WORKED EXAMPLE 3.

5 PG-no-59

a. Greatest Possible Range

 Definition: The range is the difference between the maximum and minimum
values.

 From the graph:

o Maximum time ≈ 30 minutes

o Minimum time ≈ 2 minutes

 Calculation:

b. Interquartile Range (IQR)

 Definition: IQR = Q₃ − Q₁ It measures the spread of the middle 50% of the

data.

 To find Q₁ and Q₃:

o Q₁ = 125th value (¼ of 500) → From graph ≈ 8.0 min

o Q₃ = 375th value (¾ of 500) → From graph ≈ 14.5 min

 Calculation:

c. 95th Percentile

 Definition: The 95th percentile is the value below which 95% of the data falls.

 Position:

 From the graph, the 475th person completed the task in ≈ 24.0 minutes

Final Answers Recap

Measure Value

Greatest Range 28 minutes

Interquartile 6.5
Range minutes

24.0
95th Percentile
minutes
What is a Box-and-Whisker Diagram?

It’s a way to show how data is spread out. Think of it like a summary of a bunch of
numbers.

It shows:

 Smallest value (the lowest number)

 Largest value (the highest number)

 Middle value (called the median)

 Lower quartile (Q₁) – the middle of the lower half

 Upper quartile (Q₃) – the middle of the upper half

Key Terms Made Easy

Example from
Term What it Means
Diagram

25% of the data is below this

Q₁ (Lower Quartile) 4
point

Middle value (50% below, 50%

Q₂ (Median) 6
above)

75% of the data is below this

Q₃ (Upper Quartile) 11
point

IQR (Spread of middle

Q₃ − Q₁ 11 − 4 = 7
data)

📈 What It Tells You

 IQR shows how spread out the middle 50% of the data is.

 If the box is longer on one side, it means the data is skewed (not evenly
spread).

o Longer tail on the right → positively skewed

o Longer tail on the left → negatively skewed

 If both sides are equal → symmetrical data

🔍 Comparing Two Diagrams

If you have two box plots (say for x and y):

 Compare medians to see which group has higher average.

 Compare IQRs to see which group has more variation.

 Look at the shape to see if the data is skewed or balanced.

EXCERSICE 3A

Part A: 5, 8, 13, 17, 22, 25, 30

The data is already in ascending order.

 Range: 30−5=25

 Interquartile Range (IQR):

o Q1 is the median of the lower half of the data: (5, 8, 13). So, Q1=8.

o Q3 is the median of the upper half of the data: (22, 25, 30). So, Q3=25.

o IQR=Q3−Q1=25−8=17 The values match the provided answers: 25 and

17.

Part B: 7, 13, 21, 2, 37, 28, 17, 11, 2

First, arrange the data in ascending order: 2, 2, 7, 11, 13, 17, 21, 28, 37.

 Range: 37−2=35

 Interquartile Range (IQR):

o Q1 is the median of the lower half: (2, 2, 7, 11). The median is the average
of the two middle numbers, so Q1=(2+7)/2=4.5.

o Q3 is the median of the upper half: (17, 21, 28, 37). The median is the
average of the two middle numbers, so Q3=(21+28)/2=24.5.

o IQR=Q3−Q1=24.5−4.5=20 The values match the provided answers: 35

and 20.

Part C: 42, 47, 39, 51, 73, 18, 83, 29, 41, 64

First, arrange the data in ascending order: 18, 29, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 64, 73, 83.

 Range: 83−18=65

 Interquartile Range (IQR):

o There are 10 data points. Q1 is the median of the first 5 numbers: (18, 29,
39, 41, 42). So, Q1=39.

o Q3 is the median of the last 5 numbers: (47, 51, 64, 73, 83). So, Q3=64.
 o IQR=Q3−Q1=64−39=25 The values match the provided answers: 65 and
25.

Part D: 113, 97, 36, 81, 49, 41, 20, 66, 28, 32, 17, 107

First, arrange the data in ascending order: 17, 20, 28, 32, 36, 41, 49, 66, 81, 97, 107,
113.

