in 1939.

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 HE championed [supported] equality and criticized caste and gender based

discrimination.
 He participated in the temple entry movement in 1924 held at Vaikom of
Kerala.
 He started an association called ‘Dravida Kazhagam’.
 He also started an English magazine under the title ‘Revolt’.
 His life goal was to established religious harmony.

9. Which were the principles advocated by Direjio?

 The young Bengal movement held discussions and debates on issues like
nature, humanism. God and other various topics.
 Derozio worked towards spreading the message that only rational
[questioning] thinking would liberate [free] people from the clutches
[holdings] of superstitions and social discrimination.
 He was an advocate of women Rights and opposed caste based
discrimination.

10. What are the contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the society?

 Swami Vivekananda was a revolutionary monk who opened the eyes of
Indians to the importance of loving life.
 He stressed the significance of the individual, his presence and ability.
 Ramakrishna mission is continuing to nurture [protect] culture through
education and social service.
 Vivekananda emphasized [developed] that nation and religion were like the
two faces of a coin.
 Many national leaders including Gandhiji were inspired by the philosophy
of Vivekananda.
 He tried his best in his lifetime to free India from Casteism, poverty,
illiteracy and unawareness.
 He introduced Indian culture to the world.
 He was an inspiration to the youth.

11. The 19th century in the Indian history is referred to as the period of Indian
renaissance. Justify.
i. They tried to ban the evil practise which are harmful to society.
ii. Western thought introduced the ideas of democracy, freedom, equality and
nationalism to Indians.

12. Explain the objectives of Theosophical society.

Ans. Brahma Vidya Samaj society was founded on the principles of
establishment of universal brotherhood, comparative study of ideology
[principles] and exploration [search] of natural principles and the latent energy of
individuals.

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13. What are the preaching of the Prarthana Samaj?

i. It was founded on the principle that service to mankind is service to god.
ii. It gave priority to spread education.
iii. It encouraged widow marriage, female literacy, inter caste marriage, eating
together by people of all castes and opposed child marriage, caste
system, idol worship & Purdah system.

14. What are the preaching’s of Arya Samaj?

i. Dayananda Saraswati advocated that caste should be decided based on the
ability & not on the birth of the person.
ii. He rejected the innumerable [countless] meanings practises.
iii. He encouraged widow marriage.
iv. He urged [forced] people to use swadeshi goods.
v. He propounded [spreaded] his teachings in a book called ‘Satyartha
Prakasha’.
vi. Purification Ritual [traditions] was the main activity of Arya Samaj.
vii. Dayanda Saraswathi condemned idol worship & caste system.
viii. The Samaj established schools & collages in many places.
ix. The principles of Swaraja and Swadharma advocated by Dayananda
Saraswati inspired people to take part in the freedom movement.
x. Dayananda Saraswati who was a great patriot, proclaimed [announced]
that India should be for Indians’.

15. Who introduced the prohibition of Sati Act?

Ans. Lord William Benting.

16. Name the king of Maharashtra who was deeply influenced by Satya Shokalak
Samaj.
Ans. Shahu Maharaj.

17. Who popularised the Prarthana Samaj?

Ans. M. G. Ranade.

18. Name the book of Dayananda Saraswati.

Ans. Satyartha Prakasha.

19. Who was influenced by Phule’s principles?

Ans. B. R. Ambedkar.

20. Name the college established by Sir Shyad.

Ans. Anglo-Oriented College.

21. Who were the founder of theosophical society?

Ans. Madam Blauituskey and Colonel H. S. Olcott.

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22. Who was the founder of academic association?

Ans. Henry Louis Derozio.

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Political Science –Public Administration-An Introduction K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 06
Public Administration – An Introduction
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The father of public administration is Wodrow Wilson.
2. The word Public administration was first used by Alexander Hamilton.
3. The members of UPSC are appointed by President.
4. 315 Article of Indian constitution mentions about state public service
commission.
5. The word Administration is a combination of two Latin words Ad and
ministraire.
6. The word ministraire give meaning of “To Care”.
7. The word Public also refers to ‘Government’.
8. O Glenn Stahl defines “recruitment as the cornerstone of administrative
structure”.

II. Answer the following:

1. Public administration is very essential at present. Discuss. Or
Explain the importance of public administration.
a) Public administration is the pillar of the government: It is impossible to
imagine a government or state without administration [executive].
b) Striving [effort] to protect public interests: It is responsible for national
defence, and bringing economic equality.
c) Implementation of the law and policies: Public administration enforce or
implement laws and policies to regulate the activities of people in society and
maintain law and order.
d) Strength and social security: The public administration implements the social
welfare policies to ensure strengthens social security to the needy people of
the society.
e) Assist the legislature as well as executive: The public administration helps to
make the rules & regulations and implement in society.

2. Public administration functions from birth to death of a person. Justify

 The public administration provides services to the people from birth to
death.
 Maintenance of law and order, protection of life and property, providing
justice, education, employment, necessities of life and other services.

3. Explain about the types of recruitment.

a) Direct recruitment:
 Direct recruitment is a scientific and popular method.

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 The qualified candidates are selected through competitive

examinations in a definite method is referred as direct recruitment.
b) Indirect recruitment:
 It is also called internal recruitment.
 The appointment of personal already in government services to
higher post on the basis of their qualification and seniority [service]
this is also the procedure of promotion and giving increment.

4. What is the role of state in maintaining law and order?

 Law and order is essential for the place, happiness, unity and
development of the nation.
 In today’s fast growing society, maintaining law and order is an important
task.
 The central government has the constitutional power to direct the states
in maintaining the law and order.
 The primary responsibility of state government is to maintain law and
order to discharge these responsibilities.
 The state government has a police administration consist of an executive
class and advisory class.
 In the states the police department is under Home Minister.

5. What is Public Administration?

Ans. Over all, public administration as a whole is concerned [interest] with
integrated functioning of government which runs the day-to-day affairs [issues]
of the state.

6. What is the opinion of Woodraw Wilson about public administration?

Ans. According to Woodraw Wilson public administration is the comprehensive
[whole] enforcement [implementation] of the law.

7. What is the opinion of Luther Guillick about public administration?

Ans. According to Luther Guillick public administration is concerned with the
executive branch that carries out the functions of government.

8. Explain the scope of the public administration according to Luther Guillick.

Ans. Luther Guillick has shown the scope of public administration in the word
“POSDCORB” each letter stands for a function of public administration.
P [Planning]
O [Organizing]
S [Staffing]
D [Directing]
CO [Co-ordinating]
R [Reporting]
B [Budgeting]

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9. What are the functions of UPSC?

a) To conduct competitive examination for recruitment of group A and B posts
of union government.
b) Conducting tests personally for direct recruitment.
c) To advice the government on guidelines to be followed in promotions and
transfer of various posts.
d) To advice the government to take disciplinary actions against the
inappropriate [illegal behaviour] behaviour of the officials in central and state
government.
e) To advice the government on any matter on the instructions of the president
of India.

10. Write a short note on UPSC.

 Union Republic service commission is a constitutional body established
according to the Article 315 of the constitution.
 The commission consists of one chairman and 10 members.
 They are appointed by the president of India.
 Their term of office is 6 years or 65 years of age evhichever is earlier.
 The union public service commission headquarter is at in New Delhi.

11. Explain the functions of KPSC.

 Recruitment [appointment] of gazetted [ A graders] officers to the state
government services through competitive exams and personality tests
and non-gazetted officers through competitive exams as per law.
 Conducting personality testes for candidates to be appointed to certain
posts.
 Conducting department exams twice a year for government employees.
 To advice the government on disciplinary [correct way] and promotion
cases.
 To carry out coordination work for various competitive exams conducted
in various state, centres on behalf of the union public service commission.

12. Write a short note on KPSC.

 According to article 315 of the Indian constitution on 18 th May 1951
KPCS has been established.
 The commission presently consists of an chairman and 11 members.
 They are appointed by the governor, the term of office is 6 years or 62
years of age whichever is earlier.
 The head office of KPSC is in Bengaluru. It has regional offices in
Mysore, Belagavi, Kalburgi & Shivamogga.

13. Name the important armed forces established by central government to

provide security for the public & to maintain the law & order in the country.
Ans. 1) CRPF (Central Resource Police Force)

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2) BSF (Border Security Force)

3) RPF (Railway Protection Force)
4) CISF (Central Industrial security Force)

14. Explain the structure of police administration system in India.

Home minister
↓
Home Secretary
↓
Director General & Inspector General of Police (DG and IGP)
[Head of the State Police Department]
↓
Director General of Police (DGP)
↓
Additional Director General of Police (ADGP)
↓
Inspector General of Police (IGD)
↓
Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
[Head of Sub zonal officer]
↓
Superintendent of Police (SP)
[District Police officer]
↓
Additional Superintendent of Police (ASP)
[Additional District Superintendent of Police]
↓
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DYSP)
[Head of Sub Divisional office]
↓
Circle Police Inspector (CPI)
[Head of circle officer]
↓
Sub Inspector of Police (CPI)
[Head of the police station]
↓
Assistant Sub Inspector (ASI)
↓
Head Constable (HC)
↓
Police Constable (PC)

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Political Science – Challenges of India and their Remedies K.S. Tutorials

Chapter - 07
Challenges of India and their Remedies
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Developing deep attachment with the place of living is called regionalism.
2. The Right to information act was implemented in the year 2005.
3. According to 2011 census the literacy rate was 7.4%
4. Fathima Beevi was the first women judge of Supreme Court of India.
5. Indira Gandhi was the first women Prime minister.
6. Prathiba Devi Singh Patil was the first women President.
7. Sarojini Naidu was the first women Governor.
8. Sucheta Kripalani was the first women Chief minister.
9. Meira Kumar was the first women Lokasabha speaker.
10. Smt. V. S. Ramadevi was the first women Judge of Supreme Court.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the measures that can be undertaken to control communalism?
 Strengthening the secular principles in all fields.
 Developing a secular nationalism.
 Adopting secular principles in education.
 Developing a strong nationalism.
 Creating awareness among people about communal harmony.
 Stress on thoughts of Nationalist.
 Uniform civil code.
 Equal treatment of all citizens & practise of secularism in all aspects of
public.

2. Mention the steps taken to eradicate illiteracy.

 In 1988 National literacy mission, ‘Sarva Siksha Abhiyana’ has been
launched.
 In 2001 to provide free education for children of 6-14 years.
 It provides education to girls, physically challenged and priority for
women awareness.
 ‘Saakshar Bharath’ programme has been launched to eradicate illiteracy
in 2009.
 Article 21A of our constitution education is made a fundamental right.
 Right to education – 2009 (RTE – The right of children to free and
compulsory education act -2009) has been guaranteed.
 Compulsory free education has been implemented for the children
between 6 and 14 years.
 In 2018 comprehensive [whole] education programme was implemented.
 ‘Nav Bharat’ literacy programme has been started.

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3. What are the measures undertaken by the government of India to eliminate

gender discrimination? Or
What are the government solutions to improve the status of women?
 The ministry of women and child welfare have been started at the centre
and state to improve education and development of women.
 Reservation have been given to women in recruitment in centre and state
government jobs.
 National and state women’s commission have been established.
 Women violence protection domestic act 2005 was enacted.
 “Prohibition of sexual harassment [Torture] of women in working place”
Act 2013 has implemented.
 In Karnataka 50% of seats reserved for women in local self-government.
 Helpline number 1091 facility for women provided.
 Parliament has passed ‘Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam Act’ giving 33% of
reservation to women in Lokasabha and state legislative assemblies.

4. Which are the methods to be undertaken to solve problems due to the rise of
population explosion. Or
Population is considered as human resources. Justify
a) Literacy
b) Technical education
c) Agricultural development
d) Industrial progress
e) Increasing exports in urban and rural areas creation of employment
opportunities.
f) Providing food & good health care.
g) Education skill & training them.

5. Who are gender minorities? What initiatives have been taken to eliminate
discrimination of gender minorities?
Ans. Physically and mentally, individuals who had feel and act opposite to their
genitial behaviour are called gender minorities.
 In 2014, the Supreme Court gave a landmark [important] judgement
regarding the gender minority.
 The government of India has enacted “The Protection of Rights of
Transgender minority protection Act” – 2019
 It has been declared a punishable offence that no one can separate
transgender person from their families and force them to leave their
homes, communities and villages.
 Integrated rehabilitation for the welfare of gender minority persons.
 Under “SMILE” [Support for marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and
Enterprise] scheme.
 A National council for gender minority have been formed.
 A National portal for Transgender has been created.

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 Shelter houses named ‘Gramina Gruha’ are being constructed.

 In 2008, Tamil Nadu government had set up “The Gender Minorities
welfare Board”.
 The Government of Karnataka has implemented the gender minority
state policy in 2017.
 1% reservation has been given in state government posts.

6. Make a list of programmes implemented to eradicate poverty.

 Since Independence many programmes have been launched both by the
central and state government to eradicate poverty.
 Five year plans in India are directed to eradicated poverty.
 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Mahatma Gandhi Rural employment guarantee
programme, Pradhan Mantri Gramodhaya Yojana are some of the
schemes undertaken to reduce poverty.
 Proper utilization of natural and human resources on productive lines
could reduce poverty in our country.
 Proper distribution of wealth, the equal distribution of national wealth
can be achieved.

7. Profiteering results in various negative consequences. Justify the statement.

Or
Profiteering brings laws both for producers and consumers. How do you
justify this statement?
 Profiteering increases economic crimes in society.
 It leads to creation of more black money.
 Encourages unethical business transactions.
 It leads to rise in prices.
 It leads to increase in inflation [inequality] and increases poverty.
 Most of the income of people goes into the hands of few wealthy
merchant class.
 It leads to loss the consumers & producers.

8. What do you mean by smuggling? Give suggestion to control it.

Ans. Smuggling is the act of secretly bringing goods from foreign countries and
sending to other countries without paying any import and export duties [Taxes].
 Import Substitutions.
 Suitable modulations of domestic market prices.
 Proper export and import policy.
 Strict coastal vigilance service.
 Punitive [punishable] measures to economic crimes.
 Inter-state trade agreement.
 Proper awareness among the citizens is to be created that smuggling is an
anti-national and economically a crime.

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 Social boycott of smuggled goods.

9. Communalism is harmful to National progress. How? Or

What are the effects of communalism?
 It disturbs peace in society.
 It is against unity and integrity of the country.
 It leads to destroy the life of the people and properties of the public.
 It leads to mutual distrust and threat.
 It leads to mutual accusing [Blame] and physical combat [fight].
 It create enmity between religious groups.
 It leads to social groupism, economic Antagonism [opposing] and political
rivalry [competition].
 It is against of national feelings.

10. Regionalism is against to national development. Discuss.

 Many a time this extreme regionalism harms national unity and integrity
of the nation
 The inter-state border disputes and inter-state river water sharing
disputes.

11. What is Corruption?

Ans. Corruption means an inducement [encourage] to do wrong by bribery or
other unlawful means.

12. Name the political institutions came to bring down corruption gradually in
India.
Ans. Lokpal and Lokayukt.

13. What is communalism?

Ans. Communalism refers to the split of the whole national community on the
basis of religion and it refers to the strong feeling that their group identities and
interests are opposite to each other.

14. What are the measures undertaken for the removal of regional imbalance?
 The Preamble of our constitution declares, “We the people of India” and
thereby stresses Indian Nationalism.
 It emphasizes [encourages] national and integrity by upholding single
national citizenship.
 It provides enough space for regional development.
 It has provided more opportunity for regional development by
implementing the elements of federal system.
 The central government coordinates the activities of the state with a view
to uphold the integrity of the nation.

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 “Ministry of development of North Eastern region” has been set up for

the development of North Eastern region of India.
 Malnad development committee, Kalyana Karnataka Development
committee, Dr. Nanjundappa committee formed by the government to
reduce the regional imbalance.
 Special recognition is given to Districts of Kalyana Karnataka under article
371 (J) to redress [reduce] regional imbalance.

15. What are the problems faced by India?

 Communalism
 Regionalism
 Illiteracy
 Corruption
 Economic inequality
 Population explosion
 Gender discrimination [Status of women]
 Poverty
 Profiteering
 Smuggling
 Gender minorities

16. What are the effects of corruption?

 Corruption is one of the illegal act.
 It is anti-social and immortal act.
 Staunch [Strong], it is against of good administration.
 It disturbs transparency and accountability [responsible] in
administration.
 Political corruption leads to organised crimes.
 It weakness the social, economic and political system of the country.
 It leads to decrease the efficiency of public service sectors workers.

17. What are the measures taken by the government to curb [stop] the problem
of corruption?
 The institution Lokpal has been established at National level and
Lokayukta institution has been established in the states.
 Central vigilance [supervisors] commission (CVC) has also set up.
 Prevention of corruption Act 1988 has been implemented.
 Right to information Act 2005 [RTI] has been implemented.
 CC cameras installed in government offices.
 Schemes like sakala, Janaspandana, Janasevak etc. have been
implemented complaint [Grievance] boxes are kept in government
offices.
 Strong political will as well as public support.

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 Good political leadership.

18. What is economic inequality?

Ans. Economic inequality refers to the widening of the gap between the poor
and the rich sections of the society.

19. What are the factors lead to the over population in India?
 Increasing Birth rate.
 Decreasing death rate.
 Rise of long time period.
 Decrease of infant mortality rate.

20. What are the problems created by the overpopulation?

Ans. Rapid population growth has created problems such as unemployment,
illiteracy, poverty, beggary, housing, health, water scarcity etc.

21. What are the solutions for economic inequality?

 Proper economic reforms.
 Careful fiscal policies [Equal distribution of wealth].
 Healthy taxation system.
 Growth of large industrial houses.
 Monopolies are to be properly regulated.
 Land reforms.
 Labour oriented policies.
 Social securities.

22. What are the measures appointed to take the control of profiteering?
 Proper governmental regulations.
 Control of price index.
 Expansion of cooperative marketing sector.
 Proper taxation policy.

23. What is poverty?

Ans. Poverty is inability to get sufficient food, clothing, housing and other basic
necessities of life.

24. What are the reasons for illiteracy?

Ans. Poverty, migration, child labour, child marriage, assignment of
responsibilities of baby care to elderly children, lack of interests to give
education.

25. What is regionalism?

Ans. Regionalism means the strong feeling of people in favour of the local area in
which they live.

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26. What are the causes of profiteering?

 Monopoly of business houses.
 Spread of multinational companies.
 Unhealthy market practises.
 Hoarding.
 Black marketing.
 Lack of proper price monitoring by commercial authorities.

27. What are the reasons of corruption?

Ans. Casteism, nepotism, lack of good responsibilities, lack of strict law, selfish
nature of man, calculation of avoiding risk, lack of strict supervision, ineffective
anti-corruption agencies and political interference etc.

28. What are the reasons of economic inequality?

 The high salary in the private sector.
 The operation of multinational companies.
 The increasing segment of white collar jobs.
 Profiteering.
 Corruption.

29. Explain the web of corruption.

Ans. Tax-evasion, hoarding, smuggling, misappropriation, fraud, violation of
rules of foreign exchanges, professional misconduct etc.

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Sociology – Social Stratification K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 08
Social Stratification
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. ‘Truly the whole mankind is one’ is declared by Pampa.
2. ‘Untouchability is a stigma on Hindu religion’ was told by Mahatma Gandhi.
3. Section 17 of the constitution declares that practise of untouchability is a
punishable offence.
4. The system of social stratification leads to inequality and differences.
5. The practise of untouchability is dying down as a results of the gradual
increase in literacy.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. What is meant by social stratification?
Ans. Social stratification refers to the practise of classifying people as upper class
and lower class on the basis of income, education, caste, colour, gender,
occupation, intelligence etc.

2. How has social stratification been created?

 Social stratification has been done by the society.
 Opportunities for good nutritious food, school, and employment are
more for children born in rich families.
 Children in poor families lack such opportunities.
 The unequal distribution of opportunities.
 The unequal distribution of country’s wealth.
 Meaningless practices, traditions and caste system.

3. What is meant by prejudice?

Ans. Prejudice is the opinion a person forms about another person or
community even before he gets to know them.

4. What are the constitutional and legal measures undertaken to eradicate

untouchability? Explain.
 Jyothiba Phule, Swami Vivekananda, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and others made
immense [huge] efforts to wipe [ears] untouchability in India.
 Section 17 of the constitution prohibits the practise of untouchability.
 The ‘Untouchability crime Act’ was implemented in 1955.
 The act was amended as ‘Citizen’s Rights Protection Act' in 1976.
 According to this act, practice of untouchability is a punishable offence.
 Universal suffrage [right to vote] and right to equality have been
guaranteed in the constitution to all citizens of the country.

