Computer Organization & Microprocessor (R22A1202) II/I Sem
UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL COMPUTERS
CONTENTS:
Digital Computers:
Introduction,
Block diagram of Digital Computer,
Definition of Computer Organization.
Digital Computers:
It is a digital system that performs various computational tasks.
First electronic digital computers introduced in the year 1940’s were primarily
used for the numerical computations.
Digital computer uses the binary number system, which has two digits, 0 & 1.
A Binary digit is called a bit.
In computers, information is represented in ‘Group of bits’.
Computer System:
A computer system is subdivided into 2 functional units:
1. Hardware and
2. Software
1. Hardware: Consists of electronic components and electromechanical devices
that comprise the physical entity of the system.
2. Software: Consists of instructions and data that the computer manipulates to
perform various data processing tasks.
Program: It is a sequence of instructions for the computer
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Computer Organization & Microprocessor (R22A1202) II/I Sem
Software
Application software System software
System Software:
Consists of collection of programs whose purpose is to make more effective use of
computer.
The programs included in the system software are referred to as operating system.
The system software is an indispensable part of a computer.
Application Software:
It is software that performs specific tasks for an end-user.
For example, A High level language program written by user to solve particular
data processing needs is an Application program.
A compiler that is used to translate high level language to machine language is a
System program.
WHY STUDY COMPUTER ORGANIZATION?
It gives an insight of how a computer executes programs internally and can help
programmer to write more effective programs.
For system programmers, a good knowledge of Computer Organization is essential
because they need to program the bare hardware without the support of an
operating system.
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Computer Organization & Microprocessor (R22A1202) II/I Sem
Relation between Computer Architecture, Organization, System
program and Application program
Application
Program
System
Program
Architecture
Organization
Fig1.1 Organization Implements Architecture
Computer Architecture:
It gives the external view of the computer. It is concerned with the structure and
behavior of the computer.
An Assembly level programmer needs to be aware of Specific Instruction
supported by the processor, the instruction formats, the specific registers, and
their roles, the way to perform input or output data.
Computer Organization:
CO is concerned with the way the hardware components operate and the way they
are connected together to form the computer system.
The various components are assumed to be in place and the task is to investigate
the organizational structure to verify that computer parts operate as intended.
CO gives an internal view of a computer and the roles that internal components
play during execution of a program.
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Computer Organization & Microprocessor (R22A1202) II/I Sem
In other words, CO deals with how different parts of the computer such as the
processor, memory, and peripheral devices are interconnected and the roles that
internal components play during program execution.
Figure 1.1 shows that System program (operating system) directly interacts with
the Computer Hardware.
The Application program invokes the services offered by the System programs.
Application programs are independent of the Architecture (High level Language)
and are converted to machine dependent programs through a system program.
The internal organization of a basic computer is defined by its internal registers,
the timing and the control structure, & the set of instructions that it uses.
The internal organization of a digital system is defined by sequence of micro
operations it performs on data stored in registers.
Block Diagram of a Digital Computer:
Fig1.2: Block Diagram of a Digital Computer
A digital computer consists of five functionally independent parts.
1. CPU: Contains an Arithmetic and logical unit for manipulating data, a number
of registers for storing data, and control circuit for fetching and executing
instructions.
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Computer Organization & Microprocessor (R22A1202) II/I Sem
2. RAM: Contains storage for instructions and data .Here, the CPU can access any
location at random and retrieve the binary information within the fixed interval of
time.
3. IOP: Contains electronic circuits for communicating and controlling the
transfer of information between the computer and the outside the world.
4. Input Devices: Computers accept coded information through input units, which
reads the data. Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, joy sticks.
5. Output Devices: Used to produce output through output devices. Ex: Printer,
Plotter, Micro film Output, Voice Output, speakers.
Basic Computer Organization & Design
CONTENTS:
Instruction Codes
Computer Registers
Computer Instructions
Timing and Control
Instruction Cycle
Memory Reference Instructions
Input-Output and Interrupt
Instruction Codes:
The user of a computer can control the process by means of a program
A program is a set of instructions that specifies the operations, operands, and
the sequence by which processing has to occur.
The instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a
specific operation.
An instruction consists of Opcode and operands.
Instruction Format
Opcode Operands
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