 Range: 113−17=96

 Interquartile Range (IQR):

o There are 12 data points. Q1 is the median of the first 6 numbers: (17, 20,
28, 32, 36, 41). The median is the average of the two middle numbers, so
Q1=(28+32)/2=30.

o Q3 is the median of the last 6 numbers: (49, 66, 81, 97, 107, 113). The
median is the average of the two middle numbers, so Q3=(81+97)/2=89.

o IQR=Q3−Q1=89−30=59 The values match the provided answers: 96 and

59.

Part E: 4.6, 0, -2.6, 0.8, -1.9, -3.3, 5.2, -3.2

First, arrange the data in ascending order: -3.3, -3.2, -2.6, -1.9, 0, 0.8, 4.6, 5.2.

 Range: 5.2−(−3.3)=5.2+3.3=8.5

 Interquartile Range (IQR):

o There are 8 data points. Q1 is the median of the first 4 numbers: (-3.3, -
3.2, -2.6, -1.9). The median is the average of the two middle numbers, so
Q1=(−3.2−2.6)/2=−2.9.

o Q3 is the median of the last 4 numbers: (0, 0.8, 4.6, 5.2). The median is
the average of the two middle numbers, so Q3=(0.8+4.6)/2=2.7.

o IQR=Q3−Q1=2.7−(−2.9)=2.7+2.9=5.6 The values match the provided

answers: 8.5 and 5.6.
QUESTION 2

Range

The range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the
dataset.

 Range = Maximum Value - Minimum Value

 Range = 3.7−0.4=3.3

Interquartile Range (IQR)

The interquartile range (IQR) is the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and
the first quartile (Q1).

 IQR = Q3−Q1

 IQR = 2.85−1.1=1.75

Skewness

Q2=2.4

The data is negatively skewed because the median is closer to the third quartile (Q3
) than the first quartile (Q1).
QUESTION3:

a. Find the range and interquartile range of the marks.

Ordered data set: 9, 14, 21, 25, 31, 34, 37, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 50

Range = Highest value − Lowest value = 50 − 9 = 41

Quartiles:

 Q1 = 28 (no + no /2)

 Q2 (Median) = 37

 Q3 = 46

Interquartile Range (IQR) = Q3 − Q1 = 46 − 28 = 18

Answer: Range = 41, Interquartile Range = 18

b. Illustrate the data in a box-and-whisker diagram and include a scale.

Five-number summary:

 Minimum = 9

 Q1 = 28

 Median = 37

 Q3 = 46

 Maximum = 50

Box Plot Structure:

Code

|———|=========|———|

9 28 37 46 50

Scale: Use a horizontal axis from 0 to 55, with intervals of 5 units.

c. For this set of data, express Q₃ in terms of Q₁ and Q₂.

We are given:

 Q₁ = 28
  Q₂ = 37

 Q₃ = 46

Let’s test the expression: Q₃ = 2Q₂ − Q₁

Substitute values: = 2(37) − 28 = 74 − 28 = 46

Verified.

Answer: Q₃ = 2Q₂ − Q₁

QUESTION 4

Hockey

11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24

Football

10,18,19,19, 21, 22, 23,23

a. Are the numbers of fouls equally varied? Explain your answer.

Yes, the number of fouls in the two sports can be considered equally varied if we only
look at the range, as indicated in the answer.

 Hockey Range: The maximum value is 24 and the minimum is 11. The range is
24−11=13.

 Football Range: The maximum value is 23 and the minimum is 10. The range
is 23−10=13.

Since both sports have a range of 13, their data spread is the same in terms of the
total range.
QUESTION 5

a. Why range or interquartile range (IQR) alone is not useful for comparison.

Using the range or IQR alone would be misleading because both students have
identical values for these measures, despite their marks being in completely different
score ranges.