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 All people belonging to backward castes, especially the scheduled castes

have been provided reservation in educational, political, economic and
employment opportunities.
 The regulation of 1989 confers [provides] special responsibilities to state
government with regards to eradication of untouchability.

5. What are the suggestions to stop the social evil of untouchability?

 Take the actions to increase the literacy level of the people.
 Eradicate the caste system.
 Equal rights to all.
 We ourselves should stop this practise.
 Bring awareness about the ill effects of this practise.
 Strong equal system.
 We should educate our family and relatives to stop this evil practise.
 The media should create awareness about this practise.

6. What are the effects of prejudice? Or

How does prejudice affect social equality?
Ans. Prejudice created by discrimination lead to development of feelings like
impatience, contempt, disrespect and hatred.
Social inequality develops leading to social conflict.

7. Social stratification can be seen in different periods in different countries.

Justify
 Various kinds of social stratification can be seen in different periods & in
different countries.
 The caste system has been in existence in India from thousands of years.
 The whites in America treated the blacks as slaves and traded them.
 Similarly, discrimination is made everywhere between the haves [rich]
and haven’ts [poor].

8. Untouchability is a social evil. How?

 Some people belonging to certain low castes were considered Shudras
and untouchables, and they were deprived [neglected] of rights to food,
employment and even right to life.
 Some centre among these are considered to be high whereas the others
are considered to be low.
 Untouchability is an inhuman practise of our society.
 Mahatma Gandhi called it a ‘Stigma’ (Black mark) on the Hindu society.
 Due to the practise of untouchability, people victimized (targeted) by it
were deprived (snatched) of social, cultural, religious, educational and
political facilities and opportunities.

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Sociology – Work and Economic Life K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 09
Work and Economic Life
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Division of labour leads to specification.
2. Workers without special training are called unorganised workers.
3. Workers who have special training and expertise are called organised
workers.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. What is ‘Division of labour’?
Ans. Division of labour means work being done by people depending on their
interests, tastes, abilities, age, expertise, skills and gender.

2. What is ‘Paid work’?

Ans. Work that provides wages salary or any other material benefits is called
‘paid workers’.

3. What is the meaning of ‘Unemployment’?

Ans. Unemployment means inability to work in spite of proper age, ability and
interest.

4. What are the reasons for unemployment?

Ans. Over population, mechanization, too much of division of labour social
inequality, insufficient capital and illiteracy are the causes for unemployment.

5. What are the effects of unemployment?

Ans. Unemployment leads to poverty, ill-health, crimes, corruption, family
disintegration, cheating, deception, robbery, prostitution etc.

6. Explain the nature of discrimination in labour.

 Inequality at work and in wages is called labour discrimination.
 Women get lesser responsibilities and remuneration [salary].
 To put an end to this problem, the central government has enacted
equal wages act in 1976.
 Even the agricultural sector practises discrimination based on gender,
age & ability.
 There is inequality in the payment of wages.
 As literacy is slowly improving, this kind of discrimination is coming
down.

7. What is labour?
Ans. If an individual is able through the use of his energy or effort to get
economic benefit or any other benefit in material form, it is called labour.

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8. What are the measures for removal of unemployment?

Ans. Population control, encouragement to cottage industries, agricultural
development, industrial development, educational reforms [change], Five-Year
plans, encouragement to vocational [practical] education, rural development,
and employment guarantee programs etc.

9. What are the differences between organized and unorganized workers?

Organized Workers Unorganized Workers
 Those who are working in  People who wrote in areas
specific fields which are which are not governed by
governed by legal rules and specific rules and regulations
regulations are called or unions & lead their lives by
organized workers. earning daily wages or
 The workers enjoy facilities of material benefit in any other
specialization, training, talent, form, are called unorganized
experience and educational workers.
qualifications.  Ex: Domestic servants,
 There is organizational Agricultural labours, footpath
hierarchy [grade]. hawkers etc.
 These employee’s day to day  The work of unorganized
transactions are recorded in workers is too bound by any
written form. rules or regulations.
 They get fixed wages,  They only get wages for their
allowances, paid leave & work without any additional
pension facilities. facilities or medical helps.
 They get medical facilities too.  They are denied [neglected] of
 They have specific hours of job security, fixed wages &
work. allowances.
 The workers in insurance  Sometimes unorganized
companies, educational workers were harassed by
institutions, banks armed entrepreneurs.
forces, private companies,
government departments are
identified as organized
workers.

10. What are the features of organized workers?

 Those who are working in specific fields which are governed by legal rules
and regulations are called organized workers.
 The workers enjoy facilities of specialization, training, talent, experience
and educational qualifications.
 There is organizational hierarchy [grade].
 These employee’s day to day transactions are recorded in written form.
 They get fixed wages, allowances, paid leave & pension facilities.
 They get medical facilities too.

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 They have specific hours of work.

 The workers in insurance companies, educational institutions, banks
armed forces, private companies, government departments are identified
as organized workers.

11. What are the problems faced by unorganised workers?

 People who work in areas which are not governed by specific rules and
regulations or unions & lead their lives by earning daily wages or material
benefit in any other form, are called unorganized workers.
Ex: Domestic servants, Agricultural labours, footpath hawkers etc.
 The work of unorganized workers is not bound by any rules or
regulations.
 They only get wages for their work without any additional facilities or
medical helps.
 They are denied [neglected] of job security, fixed wages & allowances.
 Sometimes unorganized workers were harassed by entrepreneurs.

12. What is unpaid workers? Give example.

Ans. Work that not provides any benefits but they are getting self-satisfaction.
Ex: Mothers domestic work, artist painting a picture.

13. What is specialisation?

Ans. Specialisation means achieving sufficient, expertise, training and skill in any
particular field.

14. What are the features of labour?

 Labour is an integral part of our economic life.
 It is essential to lead one’s life.
 Labour is related to the external purpose of material benefit and involves
effort.
 It fulfil the basic requirement of life.
 It has various forms and varies from society to society.
 It varies from time to time.

15. What are the effects of Division of labour?

 Division of labour has helped people to work in various fields and earn
economic profit.
 This has led to the creation of economic strata [class] and class system
has been created by division of labour.
 In modern days class system was created by industrialization.
 Specialization developing in every fields, industries have grown in
number.
 Trade and commerce have expanded.

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Geography – India – Geographical Position and Physical Features K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 10
India – Geographical Position and Physical Features
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The name ‘India’ is derived from the river Indus.
2. The total area of India is 32, 87,263 [Link].
3. In the central part of India 23°.30’ North Latitude passes.
4. The coast line of India with major land mass is 6100 kms.
5. The Indian physiography has been divided into 4 major parts.
6. Greater Himalaya is also called Himadri.
7. The highest mountain peak in the world is Mount Everest.
8. The North Indian plain is made up of alluvial soil.
9. The Western Ghats in Karnataka are also called Sahyadri.

II. Answer the following:

1. In which part of the Asian continent is India situated?
Ans. India is situated in the South –East part of the Asian continent.

2. In which hemisphere of the earth is India located?

Ans. Northern Hemisphere.

3. Which is the Southern tip of main land of India?

Ans. Kanyakumari.

4. What is the other name for name for the foothills of Himalayas?
Ans. Siwalik Hills.

5. In which island is Indira point located?

Ans. Great Nicobar.

6. Which is the recently formed landmass in India?

Ans. Himalaya [Siwalik Hills].

7. What are the advantages of Himalayas?

 The Himalayan Mountains have influenced the life of Indians to a greater
extent.
 They provide protection to India, by obstructing the cold winds from the
North Asian regions.
 They are the birth place of many rivers.
 They form vast [big] plains.
 They facilitate hydroelectric power generations.
 They are the home to many types of plants and animals.
 They are a great treasure houses of minerals, and are also significant for
tourism and religious centres.

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8. Explain the extent of peninsular Plateau.

 The Peninsular Plateau is the largest of all Physiographic [physically
divided] divisions.
 It is the most ancient and is a part of the Gondwana Landmass.
 The Peninsular Plateau stretches from the South of the Sutlej – Ganga
Plains up to the Indian Ocean in the South.
 Its total area is around 16 lakh [Link].
 It stretches from the Aravalli mountains in the North to Kanyakumari in
the South.
 It extends approximately 1400 kms from the Western Ghats in the West
to the Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand in the East.

9. Write about the Shivalik range.

 These hills are the most recently formation and are located in the
Southern part.
 They have lesser height. They are also called as ‘The Foothills’ of the
Himalayas.
 These hills have narrow strips of plains or valleys which are called
“Dunes”.
 For example, Dehradune, Kota, Patli, Chaukhamba, Udhampur and Kotli.
These are about 600-150 meters above the sea level.

10. ‘The Northern Plains are called deposited plains’. Why?

 The great plains of the North are also called ‘Sutlej – Ganga plains’.
 They are found between the Himalayan Mountains of the North and the
Peninsular Plateau in South.
 These plains stretch from the plain of the river Indus in the West to the
Brahmaputra valley in the East.
 Their breadth is around 2400kms whereas, the width is 70km to 500kms.
 The entire plain is formed by the deposition of alluvial soils brought by
the rivers which rises in the Himalayas.

11. Mention the difference between Western and Eastern Ghats.

Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
To the West of the Deccan Plateau, To the East of the Deccan Plateau,
there are the Western Ghats. there are the Eastern Ghats.
In Maharashtra & Karnataka, these They meet the Western Ghats in the
are referred to as ‘Sahyadri’. Nilgiri hills.
‘Annaimudi’ peak (2665 meters) in In the Eastern Ghats, Armakonda &
Annamalai range is the highest peak Mahendragiri are the highest peaks.
in South India.
They are very high and continuous. There are not very high & continuous.
Most of the rivers in South India born These Ghats are separated by river
in Western Ghats. valleys.

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12. Mention the physical features of India.

 Northern mountains.
 Northern great Plain.
 Peninsular Plateau.
 Coastal Plains.

13. Name the neighbouring countries of India.

 India shares land frontier with seven nations.
 In the North – West, it shares with Afghanistan and Pakistan.
 In the North with China, Nepal and Bhutan.
 In the East with Myanmar [Burma] and Bangladesh.
 Srilanka in the South and Maldives in the South – West are also
neighbouring countries of India.

14. Give the Latitudinal and Longitudinal extent of India.

Ans. Latitudinal Position:
 India extends from 68° 7’ East to 97° 25’ East Longitude.
 Indian standard time is based on 82.30’ East Longitude passing through
Prayagraj.

Latitudinal Position:
 India extends from 8° 4’ to 37° 6’ in the North Latitude.
 ‘Indira point’ in the great Nicobar Island located at 6° 45’ is the Southern-
most point.
 Contrast to this ‘Indira col’ of Ladakh is the Northern tip of India.

15. Write a short note on the Frontiers of India.

 India being a peninsula, it has both land and water frontiers.
 India has 15,200 kms of land frontiers.
 The main land of India has a coastline of 6100 kms.
 Including islands India has 7516.60 kms of coastline.

16. Mention the 3 parallel ranges of Himalaya.

i. Siwalik Mountains [foothills of Himalayas].
ii. The Himachal [Middle Himalaya].
iii. The Greater Himalayas [Himadri].

17. Mention the peaks of Himalaya [Greater Himalaya].

Ans. Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Nanda Devi, Gowrishankara etc.

18. Mention the passes of greater Himalaya.

Ans. Kashmir’s Burgil, Zojila, Baralacha of Himachal Pradesh.

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19. Which is the highest peak in India?

Ans. Mount K2 or godwin Austin.

20. What are ‘Trans Himalaya’?

Ans. The range of fold Mountains lying to the North of the greater Himalayas is
called ‘Trans Himalayas’.

21. Mention the parallel ranges of middle Himalayas.

Ans. Pir Panjal, Mahabharath range, Nagitibba, Mussorie.

22. Mention the valleys of middle [central Himachal] Himalaya.

Ans. Kangra and Kulu are the famous valley.

23. Mention the hill stations of middle [central/middle] Himalaya.

Ans. Shimla, Mussorie, Naintal, Ranikhet, Chakrata and Darjeeling.

24. Mention the parts of the Western Coastal plains.

Ans. Malabar coast in Kerala, Canara coast in Karnataka, Konkan Coast in Goa
and Maharashtra and Gujarat Coast.

25. Mention the 2 parts of Eastern coastal Plain.

Ans. Utkal Caost and Coramandal caost.

26. Explain the importance of the peninsular plateau.

 The peninsular plateau has great economic significance.
 It has rich deposits of minerals.
 The rivers have formed many waterfalls.
 They are best suited for the production of Hydro – electricity.

27. Differentiate between Western Coastal and Eastern Coastal.

The West coast spreads from Kutch of The Eastern coastal plains extends
Gujarat in the North between the from Kanyakumari in the South to the
Arabian sea & the Western Ghats up Gangetic river in the North.
to the Cape of Kanyakumari in South. This coastline is very wide and flat.
It is 1,500 kms long.
It is divided into Malabar coast Kerala, The East coast is located between the
Canara coast in Karnataka, Konkan Bay of Bengal & the Eastern Ghats.
coast in Goa & Maharashtra & Gujarat
coast.
Mumbai, Marmugoa, Cochin, kandla, It comprises the deltas of Mahanadi,
Karwar & Manglore are the major Godavari, Krishna & Cauvery rivers.
port of this coast. In the East coast there are some
lagoons.

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This coastal line is not very wide & Chilka lake of Odisha and Pulicat lake
flat. of Andhra Pradesh are the important
lagoons.

28. Write a short note on islands.

 There are totally 247 islands belonging to India.
 204 are in the Bay of Bengal and 43 are in the Arabian Sea.
 Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Bay of Bengal are formed from hard
volcanic rocks.
 Lakshadweep islands are coral islands.

29. Explain the size of India.

 India is 32, 87,263 square kilometres in are [32.87 lakh].
 It is the 7th largest country in the world.
 It occupies about 2.4% of the world’s total area.
 There are 28 states and 8 union territories.
 New Delhi is also known as the ‘National capital territory’ [NCT].

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Geography – India – Seasons K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 11
India - Seasons
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Highest temperature region in the country is Ganganagar.
2. Due to local temperature winds convectional rainfall occurs.
3. The area receiving very less rainfall in the country is Ruyli.
4. The area receiving the highest rainfall in the country is Mawsynram.

II. Match the following:

1. Kalabaisaki - West Bengal
2. Andies - Uttar Pradesh
3. Coffee blossom - Karnataka
4. Mango showers - Kerala

III. Answer the following questions:

1. Which type of climate is experienced by India?
Ans. Tropical Climate

2. Write a short note on retreating monsoon season.

 By the end of the October, because of the wide – spread South – West
monsoons rains, there is a decrease in the temperature.
 During this season, the sunrays fall vertically on the Southern
hemisphere.
 As a result, there is a drop in the temperature in the Northern
hemisphere.
 Hence, this area becomes an area of high pressure and the South – West
monsoon winds start receding [coming back].
 Slowly, they stop blowing by the end of November. This is called receding
monsoon period.

3. What are the factors influenced on climate of India?

Ans. Latitude, height from the sea level, distance from the sea, direction of the
winds, mountain ranges, ocean currents, monsoon winds etc.

4. ‘Indian agriculture gambling with the monsoon winds’. Discuss

 The South – West monsoons control the agriculture of India which is the
main occupation of Indians.
 Failure of rainfall leads to drought.
 When the monsoons are heavy there are floods they also cause to
destruction to life and property.

5. Which season is generally called rainy season?

Ans. South - West monsoon.

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6. What are South – West monsoon winds?

 In India, the south – west monsoons comprise the rainy season. These are
called south – west monsoon winds.
 These winds are very humid and shower rain most parts of the country.

7. Why India has tropical monsoon type of climate?

Ans. During the first half of the year, the winds blow from south – west to north
– east, the remaining half they blow from north – east to south – west.

8. Mentions the seasons of India.

 Summer season – March to May
 South – West monsoon season – June to September
 Retreating monsoon season – October and November
 Winter season – December to February

9. Mention the 2 branches of South – West monsoon.

Ans. Bay of Bengal Branch and Arabian sea Branch.

10. How South – West monsoon bring heavy rainfall?

 These winds are very humid and shower rain most parts of the country.
 This season spreads from June to September 75% of the rainfall occurs
during this season.
 Monsoon winds are obstructed [stop] by the Western Ghats and as such,
maximum rainfall is seen to the West of the Ghats.
 As these winds proceeds to the East, they get depleted to rain.
 The Eastern regions of the Western Ghats are called rain shadow region.
 The rain reduces as we move from North – East to North – West.
 With the exception of Tamil Nadu region, most of the country’s regions
receive rain during the South – West monsoon.

11. Which of the season has least rainfall?

Ans. Winter.

12. Explain the weather conditions in summer seasons.

 The summer seasons begins from the first week of the march & till end of
may.
 The sun rays are perpendicular in the Northern hemisphere. Hence,
temperature will be high.
 Days are quite long.
 The North Indian plains are away from the sea and have very high
temperature.
 In contrast South India is surrounded by water as such temperature is
moderate seen.

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 During this season, the North Indian mountain regions and the peninsular
plateau are cooler.
 Due to local temperature and winds, rainfall occurs in some places during
April and May.

13. Tropical cyclones frequently occur in the Bay of Bengal during retreating
monsoons seasons. Why?
Ans. During Retreating monsoon seasons, India receives about 13% of the annual
rainfall, due to the difference in temperature and pressure of land and sea. They
can widespread damage along their path, particularly along the coast.

14. The winter season is the season of least rainfall. Justify.

 The temperature drops to sub-zero levels and heavy snowfall occurs.
 Temperature is normal and the climate is very pleasant [calm].

15. What is the average rainfall of India?

Ans. 118cm.

16. Mention the areas with heavy rainfall in India.

Ans. Western Ghats, Assam and other Eastern states and West Bengal.

17. Mention the areas with low rainfall in India.

Ans. Punjab, Haryana, Kutch regions of Gujarat, ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir,
Ruyli of Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan.

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Geography – India – Forest Resources K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 12
India – Soils
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The soil deposited by rivers is called Alluvial Soil.
2. Black Soil area is called Deccan trap.
3. In Rajasthan desert soil are also mainly found.
4. The widely spread soil in India is red soil.
5. For growing ragi and oil seeds red soil is suitable.
6. The soils in the lower areas is called alluvial soil.
7. Black soil is also called Regur soil.
8. Largest area of peninsular Plateau covered with red soil.
9. Desert soil is formed in the regions of less rainfall & high temperature.
10. Mountain soil contains plenty of decayed organic matter.
11. Mountain soil is very rich in nitrogen and organic residues [remain].

II. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the types of soils found in India?
i. Alluvial soil
ii. Black soil
iii. Red soil
iv. Laterite soil
v. Desert soil
vi. Mountain soil

2. What is meant by soil conservation? List out its methods.

Ans. Prevention of soil erosion and protecting the fertility of the soil is known as
conservation of soil.
 Counter ploughing [cultivating]
 Construction of bunds around the agricultural land.
 Development of terraced agricultural fields.
 Prevention of deforestation.
 Encouragement of afforestation.
 Control of livestock grazing.
 Planned use of water.
 Construction of check dams etc.

3. What is soil erosion? What are the reasons for it?

Ans. Transportation of surface soil by various natural forces is called soil erosion.
 Deforestation.
 Over grazing.
 Unscientific methods of cultivation.
 Over irrigation.

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 Manufacture of bricks, tiles and pots use the top layer of the soil.

4. What are the effects of soil erosion?

 Soil erosion leads to accumulation [store] of silt [soil] in the river beds
[river ways], thereby causing floods.
 With accumulation of silt of river course [way] changing direction of rivers
course.
 Due to accumulation of slit, the storage capacity of the reservoirs [water
storage area in the dam] and lakes get reduced.
 Due to soil erosion, the volume of water percolating [absorb (soluble)]
down gets reduced. Due to this natural springs dry up.
 As India is mainly dependent on agricultural, its productivity is reduced.

5. Which types of soils are found in the Himalayan Mountains?

Ans. Mountain and laterite soil.

