I] STEEL VS CONCRETE °A significant difference between steel and concrete constructions is that the designer has more control over the shape of reinforced cement concrete elements *For Building Steel Structure, designer is compelled to use standard rolled sectionsI] Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel ¢The main advantages of steel structures are their smaller weight-to- strength ratio, speed of erection and dismantling, and its scrap value. ¢ Faster degradation of their strength in the events of fire, requirement of skilled, personnel and the accuracy desired in fabrication are the major drawbacks| Steel Structures are divided into two principal groups: ‘+ Made mainly of STEEL + Exp: tanks, bins, chime of Cae covering + These are assembly of tension, ‘compression and flexural members 9: truss frame, id| Some Examples of Steel Structures ro (@) Framed building| Some Examples of Steel Structures| Some Examples of Steel Structures Vertical stiffener Sleeper Knee bracket Plate girder Horizontal ZN sifener Floor beam (c) Rail-road bridge| Some Examples of Steel Structures => Tank a“ | Circular girder Bracing }—Column (d) Overhead water tank| Some Examples of Steel Structures Cylindrical shaft Breech opening Flared portion Clean-out door (e) Self-supporting steel stack| Some Examples of Steel Structures (f) Transmission line towerI Standards, Specifications and Codes Astandard contains a set of technical definitions, specifications and guidelines for performance and safety. It becomes code when adopted by Governmental bodies. 1. IS Handbook No. | :Properties of Structural Steel Rolled Sections 2. IS: 875-1987 Code of Practice for Design' Loads for Building and Structures 3. IS: 800-2007 Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in General Building ConstructionBIS via BSB Exge 1S 800 : 2007 (peared 2012) and Aa (Reatfrmed 2017) sea 4 ara Pat — tifa stent ( drt grt ) Indian Standard GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN STEEL — CODE OF PRACTICE (Third Revision )j ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS © * Rolling is a metal forming process in which metal is = passed through one or more pairs of rolls to squeeze and reduce the thickness, to make the a thickness uniform, and/or to impart a desired mechanical property. The concept is similar to the rolling of dough. + Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is known as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is known as cold rolling.jj Rolled Structural Shapes and Dimensions Flange, jt, i : ‘Web 4 b a) Rolled beams and columns (b) Rolled channelsjj Rolled Structural Shapes and Dimensions Leg rH 44 dt d t f a i, (c) Angles (unequal) (a) Teesjj Rolled Structural Shapes and Dimensions k-2 | = -—o—4 Square how Rectanguarholow Circular hollow sections sections (SHS) sections (AHS) (CHS) () Hollow sections (tubes)J Rolled Structural Shapes and Dimensions Square Circular (f) Bars —— < 400 mn| +—— >| (g) Flats }——> 900 mm ——>} (h) Plates1. Pure iron (non alloy) + It is natural metal available directly in the Earth Ores * Silvery white in colour * It is very soft solid (such that it can be cut by knife) having high ductility + Itis not used in any structural element since it directly reacts with oxygen and to form rust and reacts with moist air * Itis available in Fe2+ and Fe3+ forms 2. Pig Iron: + Basic Raw iron is called Pig iron (transported in the form of bricks) + Itis also not used in any structural element since it is composed of highest carbon content 5%) + The pig iron can be converted into structural iron by removing excess carbon content and by adding oxygen or chemicals in molten stageIRON 3. Cast Iron + It is the structural element (in specified shape from molten pig iron having almost same properties of pig iron) 4. Wrought Iron + Lowest Carbon content (0.0-0.1%) of structural iron + It has high ductility, easily converted in specified shape * Largely used to make thin wires 5. Steel + Steel is an alloy of (iron+carbon+chromium+copper+magnesium+nickeltsilica) * The structural element used to resist any type of loadCarbon Content Tepe [Loven Ketan Tigreaien Figironte5) Sir [Ine Geinae | RneananRTOS [Rien > Cast Iron(2-4.5%) Sone ‘Excellent dacliy and Tow bardoeabiy “Hasdet, songest and > Cast Steel (2%) opis | wistons Theestel pads cante | Let ie > Carbon steel (less than 2%) Wedaiesodmcinble | heated > High carbon steel (0.6-1.4%) ae 2 Mediumcarbon(0.25-0.6%) SS a >low carbon steel (less than 0.25%) | picsioas | Nuts bots shes ssinmachinery, Innes and wear > Wrought Iron (less than 0.1%) atari ci | isms rep >Pure iron (0%) ctr pars (ea, Coting tos ete, ‘snels, connecting rods) “Musical wires ete.INTRODUCTION * Steel is an alloy of Fe + Carbon » MILD STEEL ( Carbon content — 0.23%) > When carbon content is increased in steel then strength, hardness and brittleness will increase but ductility will decrease. > STAINLESS STEEL > Alloy of iron and chromium > Chromium is 18% and nickel is 8% > Young’s modulus of steel ‘E” is equal to 2x10° MPa or 200 GPa » Eatuminium ~ 3 Esteet > Eatuminium ~ 0.7105 MPa or 