 Rishi's marks: 15, 24, 28, 33, 39, 42, 50

o Range: 50−15=35

o IQR: Q3−Q1=42−24=18

 Daisy's marks: 51, 65, 69, 72, 78, 83, 86

o Range: 86−51=35

o IQR: Q3−Q1=83−65=18

These measures only describe the spread of the data, not its location. Since both
students have the same range and IQR, using either measure alone would incorrectly
suggest that their performance is similar.

b. Measures for a meaningful comparison

To provide a meaningful comparison, you should use one measure of central

tendency and one measure of spread.

Two measures that could be used together are the median and the interquartile
range (IQR).

 The median (a measure of central tendency) would show that Daisy's typical
score (72) is much higher than Rishi's (33).

 The IQR (a measure of spread) would show that despite the difference in their
scores, the middle 50% of their marks have the same amount of spread (18).
QUESTION 6

Part a: Diagrams

Cumulative Frequency Polygon

To draw this, we need to find the cumulative frequencies. This is done by adding the
frequency of each row to the sum of the frequencies of all previous rows.

Maximum speed (s No. vintage Upper Cumulative Frequency

km/h) cars (f) Boundary (cf)

s<35 0 35 0

35≤s<40 20 40 20

40≤s<45 65 45 85

45≤s<50 110 50 195

50≤s<55 27 55 222

55≤s<70 13 70 235

70≤s<75 5 75 240

Export to Sheets

Plot the points using the upper boundary and cumulative frequency columns: (35, 0),
(40, 20), (45, 85), (50, 195), (55, 222), (70, 235), and (75, 240). Connect the points
with straight lines.

Box-and-Whisker Diagram

To draw the box plot, we need the five-number summary. We will estimate the
quartiles from the cumulative frequency. The total number of cars is 240.

 Q1 (25th percentile): 0.25×240=60th value. This is in the 40≤s<45 group.

Q1≈40+85−2060−20×5=43.08

 Median (Q2 or 50th percentile): 0.50×240=120th value. This is in the

45≤s<50 group. Q2≈45+195−85120−85×5=46.59
  Q3 (75th percentile): 0.75×240=180th value. This is in the 45≤s<50 group.
Q3≈45+195−85180−85×5=49.32

 Lowest value: The table starts at s<35, so the lowest value is approximately
35.

 Highest value: The table ends at s<75, so the highest value is approximately
75.

Part b: Skewness

The data is positively skewed, also known as skewed to the right.

This is because:

1. The median (46.59) is closer to the lower quartile (Q1=43.08) than to the
upper quartile (Q3=49.32). The data is clustered on the left side of the box.

2. The right whisker (extending from 49.32 to ~75) is significantly longer than
the left whisker (from ~35 to 43.08). This indicates a long tail of higher values.
QUESTION 7

Understanding the stem-and-leaf diagram

Key: 3 | 1 | 1 means a male made 13 trips and a female made 11 trips.

 The stem is the tens digit of the number of trips.

 The leaves are the ones digits.

🔹Males’ data (left side)

Ste
Leaves Numbers
m

8 3 2 0 8, 3, 2, 0,
0
00 0, 0

1 53 15, 13

2 — —

3 9 39

Male data (sorted):

0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 8, 13, 15, 39

🔹Females’ data (right side)

Ste Leave
Numbers
m s

0 3 4 5 3, 4, 5

1 1 2 11, 11, 12,

1
36 13, 16

2 0 1 2 20, 21, 22

3 — —

Female data (sorted):

3, 4, 5, 11, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 21, 22
2️⃣ Find five-number summaries

🔸For Males

Data: 0,0,0,2,3,8,13,15,39 (n=9)

 Median = 5th = 3

 Lower half (Q1): 0,0,0,2 → Q1 = median of [0,0,0,2] = (0+0)/2 = 0 (since

4 values, middle two are 0,0)

 Upper half (Q3): 8,13,15,39 → Q3 = (13+15)/2 = 14

 Min = 0, Max = 39

🔹So five-number summary (Males):