6. What are the characteristics of black soil?

 The soil is formed from the weathering of igneous rock is called black soil,
it contains more of clay particles.
 It is fertile and capable of retaining water.
 This soil is more of lime and magnesium carbonate.
 It is highly suitable for day farming.

7. How is soil formed?

Ans. Soil is formed by the weathering of rocks under different types of climate.

8. What are the characteristics of laterite soil?

 Laterite soil is found normally in the areas receiving more than 200cms of
rainfall.
 Because of heavy rainfall, the minerals of the soil get washed off leaving
behind ferric oxide and aluminium in the surface soil.
 Hence, this soil also looks red in colour.
 The minerals dissolved in the rainwater percolate to deeper layers of the
soil and insoluble oxides of iron and aluminium are found in the top
layers.
 Laterite soil is less fertile and lack nitrogen and minerals.

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Geography – India – Forest Resources K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 13
India – Forest Resources
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The forest found in Assam and Meghalaya are evergreen type of forests.
2. The Himalayas have Alpine kind of forests.
3. The Ganga river delta is also called Ganga besin.
4. Jim Corbett National Park is in Uttarkhand state.
5. According to the National forest policy 33% of forest area is required for an
healthy environment.

II. Answer the following:

1. What is Natural vegetation?
Ans. The total plant life growing naturally in an area is called as forest or natural
vegetation.

2. What is the total forest area of India?

Ans. 7, 13,789 [Link].

3. What are the types of forests in India?

i. Evergreen forests.
ii. Deciduous forests.
iii. Tropical forests.
iv. Mangrove forests.
v. Desert vegetation.
vi. Alpine forests of Himalayas.

4. Explain the characteristics and distribution of deciduous monsoon forests in

India.
 Deciduous monsoon forests are seen in areas receiving 75 to 250cms of
rainfalls.
 It forms about 65.5% of the total area of forests.
 India has mainly monsoon climate, this type of forest is distributed
widely.
 The trees shed their leaves during the dry winters.
 As such these are also called deciduous monsoon forests.

5. What are the importance of forests?

 Pure air, food and fodder is provided.
 It brings good rainfall.
 It controls soil erosion.
 It is the shelter house for animals and birds.
 Medicinal plants are found in abundance [huge/more].
 It attracts tourists.

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 It provides employment opportunities.

 It controls ecological [natural] balance.

6. List out the reasons for destruction of forests. Or Indian forest areas are
gradually decreasing. Why?
 Expansion of agriculture.
 Animal grazing.
 Construction of roads and rail routes.
 Irrigation projects.
 Forest fires.
 Mining forest fires, etc.

7. What is conservation of forests?

Ans. Protection of forests from human beings, animals and natural disasters are
called conservation of forests.

8. List out your suggestion of conservation of forests in the country.

 Cutting down dried-up and abrasing [old] trees which causes forests fires.
 Protecting the forest trees against diseases.
 Planting saplings.
 Sowing seeds.
 Guarding against illegal cutting of trees.
 Avoiding grazing of domestic animals in forests.
 Motivating people to plant saplings.
 Encouraging them to protect them.
 Implementing the social forestry projects speedily and successfully.
 Creating awareness among people about trees.

9. Name the first Biosphere reserve of India.

Ans. Panna and Seshachalam Nilgiri was the first Biosphere reserve of India.

10. Explain the distribution of forests in India.

 India has very lesser area of forests.
 Madhya Pradesh has largest area under forests.
 Haryana is in the last position which has the area under forests.
 Karnataka state is in the 6th position in terms of area of forests.

11. Explain the characteristics of Mangrove forests in India.

 Mangrove forest are formed due to tides [waves].
 The Mangrove forests are found along the deltas [fertile] and coastal
regions and estuaries [joining] of rivers.
 The ‘Sundari’ trees are plenty in the Ganga basin and hence these forests
are called ‘Sundarbans’.

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 River delta of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari & Krishna have this kind of
forests.
 The total area of these forests is about 4992 sq. kms.

12. Which type of forest trees have pointed leaves?

Ans. Alpine forest trees of Himalayas.

13. Name the wildlife Sanctuaries of India.

 Tamil Nadu: Madumalai, Kanyakumari.
 West Bengal: Mahananda, Chapramari.
 Rajasthan: Bassi, Sawai Manshing.
 Haryana: Nahar, Kaleshwar.
 Punjab: Harike, Birmotibagh.
 Andhra Pradesh: Kolleru, Krishna.
 Karnataka: Nagarahole, Bandipur.

14. Name the National Parks of India.

 Kaziranga National Park – Assam
 Sundarbans – West Bengal
 Hazaribagh National Park – Jharkhand
 Gir [Tiger] National Park – Gujarat
 Kanha National Park – Madhya Pradesh
 Tadova National Park – Maharashtra

15. Name the Biosphere reserves of India.

Ans. Nilgiri, Nandadevi, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Gulf of Mannar, Manas,
Sundarbans, Similipal, Kanchenganga, Amarakanataka, Cold desert [Himachal
Pradesh].

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Chapter – 14
India – Water Resources
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The Sorrow of West Bengal is Damodar.
2. The sorrow of Bihar is Kosi River.
3. Biggest irrigation prohject of Karnataka is upper Krishna project.
4. Pampa sagara Dam is in Vijayanagar district of Karnataka.
5. Hirakud project is built across Mahanadi River.

II. Answer the following:

1. What is irrigation? What are the types of irrigation?
Ans. Irrigation means supply of water to agriculture from canals, wells and tanks
artificially or manually.
Types of irrigations:
a) Well irrigation.
b) Canal irrigation.
c) Tank irrigation.

2. What is multi-purpose river valley project? What are its objectives?

a) India has undertaken the construction of many river valley projects for the
maximum utilization of river water resources.
b) These projects have other purposes besides providing water for agricultural
use.
c) Such projects are called multi-purpose river valley projects.

Objectives:
1) Providing irrigation facility.
2) Production of hydro-electric power.
3) Prevention of floods.
4) Creating facility for water transportation.
5) Providing water for domestic and industrial use.
6) Preventing soil erosion.
7) Developing fisheries.
8) Enhancing forest wealth.

3. Name the hydro-electric power projects of Karnataka.

Ans. Jog, Shivanasamudra, Alamatti, Kali, Tungabhadra and Supa.

4. ‘Rain water harvesting is compulsory today’. Why?

a) Water is very precious.
b) India has vast water resource, it is most unevenly distributed.
c) Rainfall is confined [belonged] to the rainy season.
d) Even in areas of heavy rainfall, water shortage is seen during the summers.

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e) The only solution to the drought condition prevailing in India is ‘Rainwater

harvesting’.
f) Collection of rain water is called “Rain water harvesting”.

5. What is National Power Grid?

Ans. Supply power from surplus [extra] states to deflict [less] states, a National
power Grid is established.

6. Name the types of rainwater Harvesting.

a) Collecting of water at the place of rainfall.
Ex: Roof tops of houses and buildings.
b) Collection of flowing rainwater.
Ex: Building bunds and collecting water.

7. Write a short note on Bhakrananga project.

a) This is the joint venture between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan state.
b) Dams are constructed at Bhakra and Nangal of Himachal Pradesh across the
Sutlej River.
c) The reservoir created by this dam is called ‘Govindasagara’.
d) Bhakra dam is the second highest dam in India.

8. Water is an important natural resource. Justify.

a) Water is one of the basic requirements of Human beings and it is a national
property.
b) This is being used for irrigation, hydro-electric power generation, industry,
domestic use, transportation, fisheries and also for recreational
[entertainment] purposes.

9. What are the types of Wells?

Ans. Open wells and Bore wells.

10. Name the types of canals.

a) Ans. Flood canals and Perennial canals.

11. What is a tank?

Ans. Small bunds are constructed across streams [flows]. Water is stored and
supplied to cultivate areas through small canals or pipes.

12. What are Perennial canals?

Ans. Dams are constructed across the rivers and water is stored in the reservoirs.
This water is provided for agriculture canals, which are called perennial canals.

13. Which is the first multi-purpose river valley in India?

Ans. Damodar River valley Project.

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14. What are flood canals?

Ans. Water is drawn directly from the river through canals without the help of
any dams. When the river level is high the excess water passes through the
canals. These are called flood canals.

15. Why river Damodar was called as ‘Sorrow of Bengal’?

Ans. This river was causing large scale destruction to life and property in West
Bengal and as such, it was called ‘Sorrow of Bengal’.

16. Which is the most important multi Project river valley of Odisha?
Ans. Hirakud Project.

17. Which is the longest dam in India?

Ans. Hirakud Dam.

18. Which State started Tungabhadra Project?

Ans. Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh.

19. Name the joint international project of India & Nepal dam.
Ans. Kosi Project.

20. Across which river the Narayana Sagar Project started?

Ans. Krishna.

21. Name the reservoir created by Tungabhadra.

Ans. Pampa Sagar.

22. Why irrigation is important in India?

a) The availability of water varies from region to region & time to time.
b) Rainfall in India is uncertain, unreliable, inequality distributed.
c) Irrigation is very essential in the regions of low rainfall.

23. Explain the importance & distribution of well irrigation.

a) Supplying ground water by digging or drilling wells is called irrigation.
b) Well irrigation is more useful in low rainfall regions.
c) Construction & maintenance of wells is easier.
d) Well irrigation becomes essential where the canals & tanks are not available.

24. Write a short note on Narmada river valley project.

a) This dam is constructed between Gujarat & Madhya Pradesh & a decision
was arrived at by the NDA on the distribution of water.
b) Narmada River has totally 23 dams across its length ad Sardar Sarovar,
Narmada Sagar and Narmada upper Projects are the main ones.

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Economics – Economy and Government K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 15
Economy and Government
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. In the 20th century, governments brought into economic plans.
2. The organization which formulates the Five-year plans in India is
National Planning commission.
3. In the 11th Fiver-year plan, inclusive growth was given priority.
4. The pioneer [father] of the green revolution was Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.
5. The government encourages farmers to adopt organic & natural system of
farming in order to make farming environment friendly and stable.
6. NITI Aayog was established on 1st January 2015.
7. In 1929 Soviet Russia implemented the economic plan and emerged
successful in achieving quick economic progress.
8. In the beginning of 1960, Dr. Norman Borlaug a German agricultural
scientist conducted many experiments in Mexico.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. What is ‘Economic planning’?
Ans. The conscious and wise process through which the government, with
certain specific objectives, utilizes the country’s resources in a profitable manner
in order to secure maximum satisfaction of its people is called planning.
Economic planning: It is the work of the government for the development of
the country by the people utilisation of natural and human resources in a
particular time with the proper planning.

2. Who is the father of Indian Economic Planning?

Ans. Sir. M. Visveswariah.

3. Which is the organization that approves Five-Year plans?

Ans. National Development Council.

4. What is ‘Green Revolution’?

Ans. The drastic [fast] increasing in food grain production during the period is
called as Green revolution.

5. What is ‘Post – Harvest Technology’?

Ans. The improved technology that is used to procure [store], process and
market agricultural produce is called ‘Post – Harvest Technology’.

6. Who is the present chairman of NITI Aayog?

Ans. Prime minister.

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7. How has the role of government increased in welfare states?

 The rise of ‘Welfare states’ in the 20th century, the scope of the
government involvement got extended.
 They came forward to provide many facilities like food, clothing, shelter,
education, health, hygiene, transport, communication etc. to the people.
 As the government began involving itself in the economic activities of the
people.
 It began to gain more importance in the process of economic
development.
 Developing countries also lack basic amenities [facilities] like transport,
communication, electricity, education, health etc. their government strive
towards alleviating [eradicating] these problems.

8. What are the objectives of Five-Year plans?

i. Eradication of poverty and improving the standards of living.
ii. Increasing the production to the maximum extent possible.
iii. Increasing the employment opportunities.
iv. Reducing the economic disparities.
v. Ensuring economic stability.
vi. Modernising the economy etc.

9. List out the achievements of Five-Year plans.

 In the period between “2001-2010”, per capita income has grown at an
average rate of 5.6 per annum.
 The average rate of the national income has been increasing for example:
1951 – 1970 = 3.5%
1971 – 1990 = 5%
1991 – 2000 = 5.6%
2001 – 2010 = 7.3%
 In the development of the national income, there is contribution of all the
three sectors of the economy.
 Self – sufficiency has been achieved in the production of food grains.
 Employment opportunities have increased with the expansion of industry
and service sector.
 Immense progress has been recorded in the fields of science and
technology.
 Inclusive growth has become the priority of 11th and 12th Five-Year plans.
 Life expectancy and literacy rate of people have improved. Rate of infant
mortality and post-natal mortality has reduced.
 Birth and death rates have reduced, and rate of population growth is also
decreasing.

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10. What are the factors that led to Green Revolution?

 Agricultural production dropped drastically in India in the year 1965-1966
due to severe drought.
 To resolve this problem, in 1966, the Indian government initiated the use-
age of high-yielding variety seeds of wheat in the states of Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and selected districts of Uttar Pradesh.
 Growing crops using high-yielding grains involves providing specific
nutrients, regulated supply of water and protection from disease.
 The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and irrigation facilities was
also initiated with the usage of high-yielding variety seeds.
 Irrigation facilities were expanded.
 The improved technology used in agricultural production is called “Pre-
Harvest Technology”.
 Both Pre-harvest & Post-harvest technology has enabled the green
revolution.

11. What are the remedies for the problems faced by the agricultural sector?
 The government should provide loans to farmers at low interest rates.
 It should provide agricultural markets.
 It should fix price on the agricultural products.
 It should provide cold storage houses and warehouses.
 It should create the awareness about the technology in the farming.
 The government should provide the social securities for the farmers.
 It should provide basic facilities for the farmers.

12. What are the objectives of NITI Aayog?

 To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities [importance],
sectors and strategies with the active involvement of states.
 To faster co-operative federalism through structural support initiative
[measures] and mechanisms with the states on a continuous basis
recognising that strong states make a strong nation.

13. What is Pre – Harvest Technology?

Ans. The improved technology used in agricultural production is called Pre –
Harvest Technology.

14. What is economic fluctuation?

Ans. An economic system is characterized by fluctuations [up & down] in the
national income, production, employment, investment, price etc. such changes
are called economic fluctuation.

15. What is economic stability?

Ans. When the economy move towards progress without extreme fluctuations, it
is said to have economic stability.

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Economics – Economy and Government K.S. Tutorials

16. Want is social justice?

Ans. The income and wealth generated in the country should be distributed as
equally as possible to everybody without any discrimination in the name of caste,
class, and literate or illiterate, urban or rural, this is called as social justice.

17. What is the main aim of Five-Year Plan?

Ans. Eradication of poverty and improving the standard of living.

18. Sir. M. Visveswariah is called as the father of economic planning in India.

Justify the statement.
Ans. In 1934, he published a book titled ‘Planned Economy for India’ in which he
stressed the need for planning to achieve economic development in India.
Hence, he is regarded as ‘Father of Economic Planning in India’.

19. Write a short note on National Planning Commission.

 The Indian Government formed the National Planning commission in
1950.
 The prime minister is its chairman.
 The main objective of the commission is to precisely estimate [before] the
natural and human resources and capital in the country, and to prepare
plans for effective utilization of these resources.

20. Write a short note on National Development Council.

 In 1952, the ‘National Development Council’ was established.
 The chief minister of all the states are members of this board.
 It approves the draft copy of the Five-Year plans prepared by the National
Planning Commission.

21. What are the failures of Five-Year Plans?

 It failed to create more jobs.
 It failed to eradicate the poverty in India.
 It failed to reduce economic inequality.
 Social justice is not to be achieved.
 The basic facilities are neglected.

22. What is Second Green revolution? [Perpetual Green revolution]

Ans. It is the process of increasing the production in agricultural sectors of
adopting the organic and natural forming is called second Green revolution.

23. Name the NITI Aayog activities which can be divided into 4 main heads.
i. Policy and programme frame work.
ii. Co-operative federalism.
iii. Monitoring and evaluation.

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iv. Think tank [economist] and knowledge and innovation hub [group].

24. Write a short note on NITI Aayog.

 National Institution for transforming India was started on 1 st January 2015
replace planning commission.
 Its Objectives include a 15 years road map, 7 years vision, and strategy
and action plan.
 It is headed by the Prime minister of the country.
 But day to day administration is looked after by the Vice Chairman.
 Chief executive officer [CEO] will assist him.

25. What are the features of NITI Aayog?

 NITI Aayog is developing itself as a state of the art resource centre with
the necessary knowledge and skills that will enable to art with speed,
promote research and innovation [invention].
 Provide strategic [planned] policy vision for the government and deal
with contingent [sudden] issues.

26. Write a short note on Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.

 The role of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, agricultural scientist in implementing
the improved technology in Indian agricultural is significant, hence he is
called ‘The Father of Green revolution’.
 He died on 28th September 2023.
 His contribution to the field of agriculture is ever remembered.
 He is honoured with the first ‘World Food Price’ in 1987.
 The Government of India has conferred posthumously [after death] the
highest civilian award ‘Bharath Ratna’ to him in 2024.

27. What are the objectives of NITI Aayog?

 The central government should share the vision of national development
and the development of economic sectors & strategies with the state
government for its active involvement.
 The NITI Aayog should create good co-operation between state & central
government for the development of science & technology with proper
solutions.
 The strong state makes strong nation.

28. What are the features of NITI Aayog?

 It provides skills, knowledge, and innovation for the proper utilization of
natural and human resources for the speed for the development of the
nation.
 It provides strategies to face the unexpected problem in the country.

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Business Studies – Bank Transactions K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 16
Bank Transactions
III. Fill in the blanks:
9. The word ‘Bank’ has been derived from the French word Banque.
10. The Banker’s Bank is RBI.
11. An example for Nationalised Bank is SBI.
12. The National saving certificates are issued by Post office.
13. The type of account where any number of transactions can be made with
Bank is current account.
14. The deposits for a fixed term can be deposited in term deposit account.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a Bank?
Ans. Banks are financial institutions which deal with the money of public.

2. List out the characteristics relating Bank transactions.

i. Dealing with money.
ii. Individual/Frim/Company.
iii. Acceptance of deposits.
iv. Lending loans.
v. Payment and withdrawal.
vi. Agency [broker] and utility services.
vii. Profit and service orientation.
viii. Ever increasing functions.
ix. Connecting link.
x. Banking Business.
xi. Name identity.

3. What are the functions of a Bank?

 Accepting deposits from public and others.
 Lending money to public [loans] and other institutions.
 Transferring money from one place to another [remittances].
 Collecting money by cheques, drafts and bills.
 Discounting of bills.
 Hiring [rent] safe deposit lockers.
 Conducting foreign exchange transactions.
 Keeping valuables in safe custody.
 Issuing letters of credit and guarantee.
 Conducting government transaction [state & central].

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4. Explain the relation between the bank and its customers.

Ans. General Relations:
 Primary Relationship [Debtor and creditor relationship].
 Subsidiary Relationship [Trustee and beneficiary relationship]
 Agent and Principal Relationship.

Special Relation:
 Obligation [agree] to honour cheques.
 Obligation to maintain secrecy of accounts.

5. “The number of saving bank account holders is increasing”. Give reason.

 Saving Bank account is generally opened in banks by salaried persons or
by the persons who have a fixed regular income.
 This facility is also given to the students, senior citizens, pensioners etc.
 Savings accounts are opened to encourage people to save money and
pool [encourage] their savings.
 There is no restrictions on the number and amount of deposits.

6. What are the advantages of opening a Bank account?

 Bank account facilitates a safe custody of money.
 Bank account helps in making payments.
 Bank account helps in collection of money.
 Bank account holders get advances and loans.
 Bank account helps in smoother financial transaction.
 Bank account holders get safe deposit locker facilities.

7. What are the types of Banks?

i. Central Bank or Reserve Bank of India.
ii. Commercial Banks.
iii. Industrial Development Banks.
iv. Land Development Banks or Agriculture Banks.
v. Indigenous Banks [money lenders or sahukars].
vi. Co – operative Banks.

8. What are the services offered by Banks?

i. Credit cards.
ii. Personal loans.
iii. Home and vehicle loans.
iv. Mutual funds.
v. Business loans.
vi. Safe deposit lockers.
vii. Debit card.
viii. Trust Services.
ix. Signature guarantees.

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9. What are the financial services offered by the Post officers?

Ans. Savings Banks, National savings certificate, Kissan Vikas Patra, Monthly
Recurring deposits, Postal life Insurance, Pension payment, Money transfer etc.