70 GPa Engineering by Sandeep yan 2INTRODUCTION > Density of Steel , { Psceet = 7850 kg/m? >p= de P| patuminium = 2222 = 2700 kg/m? > Modulus of Rigidity (G) > G=0.769 x 10° MPa > Poisson’s Ratio (jt) Lateral strain > In Plastic range: 0.5,INTRODUCTION ion/Increase in length > (BL) mata steet = 3 (OL) » Thermal coefficient ¥ Gstect = Leoncrete = 12 x 10-6 °C- > aq = 23 x 10-6 °C-t > Steel is ductile while concrete or rubber are brittle >Note: Rubber is a very brittle material, there is very little plastic deformation beyond elastic range* IS 456: 2000 * IS 800: 2007 * 1S 1343 * 1S 10262 * IS 383 °1IS875 Some Important Codes RCC Steel (2007-LSM, 1984-WSM) Pre Stress Concrete Design Mix Fine and Coarse Aggregate Design Load for buildings and structuresSTANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION Shear stress In |-section, the web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beamSTANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION vom i, ISLB 300 + Indian standard light beam where overall depth is 300m + Maximum bending stress is resisted by flange and maximum shear stress by web + Generally used in roof beam ISMB + Indian Standard Medium flange beam generally used in floor beams + High moment of inertia about x-axis, so lateral buckling occurs about y-axis iii, IswB + Indian standard wide flange beam generally used in column + High moment of inertia about y-axis, so they have buckling strength about y axis axis iv. ISIB + Indian standard junior beam v. ISHB + Indian standard heavy beamSTANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION Equal Angle section 2. ANGLE SECTION i. Equal angle section * ISA-100x100x10 Where 10mm is the thickness of angle ‘section 100 100100 both legs are same sin. ii, Unequal angle section + ISA-150x100x10 100 ‘Where 10mm is the thickness of angle section 150x100 both legs are different Unequal Angle section 150 | 10STANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION 3. TSECTION i. ISHT- Indian standard wide flange T section ii, ISST- Indian standard long ISHT legged T section IsstSTANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION 4. CHANNEL SECTION They are used as Purlins or columns(Purlin is a beam in a roof truss which supports the roof covering material) ISJC - Indian Standard Junior § Channel Section g ISLC - Indian Standard Light Channel Section ISMC 300 - Indian Standard Medium Channel Section where 300 is the overall depth of channel section iv. ISSC - Indian Standard Special Channel SectionSTANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION 5. BOX SECTION — used in column. 6. Flat SECTION — ; : BOX SECTION + ISF— Indian Standard Flat Section used 1h cour * Generally used in the design of lacing and batten + Eg. SOISFS Here 50 is width of plate And 8 is thickness of plate by Sandeep antUniaxial Tension Test * This test is of static type i.e. the load is increased comparatively slowly from zero to a certain value. * UTM or Tensile Testing Machine is used - ‘Specimen with Circular Cross Section ‘Specimen with Rectangular Cross SectionUniaxial Tension Test (i) The ends of the specimen's are secured in the grips of the testing machine. (ii) There is a unit for applying a load to the specimen with a hydraulic or mechanical drive. (iii) There must be a some recording device by which you should be able to measure the final output in the form of Load or stress. es Specimen with Circular Cross Section2, True Stress & Nominal Stress Nominal stress ~ Strain OR Original Area Conventional Stress — Strain diagrams: Stresses are usually computed on the basis of the original area of the specimen; such stresses are often referred to as conventional or nominal stresses. True stress — Strain Diagram: Since when a material is subjected to a uniaxial load, some contraction or expansion always takes place. Thus, dividing the applied force by the ‘Actual Area corresponding actual area of the specimen at the same instant gives the so called true stress.Stress — Strain Curve for Mild Steel Lower Yield Point Upper Yield Point Elastic Limit. Yield Plateau One 105 Strain Hardening Elastic Plastic Region Region Strain €Stress — Strain Curve for Mild Steel Lower Yield Point * OA is Proportionality limit Upper Yield Point * OB is Elastic limit but OB is Non linear + The slippage of the carbon Elastic Limit. atom within a molecular f. mass leads to drop down of fy stress marginally from C to C’ * Cis upper yield point o * C’islower yield point (also stress known as Vield Stress f,) * For exp Fe-250 => £,=250N/mm? * C’Dis constant stress region z called Yield Plateau eo Strain € Yield Plateau FunkStress — Strain Curve for Mild Steel * DE is Strain Hardening region, os material starts offering resistance against deformation + EF is Necking region where Elastic Limit. drop down of stresses occur upto Failure point + Necking region exists only in ductile material + In mild steel, ABC are closer to each other, therefore it is o known as Linear Elastic Metal, and Yield stress and elastic | Stress stress is taken as 250N/mm? + The Fracture or Failure in mild steel