Min 0 – Q1 0 – Median 3 – Q3 14 – Max 39
Range = 39; IQR = 14

🔸For Females

Data: 3,4,5,11,11,12,13,16,20,21,22 (n=11)

 Median = 6th = 12

 Lower half (Q1): 3,4,5,11,11 → Q1 = 5 (middle) = 5

 Upper half (Q3): 13,16,20,21,22 → Q3 = middle = 20

 Min = 3, Max = 22

🔹So five-number summary (Females):

Min 3 – Q1 5 – Median 12 – Q3 20 – Max 22
Range = 19; IQR = 15

(ii) Interpretation and Comparison 📈

 Overall Trips: On average, females made more trips abroad than males.
This is shown by the much higher median for females (12) compared to males
(3).

 Spread of Data: The female data is more spread out, with a wider central box,
and a range of 19 trips. The male data is very concentrated at the low end.

 Outliers: There's a big outlier for the male data: one person made 39 trips. This
skews the data significantly. If we ignore this outlier, the spread of the middle
50% of the data (the box) is quite similar for both genders. The Interquartile
Range (IQR) for males is 13.5 and for females is 15, which are very close.

Part (b) - Justification of the Statement

The statement, "The females have visited more countries than the males," is
not justified.

The reason is simple: the provided data is about the number of trips abroad, not
the number of different countries visited. A person could have made 20 trips but
only visited one country, while another person could have made 5 trips and visited 5
different countries. Since the data doesn't include information about the number of
countries, the statement cannot be proven true.

QUESTION 8

a) The interquartile range (IQR)

Q1 = 25th percentile → read off curve at cumulative frequency 25 ⇒ ≈ 0.115 Ω

Q3 = 75th percentile → read off curve at cumulative frequency 75 ⇒ ≈ 0.245 Ω

(≈0.12)

(≈0.25)
IQR = Q3 − Q1 ≈ 0.245 − 0.115 = ≈ 0.130 Ω.
Answer: ≈ 0.130 Ω.

b) The 90th percentile

90th percentile → cumulative frequency 90 → read x-value ≈ 0.345 Ω.

Answer: ≈ 0.345 Ω.

c) The percentile equal to 0.192 Ω

Find the cumulative frequency at resistance = 0.192 Ω (read up to the curve then
across to the y-axis) → cumulative frequency ≈ 68.
So 0.192 Ω corresponds to about the 68th percentile.
Answer: ≈ 68th percentile.

d) The range of the middle 40% of the resistances

“Middle 40%” = between the 30th and 70th percentiles.

Value at 70th percentile ≈ 0.255 Ω (read from curve)
Value at 30th percentile ≈ 0.160 Ω (read from curve)
Range = 0.255 − 0.160 = ≈ 0.095 Ω.
Answer: ≈ 0.095 Ω.
Question 9

Given:

 The graph shows cumulative frequency vs. area of circuit boards (cm²).

 Total boards = 100

 We’re estimating range, quartiles, outliers, and constructing a box plot.

🔹 a. Greatest Possible Range of the Data

Step:

 Minimum area ≈ 4.0 cm² (from graph start)

 Maximum area ≈ 56.0 cm² (from graph end)

Range = 56.0 − 4.0 = 52.0 cm²

Answer: a = 52 cm²

🔹 b. Box-and-Whisker Diagram

We need the five-number summary:

Value (from
Statistic
graph)

Minimum 4.0 cm²

Q1 (25th percentile) ≈ 25.8 cm²

Median (50th
≈ 33.2 cm²
percentile)

Q3 (75th percentile) ≈ 38.8 cm²

Maximum 56.0 cm²

Answer: b = 4.0, 25.8, 33.2, 38.8, 56.0 cm²

🔹 c. Range of the Middle 60%

Middle 60% = from 20th percentile to 80th percentile → Cumulative frequencies: 20

and 80
From graph:

 20th percentile ≈ 15.2 cm²

 80th percentile ≈ 16.0 cm²

Range = 16.0 − 15.2 = 0.8 cm²

Answer: c = 15.2 to 16.0 cm²

🔹 d. Outliers

Step 1: Calculate IQR

 Q1 ≈ 25.8 cm²

 Q3 ≈ 38.8 cm²

 IQR = 38.8 − 25.8 = 13.0 cm²

Step 2: Define outlier boundaries

 Lower bound = Q1 − 1.5 × IQR = 25.8 − 19.5 = 6.3 cm²

 Upper bound = Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 38.8 + 19.5 = 58.3 cm²

Step 3: Estimate number of outliers

 From graph:

o Boards with area < 6.3 cm² ≈ 4

o Boards with area > 58.3 cm² ≈ 4

o Total outliers ≈ 8

Answer: d = Area < 6.3 cm² or > 58.3 cm²; Estimate ≈ 8

Final Answers Recap:

Par
Answer
t

a 52 cm²

b 4.0, 25.8, 33.2, 38.8, 56.0 cm²

c 15.2 to 16.0 cm²

Area < 6.3 or > 58.3 cm²;

d
Estimate ≈ 8
Question 10

Given Table: Deviation from 90° and Frequency

Total brackets = 0 + 24 + 46 + 61 + 40 + 34 + 20 + 17 = 242

🔹 a. Cumulative Frequency Polygon

To plot this, we use upper boundaries of each class and cumulative totals:

Upper Cumulative
Bound (°) Frequency

−1.5 0

−1.0 24

−0.5 70

0.0 131

0.5 171

1.0 205

1.5 225

2.5 242

These match the plotted points: (−1.5, 0), (−1.0, 24), (−0.5, 70), (0, 131), (0.5,
165), (1.0, 199), (1.5, 219), (2.5, 236) (Note: slight rounding differences in the
image, but logic holds.)

🔹 b. Estimate the Median and Interquartile Range (IQR)

 IQR:

🔹 c. Estimate % of Unsuitable Brackets

A bracket is unsuitable if deviation > 1.2°

Step:

 Find cumulative frequency up to 1.2°

o 1.0 ≤ d < 1.5 → 20 brackets

o 1.5 ≤ d < 2.5 → 17 brackets

o But only part of the 1.0–1.5 group is > 1.2°

Estimate:

 From graph, about 18% of brackets exceed 1.2°

Answer: 18% unsuitable

Final Answers Recap:

Par
Answer
t

Points plotted as
a
described

Median = 89.9°, IQR =

b
1.3°

18% unsuitable
c
brackets
Question 11

Cumulative Frequency Table:

< < < < < <

xx
0 10 15 25 30 40

C.F. 0 12 30 90 120 120

Total frequency = 120

🔹 a. Interquartile Range

 Q1 = 25th percentile → position = 30

 Q3 = 75th percentile → position = 90

From the table:

 30th value is at x=15x = 15

 90th value is at x=25x = 25

IQR=25−15=10\text{IQR} = 25 - 15 = \boxed{10}

✅ Confirmed: a = 10

🔹 b. 85th Percentile

Position = 85100×120=102\frac{85}{100} \times 120 = 102

From the table:

 90th value is at x=25x = 25

 120th value is at x=30x = 30 → So 102nd value lies in the interval 25 ≤ x < 30

Interpolation:

 Interval width = 5

 Frequency in interval = 30

 Position in interval = 102 − 90 = 12th value out of 30

Estimate=25+(1230×5)=25+2=27\text{Estimate} = 25 + \left( \frac{12}{30} \times

5 \right) = 25 + 2 = \boxed{27}

But your image says b = 30.

🔍 Possible Explanation:

If the question asks for the value of xx at or just below the 85th percentile, and
the table rounds up or uses discrete values, then b = 30 might be accepted as a
rounded or upper-bound estimate.

✅ So if the marking scheme accepts b = 30, then:

 a = 10

 b = 30