10. The Reserve Bank of India is known as ‘Mother of Banks’. Justify the
answer.
 All the banking transactions in India are controlled by the Reserve Bank
of India [RBI] which is known as Mother of Banks or Bankers Bank or
Central Bank of India.
 RBI formulates the monetary [money] policy which should be followed
by all banks.

11. Name the steps to open a bank account.

i. Decide the type of account which you want to open.
ii. Approach the bank of your choice and meet its office.
iii. Fill up the Bank account form or proposal form.
iv. Give reference for opening your bank account.
v. Submit the bank account form fully filled.
vi. The officer will verify all the particular filled.
vii. Initial deposit to be made.

12. What are the major operations provided by bankers to consumers?

 Provides savings bank facility to build up savings.
 Focuses on mobilising [moving] deposits and looking for lending.
 No restrictions on number of deposits. No deposits less than ₹10/- are
accepted by the bankers.
 Cheques, drafts or other instruments drawn only in favour of the account
holder will be accepted for collection and crediting to the concerned
[interest] account.
 Cash can be withdrawn through cheques or withdrawal forms.
 The account holder can give a standing instruction and request the
banker for effective periodical payments such as Insurance premium,
Income tax, Electricity & Telecom bills, water bill etc.
 Interest at the prescribed rate will be calculated for each calendar month
on the minimum balance of credit of the account and is credited to the
account monthly, quarterly, half year or yearly, generally in April and
October or Feb and July.
 Account may be transferred between branches of the Bank as the request
of account holder.

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13. Explain the difference between Recurring and Term Deposit account.
Recurring Deposit account Term Deposit account
These deposit account are generally This type of account is opened for a
opened for a purpose to be saved for fixed period by depositing a particular
a future date. sum of money.
For future requirements deposits are The deposit account cannot be
made regularly monthly basis for withdrawn before the expiry of the
future purpose like wedding expenses term.
of children & to buy land, car etc.
After the period is over the total The rate of interest is more
amount is repaid with interest. depending upon the term in this
deposit account.

14. What are the difference between Savings Bank account and Current
Account?
Savings Bank Account Current Account
This type of account is generally Current account is opened by
opened in banks by salaried persons businessmen who have a large
or by the persons who have a fixed number of regular transactions with
regular income. the banks.
This facility is also given to the It includes deposit, withdrawals and
students, senior citizens, pensioners continuous transactions.
etc.
Savings accounts are opened to In this account amount can be
encourage people to save money and deposited or withdrawn any number
pool their savings. of times in a day.
There is no restriction on the number Generally banks do not give any
and amount of deposits. interest on these deposits but collect
service charges or bank charges on
such accounts.

15. What are the types of Bank accounts?

i. Savings Bank Account.
ii. Current Account
iii. Recurring Deposit Account.
iv. Term Deposit Account.

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 Part-2
Chapter
No. Chapters
17. The first war of Indian Independence [1857]
18. The freedom Struggle
19. India after Independence
20. World wars and India’s Role

Political Science
21. India’s Foreign Policy and Global Challenges

22. World Organisations

Sociology
23. Collective Behaviour and Protests
24. Social Challenges
Geography
25. India- Land use and Agriculture
26. India-Mineral and Power Resources
27. India- Transport and Communication
28. India-Major Industries
29. India-Natural Disasters

Economics
30. Rural Development
31. Public Finance and Budget
Business Studies
32. Entrepreneurship
33. Consumer Education and Protection
THE FIRST WAR IF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE K.S. Tutorials
Chapter -17
THE FIRST WAR IF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. British historians refer to the 1957 revolt as the Sepoy Mutiny.
2. During the 1857 revolt, at Barakjpura, the British Officer was killed by Mangal
Pandey.
3. Jhansi Rani fought against British and took Gwalior under her control
4. The declaration passed by the British Queen in 1858 is called Magna Carta.

II. Answer the following:

1. The political factors inspired the revolt of 1857. How?

Or

Explain the political causes for the first war of Indian Independence.

• Many kingdoms lost their rights due to the promulgation[implementation] of

Doctrine of Lapse brought about by the British Satara, Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and
other kingdoms came under British control.
• Dalhousie cancelled the princely titles of the Nawabs of Janjore and Carnatic
kingdoms.
• The Mughal sultans, the Nawab of Oudh and other kings were dethroned
• Lakhs of soldiers who were dependent on these kings, became unemployed.

2. The economic changes of the time were responsible for the 1857 revolt. How?
Or
Explain the economic causes for the first war of Indian independence.
• Due to the industrial revolution in England, Indian handcrafts and cottage
industries suffered heavily.
• England instead of being a trading country became a hub of industries
• The Indian craftsman became unemployed.
• The textile and wool industries became sick and people lost their jobs.
• Because of the Zamindars system, the landlords acting as commission agents
between the Government and the farmers exploited the farmers.
• An ‘Inam Commission’ was appointed and all the gifted lands without documents
were taken back.

3. What were the factors that distributed the religious sentiments of soldiers during
the 1857 revolt?
Or
What were the military causes for the first war of Indian Independence?
• The condition of the Indian soldiers in the British army was pathetic.

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THE FIRST WAR IF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE K.S. Tutorials

• The status, salary and opportunities for promotion that British soldiers enjoyed
were not given to Indian Soldiers.
• The religious sentiments of the Indian soldiers were disturbed when they were
forced to cross the ocean to serve on a foreign land.

4. What were the immediate causes for the first war of independence?
• The soldiers were being given new rifles called ‘Royal Enfield’
• A roamer spread among the soldiers that these rifles were greased with the fat of
cow and pigs.
• While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were banned by the Muslims.

5. Make a list of the reasons for the failure of revolt.

• There was no good leadership.
• There was a lack of strategy
• Lack of discipline and direction
• Lack of experience among the soldiers.
• Many local kings supported the British during 1857 revolt
• There was no unity among the Indian soldiers.
• It was not the organized revolt.
• Most of the soldiers in India involved themselves in looting and criminal activities
• It did not spread to the whole country
• In 1857 revolt the kings fought against of the British to protect kingdom not the
nation.

6. What were the features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858?
• The agreements made by the East India Company with the kings were accepted.
• Ambitious expansion plans had to be given up.
• A stable government had to be provided to Indians.
• There would be equality before law.
• The government would exhibit religious tolerance and not to interfere in religious
matters of the country.
• The British announced to maintain religious co-operation and they said not interfere
in religious matters of Indians.

7. Explain the effects of 1857 revolt.

• The freedom struggle put an end to the administration of the East India Company
• The administration was taken over by to the Queen of England.
• The administrative responsibility was handed over to the secretary of Indian Affairs
in the British Parliament.
• This declaration has been called India’s ‘Magna Carta’

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THE FIRST WAR IF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE K.S. Tutorials

• The British realized that peaceful rule was not possible without support, trust and
confidence of the Indians
• This gives new rout to Indian freedom movement.
• Indians understood the inevitability of finding alternative routs to obtain freedom
from the British.
• The Indians found new routs to get freedom from British after 1857 revolt.

8. How was the 1857 revolt spread in India?

• The roamer that spread in the army troops at Barackpur led to serve dissatisfaction.
• An Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey killed a British official.
• Meerut was a strong military base of the British.
• When the British ordered the Indian Soldiers to use the greased cartridges, the
soldiers refused to carry out the order.
• The soldiers were imprisoned.
• Indian soldiers rushed into the prison and released the soldiers jailed there.
• They laid siege on the Ted Fort and declared the aged Mughal King, Bahadur Shah
II as the Emperor of India.
• It spread like wild fire to Khanpur, Nana Saheb rose in protest.
• Tantya Tope was his assistant
• In Jhansi a revolt took place under the leadership of Queen Lakshmibai.
• When Kanpur fell into the hands of British, Tantya Tope came to Jhansi to help the
queen.
• She took Gwalior under the control. When the battle took place again with the
British
The queen laid down her life.
• Even today, the queen occupies a proud position in the history of the Independence
struggle.

9. Who was the last Mughal King?

• Bahadur Shah II

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History – The first war of Indian Independence K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 17
The First War of Indian Independence
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The British Historians refer to the 1857 revolt as The Sepoy Mutiny.
2. During the 1857 revolt, at Barakpura British officer was killed by Mangal
Pandey.
3. Jhansi Rani fought against British and took Gwalior under his control.
4. The declaration passed by the British Queen in 1858 is called Magna Carta.

II. Answer the following:

1. The political factors inspired the revolt of 1857. How? Or
Explain the political causes for the 1st war of Indian Independence.
 Many kingdoms lost their rights due to the promulgation
(implementation) of Doctrine of Lapse brought about by the British,
Satara, Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and other kingdoms came under British
control.
 Dalhousie cancelled the princely titles of the Nawab’s of Tanjore and
Carnatic kingdoms.
 The Mughal Sultans, the Nawab of Oudh and other kings were dethroned.
 Lakhs of soldiers who were dependent on these kings, became
unemployed.

2. The economic changes of the time were responsible for the 1857 revote. How?
Or
Explain the economic causes for the 1st war of Indian Independence.
 Due to the industrial revolution in England, Indian handicrafts and cottage
industries suffered heavily.
 England, instead of being a trading country, became a hub (group) of
industries.
 The Indian craftsmen became unemployed.
 The textile and wood industries became sick and people lost their jobs.
 Because of the Zamindari system, the landlord, acting as commission
agents between the government and the farmers, exploited the farmers.
 An ‘Inam commission’ was appointed and all the gifted lands without
documents [Inam lands] were taken back.

3. What were the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers
during the 1857 revolt? Or
What were the military causes of 1st war of Indian Independence?
 The conditions of the Indian soldiers in the British army was pathetic
[sorrow].

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History – The first war of Indian Independence K.S. Tutorials

 The status, salary and opportunities for promotion that British soldiers
enjoyed were not given to Indian soldiers.
 The religious sentiments of the Indian soldiers were disturbed when they
were forced to cross to serve on a foreign land.

4. What were the immediate causes for the First war of Independence?
 The soldiers were being given new refiles called ‘Royal Enfield’.
 A rumour spread among the soldiers that the cartridges [bullet/gun
powder] used in these rifles were greased with the fat of cow and pigs.
 While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were blasphemous [banned]
for Muslims.
 The rumour that spread in the army troops at Barackkpur [Bengal].
 An Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey killed a British official.

5. Make a list of the reasons for the failure of the revolt.

 There was no good leadership.
 There was lack of strategy.
 Lack of experience among the soldiers.
 Lack of discipline and direction.
 Many local king’s supported the British during 1857 revolt.
 There was no unity among the Indian soldiers.
 It was not an organized revolt.
 Most of the soldiers in India involved themselves in looting & criminal
activities.
 It did not spread to the whole country.
 In 1857 revolt the kings fought against of the British to protect their
kingdom not to protect the nation.

6. What were the features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858?
 The agreements made by the East Indian Company with the kings were
accepted.
 Ambitious [goal/aim] expansion [extend] plans had to be given up.
 A stable government had to be provided to Indians.
 There would be equality before law.
 The government would exhibit [show] religious tolerance and not to
interfere in religious matters of the country.

7. Explain the effects of the 1857 revolt.

 The freedom struggle put an end to the administrative of the East India
Company.
 The administration was taken over by the queen of England.
 The administrative responsibility was handed over to the secretary of
Indian Affairs in the British Parliaments.

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History – The first war of Indian Independence K.S. Tutorials

 This declaration has been called India’s ‘Magna Carta’.


8. How was the 1857 revolt spreaded in India?
 The rumour that spread in the army troops at Barackpur led to severe
dissatisfaction.
 An Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey killed a British official.
Subsequently, he was arrested, tied and hanged.
 Meerut was a strong military base of the British.
 When the British ordered the Indian soldiers to use the greased
cartridges, the soldiers refused to carry out the order.
 The soldiers were imprisoned.
 Indian soldiers rushed into the prison and released the soldiers jailed
there.
 They laid siege [capture] on the Red Fort and declared the aged Moghul
king, Bahadur Shah Ⅱ as the emperor of India.
 It spread like wild fire [fast] to Kanpur and Jhansi.
 In Kanpur, Nana Saheb rose [rise] in protest.
 Tatya Tope was his assistant.
 In Jhansi, a revolt took place under the leadership of queen Laxmibai.
 When Kanpur fell into the hands of the British, Tatya Tope came to Jhansi
to help the Queen.
 She took Gwalior under her control.
 Even today, the queen occupies a proud position in the history of the
independence struggle.

9. Who was the East Moghul king?

Ans. Bahadur Shah Ⅱ

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History – The Freedom Struggle K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 18
The Freedom Struggle
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The Indian National congress in the year 1885.
2. The person who talked about the ‘Drain theory’ was Dada Bai Nauaroji.
3. ‘Swaraj is my birth right’ was declared by Balagangadhar Tilak.
4. The Ali brothers started the Kilafath movement.
5. Separate nation for Muslims was proposed by Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
6. The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress that took place in 1929
was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.
7. Mahad tank and Kalaram temple movement was organised by Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar.
8. The Jhansi regiment of Indian National Army was handed by Laxmi.
9. The place where Gandhiji carried out the salt Satyagraha was Dandi.
10. Quit India movement was carried out in the year 1942.
11. Founder of the Indian National Congress was A. O. Hume.
12. Publisher of ‘Maratha paper was Balagangadhar Tilak.
13. Swaraj Party was established in the year 1923.
14. President of Indian National Congress of Haripura session was
SubhasChandra Bose.
15. Iron man of India was Sardar Valbhai Patel.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Which were the organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian
National Congress?
Ans. ‘The Hindu Mela’, ‘The East India Association’, ‘Poona Saruajanik Sabha’ and
‘The Indian Association’.

2. What were the demands put forward by moderates to the British?

 The moderate taught people about political situation.
 They conducted meetings, discussed problems.
 Development of industries, reduction of military expenses, improvement
in educational standards, forcing the British government to take up to
studies about poverty in the country etc.

3. Analyse the Drain theory.

 Moderate placed before the people facts and figures about the drain of
Indian wealth into England.
 Dadabhai Naoroji explained about the transfer of Indian wealth to
England and called it as Drain theory.
 He maintained that encouraging imports and reducing exports created a
situation unfavourable to India, leading to drain of wealth.

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History – The Freedom Struggle K.S. Tutorials

 India had to bear the burden of paying wages, pension & administrative
expenses of British officials, a lot of wealth was flowing into England.

4. Name the revolutionaries in freedom movement.

Ans. V. D. Savarkar, Aurobindo Ghosh, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madam Cama,
Khudiram Bose, Ramaprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh & Chandrashekar Azad were
the prominent revolutionary leaders.

5. Explain the role of Balagangadhar Tilak in the freedom struggle. Or

Explain the role of extreme in freedom struggle. Or
Explain civil disobedience movement.
 One group of congress members who became unhappy with the mild
attitude of the moderates called them ‘Political beggers’.
 Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajput Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Balagangadhar
Tilak were the prominent extreme leaders.
 Extremists opposed the partition of Bengal in the year 1905, highlighting
it as an example of ‘Divide and Rule’ policy.
 Swadeshi movement called for a ban on western goods and the
organizations supporting the import of European items.
 In 1911 the British government withdraw the declaration of partition of
Bengal.
 Tilak declared “Swaraj is my Birth-right and I will get it at any cost”.
 They started preparing the common people for freedom struggle.
 He encouraged people towards nationalism through the celebrations of
Ganesha, Shivaji and Durga Pooja.
 Lokamanya Tilak utilized his ‘Kesari in Marathi amd ‘Maratha’
Newspaper in English for freedom struggle.
 He wrote Geetha Rahasya in the jail.

6. What were the reasons for withdrawing of portion of Bengal?

 Extremists opposed the partition of Bengal in the year 1905, highlighting
it as an example for ‘Divide and Rule’ policy.
 Protects started mounting throughout the country against the division of
Bengal in 1906.
 The Swadeshi movement was very important among these protects.
 Swadeshi movement called for a ban in Western goods and the
organizations supporting the import of European items.
 In 1911 the British government withdrew the Declaration of Partition of
Bengal.

7. Describe Chowri – Chowra incident.

 Thousands of people jumped into the freedom struggle at Chowri –
Chowra in Uttar Pradesh.
 In the year 1922, police used their force against peaceful protestors.

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History – The Freedom Struggle K.S. Tutorials

 Enraged [angry] by this, the people to enter the policy stations.

 Police resorted to firing.
 When their ammunition got exhausted, the police ran into the station.
 The angry protestors set the police station on fire.
 About 22 police were burnt alive inside the station.

8. Describe the salt Satyagraha.

 In the year 1930, Gandhiji travelled from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in
Surat on foot with his followers to produce salt in the sea-shore
[coastline].
 In this manner, he started the civil Disobedience movement.
 This event in the history is popular as ‘Dandi March’.
 Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Kamala Nehru, Vallabhai Patel, Rajagopalachari,
Baba Rajendra Prasad and thousands of other participated in the civil
Disobedience movement were arrested.

9. What was the result of ‘The Second Round Table Conference’?

 In this conference, B. R. Ambedkar asked for separate constituencies for
the depressed classes during election.
 This was not acceptable to Gandhiji.
 There was difference of opinion between Gandhiji & Ambedkar.
 Hence, even the Ⅱ Round Table conference ended without any
conclusions.
 The British Government declared that they would recognize the
depressed classes. Request for separate constituency.
 Gandhiji began up a fast unto death agitation [movement].
 Poona agreement was reached.
 As per this agreement, out of the existing constituencies, some were
reserved for depressed classes.

10. Give an account of the achievements of SubhasChandra Bose in the

Independence Struggle.
 The most prominent among the revolutionary fighters of India was
SubhasChandra Bose.
 He was popularly called Netaji.
 He travelled to Vienna, Berlin, Rome, Istanbul and other countries and
inspired the Indians thereto support their Motherland.
 Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose established ‘The Congress
Socialist Party’ in 1934.
 With Gandhiji’s support, Bose became the president at the Haripur
session of the Indian National Congress in 1932.

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 In 1930, at the Tripuri [Jalbpur District of Madhya Pradesh] session of the

congress, even against Gandhiji’s opposition, Subhas Chandra Bose
became the president of the Congress.
 Netaji left the congress and established a separate party called Forward
Block.
 Subhas opposed the war preparation of the British & the participation of
India in world war.
 Subhas Chandra Bose escaped from house-arrest and left for Germany.
 He gained the support of the German dictator, Hitler to make India free.
 Through Azad Hindi Radio, he broadcast his speeches to Indians.
 Subhas Chandra Bose gave the call ‘Delhi Chalo!’
 He urged the Indians: “Give me blood, I will give you freedom”.
 Subhas had planned a military strategy through Rangoon to capture Delhi
which was in the clutches of the British.
 Netaji’s command, they began an armed attack on the Burma border.
 The British army captured the Burmese capital, Rangoon & arrested the
INA members.

11. Describe the tribal revolts in the Indian freedom struggle.

 The tax and forest Act implemented by the British East India Company
provoked the tribal revolt of the tribal rebellions, the Santala’s revolt and
Munda movement are prominent.
 The Santala tribal revolt can be termed India’s first movement.
 These tribals lived in Bengal and Orissa Hillocks.
 The landlord’s money-lenders and the British government behaved in a
way that triggered intolerance in the Santala’s.
 The company exploited the decent and peace-loving attitude of the
Santalas.
 The agitation became intense in Barahat area and also in Bhagatpur and
Rajamahal.
 The rioters killed their enemies as a result, the landlords & money-lenders
ran away.
 The government used the army to stem the revolt & was successful.

12. Explain the Failures of ‘Quit India Movement’.

 Lack of cooperation & unity among the congress members.
 The major freedom fighters like Gandhiji, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Nehru,
Kasthurabha and Rajendra Prasad were in Jail.
 Ambedkar & Mohammad Ali Jinnah not extended their support to Quit
India movement.
 Communist party, Hindu Mahabala and Muslimleage party not supported
to Quit India movement.
 Pariyar not extended his support to this movement.

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 Lack of strategy & direction among the members of congress.

 This movement was not spreaded in whole India.
 There was no co-ordination & co-operation among the freedom fighters.

13. Explain the achievements of Jawaharlal Nehru after becoming the Prime
Minister of India.
 He was the first prime minister of India.
 He introduced the mixed economy & non-aliment policy.
 He is the father of industrialisation and modernization in India.
 He is the father of Indian foreign policy.
 He supported Sardar Vallabhai Patel to merge 562 princely states in union
of India.
 He was the reason for the states organized on the basis of languages.
 He introduced the ‘Five-Year Plan’.
 He introduced the Pancha Sheela principles.
 He supported the democratic principles.