depends upon Percentage of carbon present ina steel Upper Yield Point ing Region Yield Plateau Strain €Stress — Strain Curve for Mild Steel Lower Yield Point + The strain at yield stress is een about 0.00125 or 0.125% marmaiak eee * CD represents plastic Yielding i.e. it is the strain which occurs after the yield point with no increase in stress * The strain at point Dis about 0.015 or 1.5% * The strain in the range CD lies between 10 to 15 times the strain at yield re) = point Strain € Strain Hardening Proportional Limit. StressAs per IS 800, for mild steel Proportional Limit Yield strength Ultimate strength Fracture Strength Elongation of fracture Bearing Stress 190-220 N/mm? 230-250 N/mm? 410-530 N/mm? 250-300 N/mm? 23-35% 0.75f,PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN STEEL STRUCTURES Yield stress fy Factor of safety * It is the maximum load carried by the member without deformation + In working stress method, it is assumed that members can carry load up to elastic limit, hence members will be designed such that they can resist less loads as compared to the resistance of maximum capacity by proper factor of safety to whole Permissible Stress + FOS = 1.67 for members subjected to AXIAL tension or compression Permissible stress = + FOS = 1.50 for members subjected to bending * Since in axial loading all fibers reach maximum stresses, but in Pending only extreme fibers will reach maximum stresses. Hence FOS will be less for bendingWorking Stress Method * In the field there are always worst combination of loads (DL, LL, EL, WL, etc) hence members will be designed such that they can resist more and more loads of actually we needed. * Ultimately size and cross section area of the member increases and hence working/failure stress decreases + Working stress = #234 supplied to the members Cross sectional area Or Yield stress fy * Working stress = FOSWorking Stress Method * Merits of WSM: + The members can not be failed in future having large life span * The design is very simple * Demerits: * Weight of the structure increases, hence it is uneconomicalPlastic state or Limit State Method * The design of the members may touch the plastic range i.i FOS will be desired for each loads by considering load combinations and strength and servicibility requirements. * Hence it is called as Partial Factor of Safety corresponding characteristic load Design load = partial safety factorPERMISSIBLE STRESS IN STEEL STRUCTURES 1. As per WSM Maximum permissible AXIAL stress in compressi given by gc = 0.60 fy + Used in the design of columns and struts. + Column is a compression member where bending moment exist while in case of struts, also being a compression member, bending moment is zero. Because strut is a component of roof trusses and roof trusses are pin jointed connection having bending moment ‘equal to zero. Maximum permissible AXIAL stress in tension is given by Fat = 0.60 fy Itis used in design of tension members + FOS = 1.67 for members subjected to AXIAL tension or compression + FOS = 1.50 for members subjected to hendingPERMISSIBLE STRESS IN STEEL STRUCTURES 1. As per WSM Maximum permissible bending stress in compression is given * Used in design of flexural (bending) member that is beam, built up beam, plate girder etc. Oy. = 0.66 fy iv. Maximum permissible bending stress in tension is given * Used in the design of beams Oy = 0.66 fy v. Maximum permissible average shear stress is given by Tyavg = 0.40fy vi. Maximum permissible Maximum shear stress is given by 7°‘ 7" tease Ty max = 0.45f¥ ijected to AXIAL tension or compres FOC for neuter ear areas FOS = 1.67 for member + FOS = 1.50 for members subjected to bendingPERMISSIBLE STRESS IN STEEL STRUCTURES 1. As per WSM vi. Maximum permissible bending stress in column base is given by o=0.75 fy Increase of permissible stress + When wind and earthquake load are considered, the permissible stresses in steel structure are increased by 33.33%, + When wind and earthquake load are considered, the permissible stresses in connections (rivet and weld) are increased by 25%.PERMISSIBLE DEFLECTION IN STEEL STRUCTURES * As per WSM, Maximum permissible horizontal and vertical deflection is given by _ span ~ 325 * As per LSM, Maximum permissible horizontal and vertical deflection is given by a) If supported elements are not susceptible to cracking span 300 b) Ifsupported elements are susceptible to cracking ‘span 360PERMISSIBLE DEFLECTION IN GANTRY GIRDER Gantry girders are laterally unsupported beams to carry, heavy loads from place to place at the construction sites For manually operator crane, the maximum permissible deflection is span ~ 500 For electrically operator crane, the maximum permissible deflection for a capacity upto 50T or SOOkN span 750 For electrically operator crane, the maximum permissible deflection for a capacity more than 50T or SOOkN SP ~ 1000FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR DIFFERENT STRESSES yield stress working stress Factor of Safety = = ee 1. For axial stress, F.0.S. = ge 1.67 0.60f 2. For bending stress, F.0.S. = oo 1.50 0.66f a 3. For shear