14. Explain the role of B. R. Ambedkar to uphold the status of untouchables in

India.
 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar strongly believed that political independence was
meaningless without social independence.
 He carried out a study of the caste system and came up with a plan to
eradicate it.
 He started ‘Mahad Tank’ and ‘Kalaram temple’ movements.
 He attended the three round conference and gave valuable suggestions.
 The demand for a separate Electrol constituency for untouchables
brought about a conflict between Gandhiji & Ambedkar.
 Ambedkar was a Diwan in the court of the Maharaja of Baroda.
 He carried out his responsibilities as a member of the Mumbai legislative
council and later, viceroy executive council.
 He established an organization ‘Bahiskruta Hitakarini Sabha’ two separate
parties named ‘Swatantra Karmika Party’ amd ‘Republican Party of India’.
 He published various newspapers like ‘Prabuddha Bharata’, ‘Janata’,
‘Mukanyaka’ and ‘Bahishkruta Bharath’.
 He advocated equality in the constitution and equality in the constitution
and gave legal protection against practice of untouchability.
 The Indian constitution considers practice of untouchability a crime.
 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar became the law minister.
 He was posthumously awarded the ‘Bharat Ratna’ for his lifetime
achievements.

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15. Explain the partition of India.

 Throughout the freedom struggle the congress supported a united India.
 The Muslim league, on the other hand, kept on demanding a nation for
Muslims.
 In the Lahore session of the Muslim league that took place in 1940, Jinnah
declared that Hindus and Muslims could never form a country.
 After the Ⅱ World war, the labour party came to power in Britain.
 It sent a cabinet mission to have talks with India about Self-rule.
 This commission had talks with congress and Muslim league, and
suggested federal form of government for India.
 The Muslim league gave a call to observe 16th August 1946 as ‘Direct
Action Day’ pressing for the formation of a separate nation.
 Due to this, led to the communal riots across the country.
 The British were interested in dividing Hindu-Muslims.
 Relations between the congress and Muslim league had worsened.
 Mountbatten as viceroy to India in March 1946. Mountbatten had talks
with Gandhiji, Jinnah and others, and framed a plan to divide India.
 On 15th August 1947, two nations named India & Pakistan came into
existence.

16. Describe the farmers & labourers revolt in the Indian Freedom Struggles.
Ans. Farmers protests:
 In the freedom struggle, farmers and labour organization have also
played a prominent role.
 Farmers in many places, revolts against landlords & European planters.
 They refused to grow indigo in Champaranya [Bihar] district.
 Gandhiji had influence over the activities of farmers in Champaraya,
Kheda & other areas.
 The farmers who were oppressed [tortured] in the areas of Tebhag,
Malabar, etc. rose in revolt against landlords & the British.
 The Farmers problems merged with the non-cooperation movement, civil
Disobedience and Quit India movements.
 Many protests were organized under the banner of Kisan Sabha.
 The Telangana farmer’s revolt challenged the Andhra Reddy landlords
and the Nizam’s Razaks.
 Bengali farmers revolted against the exploitation by landlords.
 In Maharashtra, the farmers protested against low wages.

Labourers Revolt:
 The labour movement started in Calcutta in the year 1827.
 People started getting organised to fight for their rights in Jute & textiles
industries and the railway.

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 The railway porters staged agitation in railway stations by shouting

slogans and demanded higher wages from the British officials.
 The Printer’s union of Calcutta and the Bombay textile workers created
national awareness.

17. Who was introduce the domestic paper control act?

Ans. Illbert Bill
 Lord Lytton brought in ‘Domestic papers control Act’ in 1878 to exercise
control people.
 Lord Rippon brought in Illbert Bill to bring uniformity in the judicial
system.

18. Which is called the age of generous nationalism?

Ans. Moderates.

19. Write a short note on Jallianwallah Bagh movement [Massacre].

 Punjab witnessed widespread protests against Rowlatt act.
 The protests turned violent, the control over Amritsar city was given to
General Dyer.
 The protestors had decided to assemble at Jallianwallah Bagh.
 General Dyer arrived at this place without any precious warning with his
army, and attacked the protestors from all sides with firearms [guns].
 About 379 people died and thousands suffered serious injuries.

20. Why did the British government appoint Hunter commission?

Ans. The government appoint Hunter commission to conduct an enquiry into the
Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy.

21. Who was the founders of Swaraj party?

Ans. Mothilal Nehru and C. R. Das.

22. Explain the role of revolutionaries in freedom struggle.

 The revolutionaries dreamt of a totally free India.
 They strongly believed that the British could be thrown out of Indian only
by violent means.
 They started establishing their secret branches in India and abroad, and
engaged in collection of money arms and training of people.
 ‘Anusheelana Samithi’ and ‘Abhinava Bharata’ were important
organization of this kind.
 They used bombs and firearms to achieve their objectives.
 The revolutionaries were arrested for murder attempts.
 V. D. Savarkar, Aurobindo Ghosh, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madam Cama,
Khudiram Bose, Ramaprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar
Azad were prominent revolutionary leaders.

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23. When & who was the founder of Indian National Congress?
Ans. AOU in 1885.

24. Explain the role of moderates in freedom struggle. Or

The age of moderates is also called the age of generous nationalism. Justify.
Or what were the demands of moderates.
 Traditionally, the first 20 years of the beginning of congress are called the
‘Moderate age’.
 Among the moderates, M. G. Ranade, Surendranath Bannerjee, Dadabhai
Naoroji and Gopalkrishna Gokale were prominent.
 The moderates trusted the British administration and their impartiality.
 The moderates taught people about political situations.
 They conducted meetings, discussed problems.
 They requested related to development of industries.
 Reduction of military expenses.
 Improvement in educational standards.
 Forcing the British government to take up studies about poverty in the
country etc.

25. Name the newspaper of Gandhiji.

Ans. Young India and Harijana.

26. Who was the reason for the partition of Bengal?

Ans. Lord Curzon in 1905.

27. Who are Khalif’s?

Ans. The Sultan of Turkey was the religious chief of Muslims. He was called
Khalif.

28. Who were started the Khalifat/Kilafat movement?

Ans. Mohammad Ali & Shoukath Ali.

29. Explain the non-cooperation movements.

 In the year 1920, Gandhiji gave a call for a non-co-operation movement
against British.
 Students supported his call by abstaining [leaving] from schools &
colleges against the British.
 Lawyers remained away from courts. Indian dignitaries [respected
peoples] returned all the awards given by the British.
 Supporting this movement, Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das sacrificed their
law careers.
 There were widespread agitations against the visit throughout the
country.
 The Indians opposed the arriving of prince Waile to India.

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 ‘Knight wood’ award was returned back to British by Rabindranath

Tagore.

30. Which commission appointed by the British government to give report about
the Jallianwallah Bagh Tragedy?
Ans. Hunter Commission.

31. Why did Simon go back movement started?

Ans. This commission did not have a single Indian as the member.
Treating it as an insult to India, the congress boycotted the Simon commission.

32. What were the declaration of 1929 congress session?

Ans. During this conference, the congress declared that ‘Purna Swaraj’ was their
aim.

33. Name the matters which were approved by the British government during 1st
round table conference.
Ans. Approval was given to matters like Dominion status, responsible
government and cattiest representation at the conference.

34. For whom between Puna agreements happened? Why?

Ans. Gandhiji and Ambedkar.

35. What was the main declarations of the British government during 3rd round
table conference?
Ans. The British government wanted to bring a union government at the centre
and provincial [state] governments in the states.

36. Why was ‘Quit India movement’ started?

 The British government in the year 1942 sent Strafford Cripps to India for
peace talks.
 Cripps commission put forward certain suggestions in front of Indians.
 Giving dominion status to India, forming a constituent assembly for the
purpose, and giving freedom to the states to either join or remain out of
the union were some of the suggestions.
 These suggestions were not acceptable to congress.
 On the 8th of August 1942, the congress started ‘the Quit India
Movement’.

37. Who established the freedom struggled front?

Ans. Jayaprakash Narayan.

38. Who was the leader of ‘Quit India Movement’?

Ans. Jayaprakash Narayan.

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39. What is ‘Vimukti Divas’?

 When in 1939, the British government unilaterally declared that India too
would participate in the Ⅱ world war. The congress men in the cabinet
resigned their posts.
 At this juncture [time], Muslims league celebrated ‘Vimukti Divas’.

40. Who marked the boundaries of India & Pakistan nation?

Ans. Radcliff.

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Chapter – 19
India after Independence
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The last Governor General of the British India was Lord Mountbatten.
2. The First Home minister of India was Sardar Vallabhai Patel.
3. The First President of India was Babu Rajendra Prasad.
4. Pondicherry joined India as a Union Territory in 1962.
5. The linguistic organization of India took place in 1956.

II. Answer the following:

1. What were the problems faced by India after Independence?
 Rehabilitation of refuges [fees].
 Communal riots.
 Formation of government.
 Integration of various provinces.
 Production of food.
 Development of agriculture.
 Growth of Industries etc.

2. How did the country deal with the problem of refugees?

 The government of India provided shelter, property & familiar
environment for the refugees.
 It provided employment, land, education & health facilities for the
refugees.
 Many efforts were put by the government of rehabilitation [re-arranging]
facilities for the refugees.

3. Describe the manner in which Pondicherry was liberated from the French.
 The French colonies had continued their hold on Pondicherry, Karaikal,
Mahe and Chandranagar in post-independence India.
 As a result of the struggle by the Congress, the communists and other
organizations urging [force] that it should be a part of India, in 1954.
These provinces joined India.
 Pondicherry was declared a Union territory in 1962.
 Pondicherry was rename as “Puducherry” in 2006.

4. How was Goa liberated from the Portuguese?

 After 1947, Goa was under the control of Portuguese.
 The Indians conducted various movements in goa against Portuguese.
 The Portuguese bought in additions troops from Africa and Europe, and
try to strengthen their hold by suppressing [controlling] the movement.
 In 1955, Satyagraha from differed [Attack] & took Goa under its control.

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 Goa which remained a Union Territory till 1987, became a state later on.

5. Why was the state re-organisation commission formed by the government of

India in 1953?
 The most important democratic movement that was carried out in post-
independence India was the movement for linguistic formation of states.
 In order to provide good administration, demand was made to mark the
boundaries based on the language of the people in those areas.
 The administration was not effective during the times of the British and
the princely kingdoms because the language used for administration was
different from the language of the common man.
 Potty Sriramulu did 58 days fast to create Andhra Pradesh on the basis
language.
 He died 1952, then the demands of state reorganization on the basis of
languages increased.
 At last, Jawaharlal Nehru organised state re-organisation commission
under the leadership of Fazal Ali with K. M. Panickker and H. N. Kunjru.
 This commission reported on 1956. Accordingly, 14 states and 6 union
territories were formed in the country.

6. How was Pondicherry liberated from the French?

 Hyderabad was under the Nizam’s rule.
 With the intension of remaining independence, the Nizam refused to join
the union of India.
 At this time, an armed struggle of the farmers of Telangana under the
leadership of communists was under way.
 There was a severe hatred against Razakar the cruel army of the Nizam.
 The Indian government sent an army and defeated the Nizam, paving
[making] the way for merge of Hyderabad with the union of India in 1948.

7. How was Jammu & Kashmir merged in the union of India?

 King Harisingh of Jammu & Kashmir wanted to remain independent.
 Fearing a merges of Kashmir with India, Pakistan incited [took help] the
tribals of the Jammu & Kashmir valley.
 The National Conference of Sheikh Abdullah which fought for the
freedom of Kashmir, finally decided that merging with India that had a
democratic republican constitution, was better than merging with
Pakistan which had a religious constitution.
 King Harisingh requested government after the Pakistani attempt failed,
Jammu & Kashmir merged with India with certain conditions.
 One part of Kashmir remained with Pakistan.
 On 1st January 1949, the UNO ordered a ceasefire [stop war].

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 The integration of Jammu & Kashmir with India is unique compared to

that of other provinces.

8. Sardar Vallabhai Patel is called as “The Iron man of India”. Why?

Ans. Resolving all the problems & bringing about a successful integration of
provinces were done by the ‘Iron man’ of India, Sardar Vallabhai Patel.

9. How was the Karnataka state came into existence?

 Kannada-speaking areas had been scattered under different provinces.
 Demanding that all these areas be brought together, a movement began
under the leadership of ‘All Karnataka state formation parishat’.
 Finally, on November 1st 1956, the ‘Mysore state’ was inaugurated.
 It was renamed as ‘Karnataka’ in 1973.

10. Write a short note on Fazal Ali commission [the state Re-organisation
commission].
 In 1953 the government formed Justice Fazal Ali commission in which
Fazal Ali was a chairman, [Link] & [Link] were the members.
 In 1953 Andhra Pradesh became the first state to be formed based on
language.
 As per the report of the commission, the state recognization act came
into force in 1956.
 Accordingly, 14 states & 6 union territories were formed in the country.

11. Who was the 1st President of India?

Ans. Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad.

12. Who was the 1st Prime minister of India?

Ans. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

13. Who was the last Governor General of British in India?

Ans. Lord Mountbatten.

14. What is the importance of 42nd Amendment?

Ans. The 42nd Amendment was brought in and the phrases ‘Secular’ and
‘socialist’ were added in the constitution.

15. Which was the 1st state formed in India on the basis of language?
Ans. Andhra Pradesh.

16. When was Indian constitution adopted?

Ans. 26th January 1950.

17. Who was the chairman of constitution drafting commission?

Ans. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

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Chapter – 21
India’s foreign Policy and Global Challenges

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. The architect of Indian foreign policy is Jawaharlal Nehru.
2. The world Human rights day is celebrated on 10th Dec.
3. India as a peace loving country advocates Disarmament.

II. Answer the following:

1. What is foreign policy?
Ans. The policy followed by a nation is dealing with other nation is called foreign
policy.

2. Which are basic principles of India’s foreign policy?

i. Opposition to Colonialism.
ii. Opposition to imperialism.
iii. Opposition to Racial discrimination.
iv. Policy of Non Alignment.
v. Priority for the progress of African and Asian countries.
vi. Support for disarmament.
vii. Support to United Nations [UNO] and world peace.

3. Which are the challenges faced by world after the ‘Second World War’?
Ans. Demand of Human rights, Arms race, Economic Inequality, Racial
discrimination & Terrorism.

4. Mention the measures taken by India to protect human rights.

 India has always advocated universal human rights.
 India has been advocating protection of Human rights in United Nations
general Assembly.
 Fundamental rights are guaranteed in Indian constitutions.
 India opposes genocide [mass murder] and all forms of exploitation &
oppression.
 India tries to protect Human rights through United Nations & other Global
organizations.
 India has established National Human rights commission & state Human
rights commission in this regard.

5. Arms race is way for global destruction, in this backdrop mention the result
of arms race.
 Fear, Instability, among the countries has increased the possibilities of
war.

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 It hinders in achieving world peace.

 It leads to financial loss and economic instability.
 Former president of USA Eisenhower once expressed. ‘This World in Arms
is not spreading money alone, it is spending sweat of its labourers, genius
of its scientists and the hopes of its children’s.

6. What are the features of economically backward nations? Describe.

 The present day world-family facing a very big issues of economic
inequality among its members.
 The situation is partially the historical legacy of colonialism and
exploitation.
 European powers have established their colonies in Africa, Asia and even
in Latin American countries.
 Due to Colonialism and imperialism the resources of the country from
Asia, Africa and Latin America were looted.
 Owing to the policy of imperialism those countries who suffered aben
colonial rule have remained economically backward.

7. Mention the measures under taken by India to remove economic inequality

among nations.
 India has launched the policy of non-alignment.
 She advocated for the economic assistance to the needy countries by rich
nations without any conditions.
 India stood for the smooth flow of capital investment by rich nations.
 India supports economically weak countries.

8. Describe the effects of terrorism.

 Terrorism is a forceful pressure tactic [strategy].
 It intend to create atmosphere of fear.
 Such acts of organized violence are illegal and anti-social in nature.
 It causes loss of life, property.
 It is a hindrance [difficult/obstruct] to economic development.
 It threatens socio-culture aspects.
 Causes mental disturbance.
 Disrupts law and order.
 It is a worry to global security of various countries.

9. What measures undertaken by India to tackle challenge of terrorism?

 National Investigation Agency [NIA] has been established it has formed
Special Forces to counter terrorist operation.
 India is strongly oppose terrorism within India and in foreign soil.
 Government has created ATS [Anti-terrorist squads].

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 Established intelligence Agencies like IB [Intelligence Bureau], RAW

[Research and Analysis wing] using through it strong themed intelligence
system.
 A financial intelligence unit has been setup to prevent the transfer of
funds to terrorist organisations.
10. What is the opinion of KARL wolf gang deusch about the international
relation & foreign policy?
Ans. Political scientist Karl wolf gang deusch says if civilizations is destroyed in
future, it will not by famine [drought] or plague [disease] but by international
relations and foreign policy.

11. Jawaharlal Nehru is called father of Indian foreign policy. How?

Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru’s role in laying a solid foundation for India’s foreign policy
is significant. Hence, he is called “Father of Indian Foreign Policy”.

12. What is Foreign Policy according to Prof. Mahendrakumar?

Ans. According to Prof. Mahendrakumar: “Throughout course of action for
achieving objectives in foreign relation as dedicated by the Ideology [principles]
of National interest [feelings]”.

13. What are the factors determining the Indian foreign Policy? Or
Indian Foreign Policy is also shaped by several factors. Justify.
Ans.
a) Common determining factors:
i. Unity & sovereignty [supreme power] of the nation.
ii. Interdependence [depend on others].
iii. Protection & development of national interests.
iv. Stimulating [provide] factors.

b) Internal determining factors:

i. Geographical location of nation.
ii. Size of population [141 Cr].
iii. Ideological economic & military aspects.

c) External determining factors:

i. International conditions.
ii. Relations with international organization.
iii. Global public opinion.

14. Explain the evolution of Indian Foreign Policy.

Ans.
a) Jawaharlal Nehru’s Idealism Phase (1947-1959):

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 Nehru’s foreign policy of idealism proved in his stand for taking the
Kashmir issue to the United Nations (UNO) 1947 for a peaceful
settlement.
 The Panchasheela agreement with China in 1954, support for Non-
alignment, Anti colonialism, anti-apartheid [Skin discrimination] &
anti-imperialism.

b) Phase of strategic Realism (1959-1991):

 Due to China’s attack on India in 1962, Nehru himself reconsidered his
Idealistic policy with China.
 Giving shelter to Dalai Lama of Tibet an enemy of China in 1959.
 In 1961 military conquest of Goa from Portuguese marked the
beginning of strategic realism.
 After Nehru prime ministers like Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indra Gandhi and
Rajiv Gandhi led the development of strategic realism.

c) Economic experimental phase (1991-present):

 In international politics a country’s economic power has major impact
on balance of power.
 India realized this lately during Narasimha Rao’s period. India
abandoned protectionist economic policy.
 Then adopted globalization and opened up to the world in the form of
liberalization, privatization & allowed private investment.

15. Name the problems stopped in the world after 2nd World War.
Ans. After the Second World War, there was a setback to colonial and imperialist
policy in world with change of old world the new world emerged. This era began
with the establishment of UNO in 1945. However, many global Challenges such
as Denial of Human rights, Arms race, Economic Inequality, Racial discrimination
and terrorism are still in existence.

16. Name the landmark struggled for Human Rights in world.

 America wars of Independence 1776.
 French revolution 1789.
 Russian revolution 1917.
 Freedom struggle of India & other countries.

17. On 10th Dec, International Human Rights Day is celebrated every year?
Why?
Ans. On 10th December 1948 UNO adopted universal declaration of Human
Rights in its general Assembly. Hence, on 10th December International Human
Rights Day is celebrated every year.

18. What is Arms race?

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Ans. Arms race is the competition among the countries for production,
Stockpiling [store] and use of arms.

19. What is the solution for Arms race?

Ans. Disarmament.

20. Name the important global treaty in preventing arms race.

i. They are strategic Arms Limitation Treaty [SALT].
ii. Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty [NPT].
iii. Comprehensive test Ban Treaty [CTBT].
iv. Proliferation Ban Treaty [PBT].
v. Biological weapons Convention [BWC].

21. What are the problems faced by third world countries?

Ans. These nations try to overcome problems like:
i. Lack of food.
ii. Lack of capital.
iii. Lack of technological knowledge.
iv. Lack of health facilities.
v. Lack of higher education opportunities.

22. What are the reasons of terrorism?

i. Fundamentalism.
ii. Separatist ideologies.
iii. Leftist [violence] thoughts.
iv. Liberation motives.
v. Racialism, etc.

23. Name the Heinous techniques of terrorist.

i. Suicidal attacks.
ii. Hijacking.
iii. Gun-Battles.
iv. Bombing.
v. Keeping the targeted persons or innocents as hostages.

24. What are Human rights?

Ans. Just and favourable human and social conditions for the development of
human personality are called Human rights.

25. What does 3rd World indicates? Who introduced it?

Ans. The term 3rd World War used for the 1st time by a French Alferd Sawy.
The idea of 3rd World seems to emphasis the concept of poor nations.
French Alferd Savvy introduced it.

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Chapter -22
World Organization
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. UN has been established in 1945.
2. The headquarters of UN is situated in the city of New York.
3. The organ of the UN resembling the cabinet is security Council.
4. Tenure of Judges of International Court of Justice is 9 years.
5. The head office of FAO is at Rome of Italy.
6. International Court of Justice is at Hague.
7. The present secretary general of Un is Antinio Guterres.
8. World health organization has been started in the year 1948.
9. SAARC has been established in the year 1985.
II. Answer the following:
1. Who are responsible for the formation of UN?
Ans. Leaders like Wiston Churchill of England Joseph Stalin of Russia and Franklin D
Roosevelt of America decided to have a new global organization.

2. Which are the main organs of UN?

Ans.
o General Assembly
o Security council
o Economics and social council
o Trusteeship council
o International court of justice
o Secretariat

3. Who are the permanent members of security council?

Ans. USA, Russia, Britain, France and China.

4. What are the objectives of WHO?

Ans:
o In its agenda there are issues like population explosion, environment protection
,hunger and malnutrition.
o In all these fields the service of WHO is very significant.

5. Prepare the list of activities of International Labor organization.

Ans:
o This is mainly aiming at the welfare of the working class.
o Issues like social security protection from health hazards standard of living etc., of
working classes come under the preview of ILO.

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o Even the maternity benefits of women labor minimum wage housing benefits etc.,
are also dealt by this organization.

6. Expand the word SAARC.

Ans. South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation.

7. List out the objectives of UN.

Ans.
o To maintain international peace and security.
o To develop friendly relations among nations.
o To establish faith in fundamental human rights.
o To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of
economic social, cultural or humanitarian character.
o To establish justice and respect for international obligation.
o To function as a center of harmonizing the action of nations.

8. Explain the formation of General Assembly.

o This is the general body consisting of all the members of the UN.
o Each member country can send 5 members but have only single vote.
o The assembly at its first session elects a President for a term of one year.
o It also elects 17 vice presidents and 7 Chairman for the 7-standing committee.
o It is playing a prominent role in almost all global issues as a world parliament.

9. What are the activities/ functions of economic and social council?

o To stand and report about International economic, social , cultural, educational
health and related matters. Accordingly, issues like that of refugees, status of
women housing etc., come under its preview.
o A number of issues such as the status of refugee’s women and housing issues come
under the preview of this board.
o It makes recommendation for the observance of human rights and fundamental
freedom.
o It can conduct international conference pertaining to human resources, culture,
education etc.,
o The council co-ordinates the work of specialized agencies like International Labor
Organization{I.L.O}. Food and agricultural Organization {F.A.O} world health
Organization{W.H.O} etc.,

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10. Explain the role of UN in maintaining World Peace.

Or
What is the achievement of UN?
o It resolved Korean conflicts, Swiss canal crisis and Vietnam problem.
o Continuously working for the solution of Kashmir and Palestine- Israel dispute.
o UN continuously making efforts towards the goal of disarmament.
o Tying to solve economic, financial and international trade related problems
through world bank, IMF International Monetary Fund, WTO Worlds Trade
Organization.
o Through declaration of Universal Human Rights seeking their implementation
Worls wide.
o Striving is making efforts to end apartheid, imperialism and colonialism.
o Striving to prevent igg effects of global warming.

11. What are the functions of UNESCO?

o This is a prominent specialized organ mainly dealing with the promotion of science
education and culture throughout the globe.
o It aims at the development of technical education.

12. Explain the role of IMF in solving the economic problem of the world.
o It tries to solve International economic problems.
o It strives to promote world trade economic stability and sound balance of payment
situation.
o The functioning of IMF has been widely appreciated for its efficiency and
transparency.
o It may be described as central Bank of Central banks of different countries.
o It strives to harmonize the economic relations of advanced and poor nations.

13. List out the objectives of common wealth of Nations.

o Upholding of democracy, liberties, assistance to eradicate poverty, promotion of
world peace, sports, science and cultural ties are same of the objectives of
common wealth of Nations.

14. Explain the European Union.

o The European Union or EU is a Union of 27 European countries.
o It was established in 1992 by the Treaty of European Union in Maastricht.
o It implements a common single market a single currency, common agricultural and
trade policy etc.,
o Supporters of the European Union agree that it is a force for peace and democracy.
o Its head office is at Brussels of Belgium.

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15. The security council is the most powerful organ and executive or cabinet of UN
justify.
o The permanent members enjoy VETO power while the non-permanent members
do not enjoy VETO power.
o Security council is primarily aiming at solving international disputes through
peaceful means.
o If there is a necessity , it may direct the UN peace keeping force[IPKF] for
international peace and security .
o It elects the judges of the international court of justice and recommends the name
for the post of the secretary general.

16. The trusteeship council lost its important. How?

o Today no geographical area is under administration of this council.

17. How many judges are there in the international court of Justice?
o 15 Judges.

18. Name the branches of secretariat.

o Geneva[Switzerland] , Vienna [Austria] and Nairobi [Kenya]

19. Who appoints the secretariat of UN?

o The secretary General is the Chief Administrative officer of the organization who is
appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of Security Council
for a five-year term.

20. When was FAO started?

o 1945

21. What is the aim of FAO?

o Improvement of Agriculture
o Provision of more nutrition’s food.
o Liberation of the world population from hungry.
o Improvement of the living conditions of the rural people.

22. Which is the head quarter of WHO?

o Geneva of Switzerland.

23. When was UNESCO established?

o 1945

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24. Where is the headquarter of UNESCO?

o Paris.

25. Which is a popular humanitarian organization?

o UNICEF

26. What is the main objective of UNICEF?

o Its main objectives are to provide favorable condition for the development of
women and children.

27. In 1965 UNICEF won Noble peace prized why?

o The money collected by selling the greeting cards by this organization is utilized for
the welfare of children.

28. Name the head office of IMF.

o Washington

29. IMF described as central Bank of different countries justify

Or
What are the aims of IMF.
o It tries to solve International economic problems.
o It strives to promote world trade economic stability and sound balance of payment
situation.
o The functioning of IMF has been widely appreciated for its efficiency and
transparency.
o It may be described as central Bank of Central banks of different countries.
o It strives to harmonize the economic relations of advanced and poor nations.

30. Which bank is called as World bank?

o IBRD

31. Which agencies got Noble peace prize in 1969?

o ILO

32. Name the head office of IBRD

o Washington

33. Which is the head quarter of ILO?

o Geneva of Switzerland.

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34. Which is the third economic pillar of world?

o WTO

35. When was WTO established?

o 1st January 1948.

36. Where is the head quarter of common wealth of Nation?

o London.

37. Name the headquarter of SAARC.

o Katmandu of Nepal.

38. What is the objective of SAARC?

o The main objective of SAARC are the promotions of economic growth, social
progress and cultural development through mutual co-operation.

39. Nam ethe important European Union institutions.

o The council
o The commission
o The European parliament
o The European court of Justice.
o The European central Bank.

40. the progress of the SAARC not developing effectively. Why?

o Mutual distrust and a number of disputes among the member state stood as the
stumbling blocks on the path of progress.
o The unanimity rule which means the acceptance of all the member states for any
decision proved to be a handicap of SAARC.
o It could not solve the dispute among its members.

41. Where is the head office of European Union?

o Brussee of Belgium.

42. When was ASEAN group established?

o 1957.

43. What are the main objectives of ASEAN?

o To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development is
this region.
o To promote activities collaboration and mutual assistance in economic social,
cultural, technical, scientific administrative fields etc.,

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44. What are the aims of the African organization Unity?

o It stands for the principles of self-determined of all the independent African states.
o It up holds freedom, equality, justice and solidarity of African countries.
o Th member states of DAU expressed their determination to fight against neo-
colonialism in all its forms.

45. When was WHO started?

1948

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Sociology – Collective Behaviour and Protests K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 23
Collective Behaviour and Protests

III. Fill in the blanks:

4. Chipko movement took place in Uttarkhand state.
5. The leader of the Narmada agitation is Medha Patkar.
6. Dr. Shivaram Karanth agitated against the Kaiga Nuclear power station.

IV. Answer the following:

1. What is ‘Collective Behaviour’?
Ans. When he is a member of a group, he behaves in a manner totally different
from the way he behaves when he is alone. This kind of behaviour is called
‘Collective behaviour’.

2. Who are the leader of ‘Chipko movement’?

Ans. Shri Sunderlal Bhuguna and Shri Chandi Prasad Bhatt.

3. What is self-help group?

Ans. It is the group of the women which contains minimum 20 members & help
eachothers to develop the financial & economic status.

4. What is labour movement?

Ans. The movements carried out through labour organisations to uphold the
dignity [respect] of labourers and to protect the interests of labourers are called
labour movements.

5. What does collective behaviour include?

Ans. Scope of collective behaviour includes mole, rumours, propaganda [canvas],
public opinion, revolution, social movements etc.

6. What is a ‘mob’? Give example.

Ans. Assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation or
planning is called a ‘mob’.
Ex: A group of people assembled near a theatre to buy tickets near a theatre to
buy tickets, an assembly of people around an accident scene etc.

7. Describe the nature of a mob.

 The pressure on the environment where human beings are living is
progressively increasing.
 Developed and developing nations exploit the natural resources in an
aggressive manner.
 Developed nations are destroying the environment for the purpose of
their luxurious life.

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 Many nations in the world are exerting enormous pressure on the

environment due to the problems faced by increase in human population.
 The unbridled growth of cities, proliferation of industries, technologies
progress, expansion of transport system etc. are destroying the forests
and pollute the environment.

8. Describe the meaning and nature of environment pollution.

Ans. The soil, air, water and biosphere around us getting polluted with toxins
[poison] and chemicals is called environmental pollution.

9. Explain the importance of women’s self-helps groups.

 It increases the social & economic status of the woman.
 It helps to solve the women’s problems.
 It provides equal rights, power and opportunities.
 It helps to develop the co-operation and trust among the members.
 It helps to develop the women empower.
 It provides opportunities for the women in the participation of
development activities in the society.
 It supports to solve the problems like child marriage, dowry and physical
harassment.

10. What are riots?

Ans. Violent and destructive nature of mob behaviour is called riot.

11. Explain the influence of mob.

 Mobs are the identity of the society’s shortcomings [problems] of the
society.
 They express the frustration towards the working of social organizations.
 They represent the people’s dissatisfaction about the government’s
projects, attitude and specific programs.
 When the collective behaviour goes to an extreme, it becomes necessary
to use police force, security forces, military help etc.

12. Explain the nature of riots.

 Riots are another type of mob behaviour.
 When riots become uncontrollable and harmful, they lead to destruction.
 The minimum level of unity seen in a mob is not visible in a riot.
 Those involved in riots go on destroying everything in their way.
 Creation of chaos [problem] is the intension of rioters.
 These riots lead to large scale loss of property and lives.
 Riots do not have any particular aim.
 Riots have become serious challenges for law and order.

13. What are the main causes for riots?

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Ans. Provoking circumstances, individuals, uncontrolled behaviour, uncivilized

behaviour, criminal intent [intension] of people, riotous mind-set are the main
causes for riots.

14. How can we control the riots?

Ans. Riots can be controlled by the presence of mind of the officials by police
and security forces and law.

15. What is a movement?

Ans. when collective behaviour is organized and directed towards a specific goal,
and aims to bring about social change, it is called as movement.

16. Write a short note on ‘Chipko movement’.

 The government gave permission to chop down certain trees in Tehri
Garhwal district of Uttarkhand.
 The people there realized that there will be loss of trees, and their
environment will be destroyed.
 So they hugged the trees and halted [stopped] their destructive.
 This movement took place in 1973 under the leadership of Shri Sunderlal
Bahuguna and Shri Chandi Prasad Bhatt.

17. Write a short note on ‘Appiko movement’.

 In 1983, the farmers of Salyani village in Uttar Kannada district of
Karnataka began the ‘Appiko movement’.
 When the contractors came to cut-down trees in Kelase forest, in order to
stop them, the farmers hugged the trees and protested.
 The purpose of the farmers protest was to stop smuggling of trees, and
develop awareness among the common people about the importance of
growing trees and the importance of environment.

18. Explain the role of D. Devaraj Aras in the farmer’s movement.

 D. Devaraj Aras who came to power in Karnataka in the seventh decade
[10 years], implemented many laws, for the empowerment of the socially
weaker section of the society.
 Among these abolition of bounded labour which was intended to free the
tenants [torture] from the clutches [holdings] of land lords was the most
important.

19. Who was the founder of the Karnataka state farmers association?
Ans. M. D. Nanjundaswamy.

20. Explain the anti-untouchability movement?

 It was started in the 19th century by Jyoti Rao Phule of Maharashtra in
1917.

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 Anti-untouchability movements arose in places like Tamil Nadu and

Karnataka in 1925.
 Periyar Ramaswamy started the self-respect movement.
 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar advocated the rights for socially opposed
untouchables and women throughout his life.
 He started the magazine ‘Mookanayaka’ and was instrumental in
creating a huge movement against the practise of untouchability.
 Even Gandhiji was a reformist who wanted to end untouchability.

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Sociology – Social Challenges K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 24
Social Challenges
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Article 24 of the constitution prohibits employing children for work.
2. The ‘Prohibition of child labour Act’ came into practise in the year 1986.
3. The National Policy was formed in 1987.
4. The Prohibition of Dowry Act first came into effect in 1961.
5. Protection of Children from sexual offences [POCSO] act came into force in
2012.

II. Answer the following:

1. Mention the social challenges plaguing [suffer] India.
 Excessive [suffer] India.
 Poverty.
 Unemployment.
 Beggary.
 Juvenile delinquency [children’s criminal activity].
 Crimes.
 Problem of child labour.
 Corruption.
 Exploitation of women.
 Dowry harassment.
 Youth unrest, etc.

2. What is ‘Child Labour’?

Ans. According to the constitution ‘Child Labourers are those who are aged
below 14 years & work in order to earn money’. Normally the labour undertaken
by minor children are called ‘Child Labour’.

3. What is the meaning of female foeticide?

Ans. When the foetus is that of a girl and the parents do not want a girl baby to
be born, they kill it in the womb itself. This is known as ‘female foeticide’.

4. What is female infanticide?

Ans. The inhuman practise of killing the female baby after it is born is called
infanticide.

5. What is child marriage?

Ans. According to law, the marriage that takes place between a boy of below 21
years and a girl who is below 18 years is child marriage. If either of the two is
below the legal age, it is called child marriage.

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6. Mention the causes for the problem of child labour.

 Poverty.
 Domestic conflicts.
 Divorce.
 Domestic violence.
 Excessive control.
 Greed of industrialists.
 Illiteracy.
 Kidnapping of children and pledging them etc.

7. What are the consequences of child labour?

 Child labour is the result of a serious lacuna [problems] in the social
system.
 The people who extract work from children throughout the day.
 Do not pay any attention to their mental, emotional, educational or
medical needs.
 Instead, they harass them physically and mentally.
 Due to ill-health, lack of nutritious food and proper medical facilities,
forced employment.
 Economic & social exploitation, thousands of child labourers are suffering
even today.
 At an age when they should have been playing, day-dreaming or studying,
their innocence has been snatched away from them by pushing them into
employment.

8. Explain the measures for eradicating the problems of child labour.

 To prohibit appointment of child labourers, the ‘child labour prohibition
and control act (1986)’ has been enacted.
 Industrialists who violate this law, will have to mandatorily contribute
Rs.20,000/- per child labourer to the welfare fund.
 Article 14 of our constitution declares that employing children below 14
years for work is a cognizable [punishable] offence.
 Under the Directive Policies of the State, the government has declared
that ensuring the welfare of the children are its responsibility.
 The government launched the National Child Labour Project [NCLP] in
1988.
 The government officers rescued the child labourers & provide education
along with all free facilities.
 Bal Mandirs are being set up for the education of such children at Taluk &
District levels.
 Under the ‘Saravashikshana Abhiyana’ project, child labourers in
Karnataka are being brought to school under the programme ‘From
Drudgery [work] to school’ and they are being given free education.

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 The right to education act of 2009 guarantees compulsory free education

to children of 6 years to 14 years.
 The Supreme Court has ruled that a ‘child labour Rehabilitation welfare
fund’ should be established to protect the human rights and financial
interests of child labourers end their exploitation.
 The union government implemented a ‘National Policy’ in 1987 for the
welfare of child labourers.
 In 2006, the government brought into force ‘The Child Labour Eradication
and Rehabilitation Act’.

9. What are the evils effects of dowry system?

 Dowry diminishes [destroys] women’s self-respect, dignity and stature
[status].
 It leads to domestic conflicts.
 It also creates animosity between men and women.
 Immorality and violence increase.
 Family relationships suffer.
 Greed for dowry is leading to deception in the name of marriage.
 It leads to child marriage.
 Female foeticide & female infanticide are increasing.
 The number of divorces are also rising.

10. What are the solutions for the problem of dowry?

 In order to legally eradicate the dowry system, the central government
enacted a ‘Prohibition of Dowry Act’ in 1961.
 Those who violate this law are fined Rs.5000/- penalty or sent to jail for 6
months.
 This act was amended in 1986 and made stricter.
 According to the amendment, any person who gives, takes or forces to
give dowry can be imprisoned for 5 years and fined 15,000/- penalty.
 Dowry deaths have been bought under the purview of ‘Indian Penal code’
and ‘Indian criminal Procedure code’.
 Encourages people to become awareness.
 Voluntary organizations and women associations.

11. What are the effects of child marriage?

 The holistic [overall] development of children is stunted [stopped] the
power of questions.
 Many rights of children like education, childhood, entertainment and
interaction with friends continue to be violated.
 Children fall on the trap of malnutrition, anaemia, diseases, abortions,
infanticide and maternal mortality increases.
 The chance of girl becoming a widow at a young age.

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12. What is Dowry?

Ans. Any kind of property, jewellery or gift given to the bridegroom’s at the time
of marriage, either before or after the marriage is known as ‘Dowry’.
13. What are the causes of female foeticide and female infanticide?
Ans. Poverty, burden to dowry, illiteracy, ignorance, anti-women ideas, desire
for male progeny etc.

14. Why was the prohibition of ‘Pre Natal gender determination test act’
introduced in 1994?
Ans. In order to stop sex determination testes for foetuses through modern
technology, the ‘Prohibition of Pre-natal gender determination test Act’ was
enacted in 1994.

15. Explain the results of female foeticide.

Ans. There is a reduction in the number of women leading to imbalanced gender
ratio, gender discrimination, degradation of women status.

16. How to prevent child marriage?

 The act of 2006 has come into effect with few changes in the previous
laws.
 The people who are invited to the marriage and those who conducted or
motivated the marriage are liable for imprisonment of two year & a fine
of rupees one lakhs.
 Implementing the education Development Programmes without lapses
can prevent school dropouts before 18 years of age. This means all the
children’s within 18 years of age.
 Birth registration is compulsory & 100% birth registration target is
needed.
 Importance should be given to girl’s education.
 A child marriage should always be reported, questioned & opposed.

17. What are the reasons for child marriage?

 Gender discrimination is the primary reason for child marriage.
 The people who went through child marriage strive to get their children
married off early.
 Lack of education is one of the main reasons for child marriage.
 Lack of proper implementation of law.
 Poor implementation of legal provisions in school education.
 Lack of participation in the part of community and general public in the
implementation of child rights and child development programmes.

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Geography – India-Land use and agriculture K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 25
India – Land use and Agriculture
V. Fill in the blanks:
7. Utilizing the lank for a variety of purpose is known as landuse.
8. Growing two-three crops on the same plot in a year is called intense farming.
9. Famers growing crops only to sustain themselves is called subsistency farming.
10. Progress in the horticulture field is known as golden revolution.
11. The state is the largest producer of paddy in India is West Bengal.
12. The crops grown during summer is also known as Zaid farming.
13. India ranks second in the world with respect to the extent of area cultivation,
after the U.S.A.
14. Himachal Pradesh has the largest area under grasslands.
15. Paddy is the major Kharif crop.
16. Wheat is the important Rabi crop of India.
17. Punjab is known as the granary of wheat.
18. Uttar Pradesh stands first in the production of wheat.
19. Cotton and Jute are the most important fibre crops grown in India.
20. Karnataka’s Nipani town of Belagavi district is the marketing centre of
tobacco.
21. Coffee and Tea are the most important beverage crop grown in India.

VI. Answer the following:

1. What are the factors that influence landuse?
 Many natural, economic & social factors influence the manner in which
land is used.
 The natural factors are land forms, climate are influenced on
characteristics of soil.
 Land holdings, population, demand for agriculture products, profession,
altitude of people, social & economic condition, marketing facilities are
influenced on landuse.
 Other factors like technology, irrigation facility, human capability, land
ownership also have an effect on it.

2. What is ‘Agriculture’? What are the types of agriculture?

Ans. Agriculture has been described as ‘the art of cultivating the land cultivating
or tilling the land and growing crops’.

3. What is ‘Kharif crops’?

Ans. The crops grown during the South-West monsoon season are called Kharif
crops.

4. What is meant by ‘Rabi crops’?

Ans. The crops growing during the post monsoon season are called rabi crops.

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5. What are the factors essential for growing cotton?

 Cotton is the tropical and Sub-tropical crops.
 It grows well in areas where temperature is 20° to 25°C with a rainfall of
75 to 150cms.
 Black soil & loamy soil support, the growth of cotton.
 Black cotton soil which can hold moisture is most suitable.
 This is grown as a Kharif crops.

6. Name the types of landuse.

i. Net sown area.
ii. Forest area.
iii. Use of land for purposes other than cultivation.
iv. Fallow land.
v. Grassland.
vi. Uncultivated land.

7. Explain the importance of agriculture.

 Agriculture is the main occupation of Indians.
 Farming supplies the food grains of the huge population of the country.
 It is a life-subsistence occupation and provides more employment
opportunities than all other sectors of economy.
 There are many industries in India which depend on the raw materials
provided by agriculture.
 Indirectly, agriculture nurtures many industries. Ex: chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, insecticides, industries manufacturing farming equipment, etc.
 Agriculture support even many tertiary occupations like transport, trade,
banking etc.

8. What is commercial farming?

Ans. Agriculture practised to commercial purpose is called commercial farming.

9. What is mixed farming?

Ans. Mixed farming is the raising of crops & cattle-rearing, poultry, bee-keeping,
pig-rearing, silk farming, aquaculture etc. this is called mixed farming.

10. What is plantation farming?

Ans. It refers to the cultivation of a single crop over a large area for exports.

11. What is cropping pattern?

Ans. The cropping pattern of a region refers to the proportion of an area under
different crops at a given point of time. The ratio of these crops is known as
cropping pattern.

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12. What are the factors influencing crop pattern?

i. Natural factors: Physical factors, land forms climate & rainfall.
ii. Economic factors: Commercial crops, huge profits.
iii. Social factors: Traditions, superstitions illiteracy etc.
iv. Farmer’s attitude: ex: Earlier, farmers in North Karnataka used to grow
mainly jowar & wheat. However, now they are growing sunflower,
groundnut, toor dal & onion which fetch a greater profit.

13. Explain the result of the green revolution.

 As a result of the green revolution, Indian agriculture has seen
tremendous progress utilizing irrigation facility, modern agricultural
implements, chemical fertilizers, high yield variety seeds, insecticides and
pesticides.
 The country has become self-sufficient in the production of food grains.

14. What are the facilities needed for horticulture?

Ans. India has all the facilities needed for horticulture like diverse conditions,
land forms climate, soil, irrigation facility, labour, market, governmental
encouragement.

15. What are the factors essential for growing tea?

 Tea is a perennial [permanent] crop growing in the evergreen tropical and
sub-tropical regions.
 Average temperature of 21°C and rainfall of 150-200cms are essential.
 It require fertile soil with rich organic matter and hill slopes with sand-
mixed black soil are required.
 Tea grows well at an altitude [heights] of 1200 to 2400 meters.

16. What are the factors essential for growing paddy?

 Paddy is major Kharif crop.
 About 25°C temperature and 100-200cms of annual rainfall are necessary
for the growth of paddy.
 Fertile alluvial soil and clayey soil is most suitable for the cultivation.
 It requires standing water till the crop is ready for harvesting, hence flat
land is required.
 Wherever rainfall is less, irrigation is necessary.

17. What are the factors essential for growing sugarcane?

 India is the place of origin of sugarcane.
 It is an annual crop and is growing in irrigated areas.
 This crop needs a climate of high temperature and moisture.
 It needs a temperature of 21° and 26° Celsius and 100-150cms annual
rainfall.
 Fertile loamy soil mixed with black soil is most suitable.

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18. What is Horticulture?

Ans. Horticulture involves cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers.

19. What are the types of agriculture?

i. Intensive farming.
ii. Subsistence farming.
Subsistence farming are divided into two types,
a) Sedentary farming.
b) Shifting farming.
iii. Commercial farming.
iv. Mixed farming.
v. Plantation farming.

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Chapter – 26
India – Minerals and Power Resources
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The wonder metal of the 20th century is aluminium.
2. The largest producer of gold in India is Hatti in Raichur.
3. Mica is also called ‘Kage Bangara’ in Kannada.
4. Manganese is the most important of the Ferro-allied ores mined in India.
5. Bauxite is the important ore of aluminium.
6. Mica is a very large important non-ferrous minerals.
7. Beryllium oxide is used as catalyst or moderator in reactors producing nuclear
energy.
8. Lithium is a light metal obtained from lepiddite and fudomine ores.
9. India’s first solar electricity production centre is being proposed to be set up
at Baramar in Rajasthan.

II. Answer the following:

1. What are the important minerals resources available in India?
Ans. Iron ore, manganese ore, bauxite ore, mica and gold.

2. Which are the types of manganese ore?

Ans. The main types of manganese ore are pyrolusite, Psilomelane, Magnite,
Branite& Holyandite.

3. What are the uses of Mica?

Ans. Mica is used in the manufacture of telephones, telegraph, wireless service,
glass, colour, varnish [shine], artificial rubber, dynamos and chemical industries.

4. Which are the important atomic minerals?

Ans. Uranium, Thorium, Beryllium and Lithium.

5. What is non-conventional energy resources? Explain their importance.

Ans. Non-conventional energy resources are those which are not exhaustible.
 These sources do not cause environment pollution.
 They are renewable in nature.
 They are high in energy.
 These sources are easy to use.
 Renewable energy is easier to produce & using them as non-renewable
energy.
 It leads to improve the public health.
 It doesn’t cause global warming & greenhouse effect.
 It is non-exhaustible energy.

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6. Give suggestions of your own to eradicate the power scarcity. Or

What are the remedies defective energy resources?
i. Use of non-conventional resources.
ii. Giving importance to hydro-electric power generation.
iii. Use of alternate local energy resources.
iv. Encouraging the use of non-conventional energy resources.
v. Educating the people regarding the reduced use of energy resources.
vi. Producing energy from solid waste.

7. What are minerals?

Ans. A compound of naturally available substance [things] with specific chemical
composition is called minerals.

8. Name the states having max iron ore deposit.

Ans. In India, Jharkhand, Odisha & Karnataka states have maximum iron ore
deposits.

9. What are the uses of manganese ore?

 Manganese is the most important of the Ferro-allied ores mined in India.
 Manganese is used in the manufacture of steel.
 It is also used in manufacture of chemical and electrical equipment and
coloured glass.

10. What are the qualities of bauxite ore?

Ans. It is mixed with sand and iron oxide. Being brownish yellow and grey in
colour, bauxite is sticky like clay in nature. Bauxite has about 60-70% of
aluminium oxide and by the melting this, aluminium metal is obtained.

11. What are the qualities of Mica?

 Mica is transparent, heat resistance, shiny silicate mineral.
 Mica has some qualities; the important among them are insulation and
elasity.

12. Aluminium is called the wonder metal of 20th century. Why?

Ans. Since, aluminium is used in various types. It is called the wonder metal of
the 20th century.

13. Name the types of Mica.

Ans. Types of Mica are Muscovite (white), Biotite (black), Phlugovite (brown),
lepidotite (light green), etc.

14. Coal is called ‘Black Diamond’. How?

Ans. Coal being an important minerals product with multiple uses, it is called
‘Black Diamond’.

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15. What are the uses of coal?

Ans. Coal is not only an energy source, but also used in the manufacture of
insect repellents, explosives, artificial fibre, artificial rubber, plastic, chemical
fertilizers, etc.

16. How is coal formed?

Ans. It is said that millions of years ago, the earth was covered with thick dense
forests, and these forests gradually buried in the layers of the earth and
converted into coal due to heat & pressure.

17. Name the states producing largest amount of coal in India.

Ans. In India, coal deposits are widely distributed in Damodar river valley.
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are the states producing largest amount of coal.

18. What is conventional power resource?

Ans. Conventional power resources are those which can get exhausted.
Ex: Coal, petroleum, atomic power, etc.

19. Petrol is called as ‘Liquid Gold’. Why?

Ans. Petroleum is a very important energy resource in agriculture, industry and
transportation. This is a very precious in both during peace & war. Hence, it is
called ‘Liquid Gold’.

20. Where was the petroleum discovered in India?

Ans. Didboi of Assam.

21. Which is the oil deposit of India?

Ans. Bombay High.

22. Explain the need for non-conventional energy.

 In India, of the energy resources being used, the exhaustible energy
resources are the main ones.
 It has become inevitable to use non-conventional energy sources to
conserve the conventional energy sources.
 Exploration [discover] and use of non-exhaustible energy uses has gained
a lot of importance in the Five-year plans.

23. The export of mica has reduced. Why?

Ans. Today, because of the availability of substitute for mica, its export has
reduced.

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Chapter – 27
India - Transport and Communication
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The name of the international airport of Bengaluru is Kempegowda.
2. Road is necessary for the development of villages & agriculture.
3. Mumbai port is called ‘Gateway of India’.
4. The tea port of India is Kolkata.

II. Answer the following:

1. What are the importance of roads in India?
 India is a country of villages and is predominantly [important] an
agricultural nation.
 Roads are very important for the development of villages and agriculture.
 Movement of agricultural produce by farmers to the markets is possible
only by roadways.
 Essential commodities required by the villagers are transported with the
help of roads helps.
 Road transport Feeders railways.
 Roads provide the movement of goods.

2. What are the four types of major roads?

i. National Highways.
ii. State Highways.
iii. District Roads.
iv. Village Roads.

3. What is meant by ‘Golden Quadrilateral Project’?

Ans. The Golden Quadrilateral Highways links the major metropolitan cities of
the country like Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai & Kolkata through 4/6 lanes of national
highways.

4. Make a list of major ports in India.

i. Kandla: This is in Gulf of Kachchh.
ii. Mumbai: It is in the state of Maharashtra, Mumbai port is called the
“Gateway of India”.
iii. Navasheva: Navasheva port has been built with state of the art facilities
to relieve the high pressure of Mumbai port.
iv. Marmagoa: It is located at the entrance of Zuari estuary in state.
v. New Mangalore Port.
vi. Kochi.
vii. Tuticorin.
viii. Chennai: It is the oldest port of India. It has an artificial harbours.
ix. Vishakhapatnam:

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x. Paradeep.
xi. Kolkata: It is in West Bengal. It is a natural harbour. This port is called the
‘Tea port of India’.
xii. Haldia: It is a newly developed port on the coast of Bay of Bengal to
overcome the problem of congestion at Kolkata port.

5. List out the problems of road transport in India?

i. Many village and district roads become unfit for transportation during the
rainy season.
ii. Road transport is also the cause of environmental pollution, increased
density (heavy) of vehicles and accidents.
iii. Roads are subjected (covered) to severe (more) wear and tear due to
rain, floods and cyclones every year.
iv. Construction and management of national and state highways are
inadequate [essential].
v. Scarcity of the basic needs along the roadside in seen all over the country.

6. What are communication media? Which are they?

Ans. The method of reaching a large number of people at the same time is called
Mass communication.
Posts, newspaper & radio, television, satellite, computer network, internet, e-
mail, mobile, telephone, etc.

7. Mention the importance of communication.

 With the help of communication media, people of the country can learn
about the various incidents of different places.
 The people can aware of the policies of the government.
 By educating people through mass media about agriculture and industry a
speedy developmental process is possible.
 Mass communication media have become the fundamental requirement
of trade & commerce.
 Mass media can be effectively utilized to strengthen, the unity,
integration and stability in the country.

8. Write about ‘Remote Sensing Technology’.

 In the modern technology remote sensing is very important.
 To collect information regarding the earth surface.
 It gathers information about distance without physically touching the
objects. This is called remote sensing.
 Aerial & satellite photos are from the remote sensing.

9. What is transport?
Ans. Movement of goods, services, information and materials from one place to
another is called ‘Transport’.

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10. How is GPS different from GIS?

GPS GIS
The main objective of this system is to The system which can collect the
indicate the location of a stationary or information, accumulation & enable
moving object or person through use when required, modify & show
pointing out the latitude, longitude & the data of the earth’s surface is
height above the sea level. called geographical information
system [GIS].
Today this system is very useful in The earth’s surface has various types
many areas. of natural & culture features. In this,
districts, land structure, rivers,
distribution of shelter, land use, soil &
crop distribution etc. can get
information in GIS.
GPS technology works based on the GIS is a computer based system which
information sent by the satellites & can accumulate & interpret the data
through the use of an individual’s on the earth’s surface.
receiver set on the earth’s surface.

11. The role of transport in the economic development of our country is

significant. Justify.
 The role of transport in the economic development of our country is
significant.
 Areas of agriculture, industries, mining, forestry, fisheries, dairy farming,
etc. are closely linked with the markets through the transport.
 Hence, for speedy economic development fast transport system are
necessary.

12. Which is the longest national highway of India?

Ans. NH44.

13. Which is the highest road in the world?

Ans. The highest road in the world has been constructed by the border roads
organisation of India in Umling-la pass of Ladakh.

14. Which was the 1st railway line in India?

Ans. The 1st railway line was laid between Mumbai and Thane of Maharashtra on
April 16th 1853.

15. Explain the importance of railways.

 They play a vital [important] role in the economic development of the
country.
 They are very useful to carry heavy goods & large number of passengers.
 They are useful to travel at a low-cost.

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 They are useful to transport agricultural & horticultural products at a

rapid speed.

16. When was airport authority of India established?

Ans. Airport authority of India [AAI] was established by the Indian Government
in the year 1955 & its head quarter is at New Delhi.

17. Name the important international Airport of India.

i. Indira Gandhi International Airport – New Delhi.
ii. Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj International Airport – Mumbai.
iii. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport – Kolkata.
iv. Chennai International Airport – Chennai.
v. Kempegowda International Airport – Bengaluru (Devanahalli).
vi. Mangalore International Airport – Mangalore.
vii. Sardar Vallabhai Patel International Airport – Ahmedabad.
viii. Lokapriya Gopinatha Bardole International Airport – Guwahati.
ix. Chowdary Charan Singh International Airport – Lucknow.
x. Rajeev Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad.
xi. Manohar International Airport – Mopa (Goa).
xii. Maharshi Valmiki International Airport – Ayodhya.

18. What are the uses of GIS?

 GIS technology based maps are attractive & give accurate information.
 Various types of geographical, social & economic information can be
easily analysed & models can be constructed.
 In recent years, GIS technology is being used to give advance intimation
regarding weather phenomena [conditions].
 Since, this is a computer based analysis, maps can be created very fast
without the need of a cartographical in a very short time & even maps
can be modified.

19. What are the uses of GPS?

 They are useful in assessing the geographical position of natural
calamities. So that suitable safety measures are taken.
 It is helpful for trekkers to know the exact location & routes.
 Soldiers, pilots, fishermen & sailors use GPS to follow correct path &
direction. Today transport authorities also use this to manage the
movement.
 GPS is the lifetime for many services at their door in the cities.
 GPS shows path to google maps.

20. What are the uses of remote sensing technology?

 From these pictures, true, accurate & reliable [trust] information
pertaining to that period can be obtained.

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 This is fast, low-cost information collection system compared to

geographical survey.
 The information gathered by these can be easily analysed using
computers.
 Remote sensing images can be obtained from satellites regarding the
extremes of climate & disturbances in the geographical features.
 Studies related to natural calamities like typhoons, cyclonic storms,
floods, etc. can be taken up with the help of remote sensing pictures.
 The role of satellite images is significant in analysing the natural resources
like land use, forest area, water bodies, residential areas, distribution of
crops, land erosion, coast, etc.

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Chapter – 28
India – Major Industries

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. Bengal Iron Company of West Bengal was located in Kulti.
2. Manufacturing of cloth from various kinds of fibres is called textile industry.
3. The first paper industry of India was located on banks of Hooghly River.
4. ISRO was established in the year August 15, 1969.
5. Industries provide 35% of the total national income besides providing
employment to 16% of the population.
6. In India the first cotton textile industry was established in 1854 at Mumbai
and Baruch.
7. India ranks first in the production of sugar and second in its export.
8. Maximum number of sugar industries are located in the Ganga River plain
region.
9. Aluminium was discovered recently in the year 1886.
10. The first paper industry in India was established in Serampur of West Bengal
in 1840 on the banks of the river Hoogly.
11. Majority of the paper industries of the country are found in West Bengal.

II. Answer the following:

1. Make a list of industries zones.
i. Hooghly region.
ii. Mumbai – Pune region.
iii. Ahmedabad – Vadodara region.
iv. Damodar valley Industrial region.
v. Southern Industrial region.
vi. National Capital region.
vii. Vishakhapatnam – Guntur region.
viii. Kollam – Tiruvanthapuram region.

2. Which are the places of Iron and steel industry?

i. Tata Iron and steel plant – TISCO at Jamshedpur of Jharkhand.
ii. Indian Iron and steel company – IISCO at Burnpur, West Bengal.
iii. Vishakhapatnam Iron and steel company – VISCO at Bhadravathi,
Karnataka.
iv. Iron and steel company at Bhilai, Chhattisgarh.
v. Iron and steel company at Bourkela, Odisha.
vi. Iron and steel company at Durapur, West Bengal.
vii. Iron and steel company at Bokaro, Jharkhand.
viii. Iron and steel company at Salem, Tamil Nadu.
ix. Iron and steel company at Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

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3. What are the factors influencing the location of an industry?

 Availability of raw materials.
 Energy resources.
 Market.
 Transport facility.
 Availability of labour.
 Port facility.
 Land availability at low cost.
 Technology and government policies.

4. What are the raw materials used in paper industry?

Ans. The raw material for the paper industry are bamboo, obtained from the
forests, wood pulp and grass.

5. Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.

Ans. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh have maximum number of cotton textiles industries.

6. What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture?

 Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of
new seeds, medicines, fertilizers, organic fertilizers, developed hybrid
seeds, soya beans, maize, cotton, etc. have been developed.
 In recent times, plant biotechnology, environment, bio-diversity and
medical biotechnology are also being used.

7. What are the changes resulting from the use of advanced technology?
 Advanced technology is used in telephone.
 Internet communication.
 Defence department.
 Weapons and nuclear bombs.
 Satellite launching.
 Lunar projects like Chandrayana.
 Transparent in city administration in government offices.
 Development of global economic system.
 Educational, social and economic affairs and electrons.

8. What are the main achievements of ISRO?

i. The Indian National satellite system [INSAT], was introduced by Indian
space organization [ISRO] for enhancing better experience in search-
rescue operation.
ii. Indian was the first country to reach ‘Mars’ for the first time through
ISRO.
iii. India was the first country to land on the South-pole through the satellite
launched by ISRO.

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9. What is the meaning of industry?

Ans. Any human activity engaged in the conversion of raw materials or finished
goods into readily unusable materials is called an industry.

10. What are Industrial zones?

Ans. Certain areas of the country have major concentration of industries. These
areas are called “Industrial zones”.

11. Iron & Steel industry is called basic industry. Why?

Ans. Iron and steel industry are called basic industry, because the region of this
industry provides the raw materials to machinery, railways, ship building, power
projects, irrigation projects, building construction, house construction, etc.

12. Mumbai is called as ‘Manchester of India’ & cotton polis. Why?

Ans. Mumbai of Maharashtra has highest cotton mills and hence, it is called ‘The
Manchester of India’ [Manchester is Britain’s main textile industry centre],
cotton polis of India.

13. Aluminium industries are concentrated in few places in country. Why?

 Aluminium is the most important non-ferrous metal produced in India.
 This industry depends mainly on three factors, supply of electricity,
availability of bauxite, availability of other metals and supply of capital.

14. What is knowledge based industry?

Ans. This industries are progressing on the basis of knowledge of human beings.

15. Bangalore is called ‘Silicon valley of India’. Why?

Ans. Bengaluru is the centre of information technology and it is called ‘Silicon
valley’ of India.

16. Who was the first chairman of ISRO?

Ans. Dr. Vikram Sarabai.

17. What is the main aim of ISRO?

Ans. The organization is involved in science engineering and technology to
harvest the benefits of outer space for India and the mankind.

18. Which is the Headquarter of ISRO?

Ans. Bangalore.

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Geography – India-Natural Disasters K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 29
India – Natural Disasters
I. Answer the following:
1. What are natural disasters?
Ans. Naturally occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and
property are called natural disasters.

2. What are the effects of cyclones?

 Cyclones are very destructive sometimes, the life of the people of
cyclone-hit areas gets totally changed.
 They cause large scale deaths.
 Ocean tides inundate [cover] the inland water-bodies & make them salty.
 Crops gets totally destroyed.
 Transport links, electricity supply & the daily life of the people get
affected badly.
 Cyclone-hit areas suffer from infectious diseases, leading to huge
casualties [death].

3. What are floods?

Ans. When there is heavy rainfall and excessive melting of ice, the volume of
water increases in the river leading it to overflow, this is called “floods”.

4. What is landslides?
Ans. Land mass sliding down the slopes from mountains or hills are called
landslides.

5. What is earthquake?
Ans. Vibration or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure
created inside is called earthquake.

6. What are the causes of floods? Describe flood-prone areas in India.

 The uncertainty [sudden] of monsoon rainfall sometimes gets heavy
rainfall causes floods.
 Accumulation of silt in the rivers leads to overflowing of water on either
side of the river, causing floods.
 Breach [break] of dams or retention walls, leads to sudden release of
large quantity of water resulting in floods.
 Rivers changing their course can also cause floods.
 Heavy rainfall during cyclones can also lead to floods.
 Earthquake in the sea are also causes floods.

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Flood-prone regions:
 The Ganges & its tributaries Yamuna, Gandak, Kasi and Ghagra rivers
cause floods in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
 Damodar & Suvarnarekha rivers causes floods in Chhattisgarh and West
Bengal states.
 Brahmaputra & its tributaries Dibang, Dihang, Subansiri & lohit rivers
cause floods in Assam.
 Cloudburst often causes abrupt [more] floods in the Himalayas.
 Narmada, Tapti, Sabaramathi & Mahi rivers cause floods for some days in
a year in the states of Gujarat.
 Krishna, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Dhoni, Bennehalla etc.
cause floods during rainy seasons in Karnataka.

7. What is coastal erosion? Mention its mamagement.

Ans. The erosion of land by the waves in the coastal areas is called coastal
erosion.
Prevention:
 Prohibiting sand mining in coastal areas.
 Constructing retention walls along the length of coast wherever waves
are strong.
 Stocking of large rocky boulders [huge black rocks] along the coast to
reduce the impact.
 The most effective method of preventing coastal erosion is by growing
mangrove forests along the coast.

8. Write about the effects of earthquake and precautions to be taken.

Ans. Effects:
 The loss of life & destruction of properties.
 Obstruction of infectious disease.
 Increased tidal activity.
 Tsunami.
 Change in river’s direction.
Precautions:
 Restricting construction of multi-storied building in earthquake prone
areas.
 Using very light material for construction of houses in these areas.
 Constructing of houses to ensure stability.
 Providing basic amenities [facility] to the quake-affected areas.
 Disconnecting power supply in the event of an earthquake, remedies
during natural disasters.

9. What are the preventive measures of cyclone?

 Evacuation [shift] of people from low-lying areas.

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 Ready to keeping generators, boats, helicopters and other transport

facilities.
 Re-routing trains & buses from the cyclone-prone areas.
 Keeping people constantly informed about the movement of the cyclone.
 Keeping the army battalions [group] ready.
 Ready to keeping food, potable, water & clothes ready.
 Ready to keeping medicines & medical facilities ready.

10. What are the flood control measures?

 To control floods, bunds should be constructed on either side of rivers.
 Constructing dams across rivers, collecting water in reservoirs & directing
the water to other places.
 Establishing centres to issue flood warnings.
 Afforestation in the river basins will prevent soil erosion, & also reduce
accumulation of silt in the rivers there by reducing the chances of floods.

11. What are the causes of landslides?

 In the mountainous areas and coasts, constantly flowing water and tides
remove soil creating slopes leading to landslides.
 When railways, roads & canals are constructed in the steep mountains
areas, the slopes become steeper leading to landslides.
 Collection of loose soil on clay soil layer can enhance steep slope
formation leading to landslide.
 Landslides are common in the mining areas. Excavation [dig] of earth to
reach the ore deposits deep down can cause landslides.
 Deforestation & deep tilling of the slopes can cause landslides.

12. What are reasons of earthquake?

 Pressure increases in interior of the earth.
 Change in the Magma from one part to another.
 Deforestation, construction of Dams, mining activities, etc.
 Urbanisation.

13. Cyclone originate from Bay of Bengal. Why?

Ans. It is surrounded by three sides of lands. The Bay of Bengal is subjected to
the intense heating, giving rise to humid & unstable air masses that causes
cyclone.

14. The coastal erosion is more in the West Bengal of India. Why?
 Coastal erosion is more during South-West monsoon season because of
high tides.
 During this period very high waves from the Arabian Sea bash the coastal
engulfing a huge land.

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Chapter – 30
Rural Development
VII. Fill in the blanks:
22. “The true development of India is the development of its villages”. This was
said by Mahatma Gandhi.
23. After the 73rd Amendment to the constitution, three-tier levels of panchayat
institutions have come into existence.
24. Panchayat institutions operate under democracy principles.
25. Women self-help group have been brought into existence in order to bring
together poor rural women and make them financially independent.

VIII. Answer the following:

1. Explain the meaning of ‘Rural Development’.
Ans. Rural development is an improvement of the social and economic status of
the rural people by proper utilization of the locally available natural and human
resource.

2. What is meant by ‘Decentralisation of Power’?

Ans. Providing the administrative power, and the responsibility of developing the
village to its own people is called administrative decentralization.

3. Name the three levels of Panchayat Raj institutions.

i. Zila Panchayat. (district level)
ii. Taluk Panchayat.
iii. Grama Panchayat. (village level)

4. Mention the housing programmes.

Ans. ‘Indira Awas yojana’, ‘Ambedkar-Valmiki Housing programme’, ‘Ashraya
yojana’, ‘basava yojana’.

5. Which work of women is not considered labour?

Ans. Chores.

6. How is the economic situation in the rural areas of India?

 Poverty has increased among the rural people who depend primarily on
agriculture.
 One third of them live below subsistence level.
 Under the onslaught [development] of modernization, rural cottage
industries are vanishing unable to withstand and competition.
 Most of the people work in the primary sector, the contribution from this
sector to the national income is very less, and is reducing year by year.

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7. Explain briefly the significance of rural development.

 Mahatma Gandhiji said that ‘Development of the village is the true
development of the Nation’.
 The development of rural leads to the development of agriculture,
industrial and service sectors.
 The development of rural leads to the development of small scale and
cottage industries.
 It helps to solve the problems in rural areas like illiteracy, poverty,
unemployment ill-health and lack of basic facilities, etc.
 The development of rural leads to the development of agricultural
labours, poor people, people belonging to backward classes, etc.
 It leads to the development of agriculture related activities like poultry,
fishery, cattle rearing and silk industry, etc.

8. Explain Gandhiji’s concept of ‘Grama Swarajya’ in the light

decentralization.
 Through decentralization, self-reliant [independent], self-sufficient and
prosperous [wealthy] villages can be developed.
 This process was called ‘Grama Swarajya’ by Mahatma Gandhi.
 Decentralization puts a stop to all kinds of exploitation, upholds, human
independence & dignity.
 It nurtures [protects] human values like compassion [sympathy] & co-
operation.

9. What is the role of Panchayat Raj institutions in rural development?

 Various programmes like ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Project’, [MGNREGP] ‘Swarnajayanthi Grama Swarajgar Yojana
[SGSY] etc. for generation of employment and alleviation of poverty can
be implemented effectively through panchayat institutions.
 Through Swarna Gramodaya Yojana basic facilities can be provided by the
panchayat institutions.
 The public distribution system in villages can be provided with the
essential food grains adequately.
 Social and cultural activities can be encouraged through celebration of
village fairs and festivals.

10. Explain the role of women in development of nation. [rural]

 In her lifetime, a woman performs a variety of duties as a mother, wife,
daughter-in-law & a daughter.
 Every man’s life is shaped by a woman.
 She works not only in the house but also outside as a farmer, worker,
employee, officer, businesswoman & lawmaker at an equal level with
men.

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 There are more women working in the areas of farming, cattle rearing,
fisheries, silkworm rearing, horticulture, floriculture & poultry.
 Educated woman are successfully handling a variety of job in various
fields in the economy.
 Educated women are playing a prominent role in controlling the rise in
population.
 As there is reservation for women in panchayat raj institution, an ordinary
village women has the opportunity to handle political power & works
towards rural development.

11. Explain the importance of the 73rd Amendment of the constitution.

 The Indian government in 1993, through the 73 rd Amendment to the
constitution, brought into existence a uniform system of Panchayat Raj
institutions throughout the country.
 The Panchayat institutions constitutional status.
 The Amendment three level system of Panchayats came into existence.

12. The gap between Urban and Rural area is increasing gradually. Why?
Ans. Most of the people work in the primary sector, the contribution from this
sector to the national income is very less, and is reducing year by year.

13. The migration of rural people to cities can be avoided. How?

 Various basic facilities like education, training, health, hygiene, etc.
should be provided to the rural people.
 In addition to agriculture, cattle-rearing, fishery, silk industry, poultry and
other agriculture-related activities should be promoted through which
agriculture can become a profitable and attractive occupation.

14. What is the main objective of women self-help group?

Ans. Women self-Help groups have been playing a very significant role in
organizing poor rural women and making them financially independent.

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Business Studies - Entrepreneurship K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 32
Entrepreneurship
IX. Fill in the blanks:
26. The word entrepreneur has come from the French word Entreprende.
27. The process of action an entrepreneur undertakes to establish an enterprise
is called entrepreneurship.
28. District Industrial centres were started in the year 1978.
29. As majority of new business entities are launched with minimum capital and
maximum vision.

X. Answer the following:

1. Who is an Entrepreneur?
Ans. Entrepreneur is an innovator [creative] of new ideas and business
processes.

2. “Entrepreneurship is a creative activity”. How?

 Entrepreneurship is a creative activity.
 It is the ability to create and build something.
 It is a knack [skill] of sensing the opportunity where others see chaos
[fear/disorder], contradiction [problem] & confusion.

3. What are the characteristics of Entrepreneurship?

i. Creativity.
ii. Dynamism.
iii. Team building.
iv. Problem solving.
v. Risk taking.
vi. Commitment.
vii. Innovative.
viii. Leadership.
ix. Achievement motivation.
x. Goal orientation [way].
xi. Decision making.

4. Explain the importance of an entrepreneur. Or

Explain the role in the development of the nation.
 Entrepreneur promote capital formation [investment of money] by
mobilizing [moving] the idle savings of the citizens. They employ [use]
resources for setting up their entrepreneur.
 Entrepreneur provide large scale employment to artisans [skilled
peoples], technically qualified persons & professionals.
 Entrepreneur helps the country to increase the gross [total] Domestic
[India] product [GDP] & per capital income.

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 Entrepreneur encourage effective mobilization of skill, bring in new

products and services and develop market for the growth of the
economy.
 Entrepreneur enable the people to avail [able] better quality goods at
lower prices which results in the improvement of their standard of living.
 Entrepreneur promote development of Industries. They help to remove
regional disparities by industrialising rural and backward areas.
 Entrepreneur contribute towards the development of society by reducing
concentration of income and wealth.
 Entrepreneur work in an environment of changing technology and try to
maximise profits by innovations.
 Entrepreneur promote country’s export trade.

5. What is the part played by the district centres in the development of

Enterprises?
 Technical support for preparation of project report.
 Promotion of new Industrial Estates.
 Approval of project reports of special types.
 Training through Entrepreneurship development programmes.
 Allotment [share/provide] of raw materials.
 Financial assistance under self-employment schemes.
 Assistance in marketing linkage with central government.
 Financial assistance for modernisation of units [branch].
 Export assistance.
 Promotion of products under non-conventional [O2, H2O, sunlight] energy
source.

6. What is the meaning of entreprende?

Ans. Entreprende means to undertake some activity [economic activity].

7. What is Entrepreneurship?
Ans. Entrepreneurship is a process of the action of an entrepreneur who
undertakes to establish his enterprises.

8. What are the functions of entrepreneurship?

 Entrepreneur starts business activity by preparing various plans relating
to business.
 He organises factors of production [land, labour, capital].
 He takes decisions about product, technology, marketing, employment.
 He co-ordinates things effectively.
 He innovates new methods.
 He handles budget of his concern.
 He bears risk and uncertainty.

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 He gives directions to business firm and ensures its effective operation.

9. Give some examples for Self-employment.

i. Advertising agencies.
ii. Marketing consultancy [broker].
iii. Industrial consultancy.
iv. Equipment rental and leasing.
v. Photocopying centres.
vi. Industrial research and development.
vii. Industrial testing labs.
viii. Internet browsing/setting up of cyber café.
ix. Installation and operation of cable and T.V network.
x. Beauty parlours.

10. What are the promotional organisation of small scale industries?

i. District Industrial centres [DIC’s].
ii. Small Industries Development corporation ltd. [SIDC].
iii. National small Industries Corporation [NSIC].
iv. Small Scale Industries Board.
v. Small Industries Service Institution [SISI].
vi. Industrial Estates.
vii. Khadi & village Industries Corporation.
viii. Technical consultancy organisation.

11. Name the important financial institution of small scale industries.

i. Industrial Development Bank of India [IDBI].
ii. National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development [NABARD].
iii. Export and Import Bank [EXIM Bank].
iv. Small Industries Development Bank of India [SIDBI].
v. Industrial Finance Corporation of India [IFCI].
vi. Industrial credit & Government Corporation of India [ICGCI].
vii. Industrial Re-construction Bank of India [IRBI].
viii. Commercial & other Banks.
ix. State Finance Corporation.
x. Life Insurance Corporation of India [LIC].
xi. Unit Trust of India [UTI].

12. What is the main aim of DIC?

Ans. District Industrial centres were established in the year 1978 with a focus to
provide integrated administrative support for promotion of small scale industries
in rural areas.

13. Name four main economic factors.

Ans. Land, Labour, Capital and organisation.

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Business Studies – Consumer Education and Protection K.S. Tutorials

Chapter – 33
Consumer Education and Protection
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The other name of the consumer is users.
2. Person giving goods or services for money is called provider.
3. The consumer Day is observed on 15th March every year.
4. In the case of compensation less than one crore the complaint has to be
submitted to the district commission.

II. Answer the following:

1. Who is called a consumer?
Ans. Consumer is a person who buys goods or hires or avails services for a
consideration called Price or wages.

2. What is the main aim of consumer movement?

Ans. To protection to consumers against exploitation by the producers and
traders.

3. What is the Right of every consumers?

 It is the duty of the traders and producers to provide quality goods and
services for the price paid by the consumers.
 It is the right of every consumers to get quality goods and services.

4. When did consumer Protection Act come into force in India?

Ans. 1986.

5. Who appoints the President of the District consumers Forum?

Ans. State Government.

6. What are the problems faced by consumers?

 Fake goods.
 Adulteration of food products.
 False weights and measures.
 Lack of information about the goods.
 The price fixation of the goods by the middlemen.
 Exploitation by producers & traders.
 Black-market.
 Smuggling goods.

7. What are the causes for consumer’s exploitation?

 The direct transaction between the producer and the consumer has
almost stopped.

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 The price fixation of the goods and services was done mainly by the
middlemen.
 It led to many hindrances [problems].
 Unfortunately many a times they are neglected, exploited.
 Consumers had to face various difficulties and problems, they suffer
heavily.
 They incurred many losses.
 The development of information technology has led to teleshopping.

8. Mention the important aims of the consumer protection council.

 The act accords importance for safety and quality.
 Avoiding production and scale of dangerous goods.
 Prevention of trade malpractices in the market.
 Supervision on quality, weights, measures and price.
 Compensating [money] the consumers in case of any problem arising as a
result of trade.
 Creating awareness to the consumers through consumer education.

9. What are the major functions of the consumer protection council? Or

What are the right provided by the protection to the consumers?
 The right to protect against the marketing of goods which are hazardous
[dangerous] to life and property of the consumers.
 The right to Information.
 Right to be heard.
 Right to seek Redresall [solution] against the unfair trade practises
[illegal] or unscrupulous [worst/cruel] exploitation.
 Right to consumer education.
 Right to stop exploitation.
 Right to healthy environment that is good physical environment to
enhance [develop/encourage] the quality of their life.

10. Mention three stages of consumer courts.

i. District commission.
ii. The state commission.
iii. The National commission.

11. What are the methods to follow to file a complaint in consumer court?
 There is no prescribed [particular] proforma [application] to file a case.
 The complaint may be a typed one or hand written.
 The complaint should include the name of the person [complainant], full
address & telephone numbers.
 The person or organisation against whom the complaint is made should
be, mentioned clearly with address.

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 The particular of the goods by which the loss has incurred [loosed how
much] and the amount of loss should be specified clearly. The bill or
receipt should be enclosed.
 There is no fees or stamps duty for are complaint.
 No advocate or lawyer is required. The consumer himself/herself can
argue.

12. Who are users and provides?

 The service organisations have used the term ‘user’ to those who use the
goods and services.
 The person who supplies goods or services is called ‘providers’.

13. When & who started the AWARE?

 The real beginning of the movement was started in India in 1965.
 During that year, some women of Mumbai started a movement called
‘AWARE’.

14. What is teleshopping?

Ans. Through teleshopping the consumer can sit at home and directly buy the
goods from the traders.

15. The consumer is the kings of the market. How?

 Every consumer has certain wants.
 He buys goods to satisfy his wants.
 It is the duty of every producer to satisfy the needs of the consumers.
 Ours is a free enterprise economy and consumer is regarded as the king
and occupies a prime place.

16. In the history of world consumers movement March 15, 1962 is an important
day. Justify.
 In the history of world consumer’s movement, March 15, 1962 is an
important day.
 On that day, the President John F. Kennedy gave the American consumers
four basic rights: the right to safety, the right to choose the right to
information, and the right to be heard.
 For this reason, March 15 of every year is celebrated as the world
consumer’s Day.

17. There is a great used for consumer protection. Why?

Ans. To safeguard the interests of consumers. Consumer rights are assured.

18. What is the major objective of the consumer protection act in 1986?
Ans. In total, the major objective of the Act is to ensure quality goods and
services at reasonable prices through healthy competition.

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19. Write a note on district commission.

 A qualified district judge nominated by the state government presides
[appoint] over the deliberations [discussion].
 It entertains the complaints where the value of goods and services is less
than Rs. One crore.
 There shall be two members of whom one shall be a woman.

20. Write a short note on state commission.

 There shall be two other eminent members, who have adequate
knowledge relating to consumer affairs of the two members one shall be
a woman.
 It entertains complaints of more than one crore and less than one crore
and less than ten crore.

21. Write a short note on National commission.

 There shall be four other members of eminence, integrity and standing of
them one shall be a woman.
 National commission shall dispose of any complaints where the claim
shall exceed ten crores.

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