stress, F.0.S. = oaor = 2.50 * FOS = 1.67 for members subjected to AXIAL tension or compression + FOS = 1.50 for members subjected to bendiIMPORTANT P. TERMS PITCH — It is the distance between two consecutive/continuous rivets measured parallel to the direction of force. It is denoted by END DISTANCE — It is the distance between centre of rivet and edge/end of the plate element, measured parallel to the direction of force. GAUGE DISTANCE - It is the distance between two continuous rivets measured perpendicular to the force of direction. EDGE DISTANCE - It is the distance between centre of rivet and distance end edge/end of the plate element, distance measured perpendicular to the force of direction.Bearing Stresses: The Bearing Stress is nothing but compressive stresses developed at the surfaces of two different materials Or “Compressive force divided by characteristic area perpendicular to it” aa P Shearing Stresses: Two forces, equal and pppose in nature, when act tangential to the resisting section, as a result of which the body shear off across the section is known as Shear Stress.TYPE OF JOINTS 1, LAP JOINT: P + Itis the least efficient joint as the lines of action of two forces are not same. * In lap joints, the rivets are subjected to single shear p and bearing. + These forces form couple and additional bending stresses are developed in the rivets[Link] Lap joine In the case of lap joints, the'minimuny lap shouldnt ‘be ess than four times the thickness of the thinner part ‘joined or:40:mmawhicheverisimore. Single end fille should be used only when lapped parts are restrained from openings. When end of an element is connected only by parallel longitudinal fillet welds, the length of the weld along either edge should not be less than the transverse spacing between longitudinal welds.TYPE OF JOINTS 2. BUTT JOINT + SINGLE COVER BUTT JOINT: > The line of action of two forces is same therefore eccentricity is lated completely which existed in Lap Joint hence this joint more efficient in carrying the force as compared to lap joint. > But the connection is not symmetrical > The rivets are subjected to single shear and bearing. > trover 2 tain (50 that the joint does not fail) COVER PLATE MAIN PLATE PpTYPE OF JOINTS 2. BUTT JOINT + DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT: > Itis the most efficient joint because the line of action of two forces is same and connection is symmetrical [Link] applied load. > The rivets are subjected to double shear and bearing. > Sum of thickness of cover plate > train COVER PLATE (MAIN PLATECONNECTIONS * In steel structure, various types of elements are connected together using various types of connections like: 1. Riveted connections 2. Bolted connections 3. Welded connectionsStrength of Plate Section 1-1 — Tearing strength of plate Section 2-2 — Bearing strength of plate Section 3-3 — Shear strength of plate t ' 1 ® ®Failure of Rivetted Joint Failure of Rivets 1. Shearing Failure of Rivets + Ina shearing failure, Rivet gets cut into two or more pieces 2. Bearing failure of Rivet * Ina bearing failure, rivet cross section changes from circular to ellipticalFailure of Rivetted Joint Failure of Plates 1. Shearing Failure of Plate P. Pp * In this failure, cracks are developed parallel to the applied forces direction 2. Splitting failure of Plate + Splitting failure occur due to diagonal tension in the plate at the rivet level 3. Bearing Failure of the plate * This plate is pushed forward by the rivet. This type of failure occurs generally due to P insufficient end distance iP 4. Tearing/Tension Failure of the plate * The cracks are developed perpendicular to the P direction of applied force Pmera Failure of Plate i. Shear, bearing and splitting failure of plate are due to insufficient end distance. ii. By providing the proper end distance, these three failure can be prevented. iii. In the design of riveted joint which should consider the remaining three failure only, i.e., Shear and Bearing fens of rivets and Tearing failure of plate. iv. In the design of riveted joint, we have to ensure that, shear strength and bearing strength of rivets is more than the. tearing strength of plate because rivet feilre is more dangerous than the plate failure. distanceStrength of Revited Joint * Plate +| Shearing *| Bearing +| Splitting > Tearing * Rivet + Shearing * Bearing Insufficient End DistanceCONNECTIONS 1, RIVETED CONNECTIONS: + In the Riveted connection, rivets are inserted in the hole made to join the two members together and hammering is done to make head on other side. * Rivets are made of mild steel. The riveting can be hot riveting (or) cold riveting. * Cold riveting is not adopted for dia > 10 mm. + In cold riveting there is no gripping action but strength is better due to cold working.CONNECTIONS . RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * When hot rivet is used, it becomes plastic, it expands and fill the rivet hole completely in the process of forming a head at the other end. On cooling, the rivet shrinks in the length and diameter due to shortening of rivet shank length. The connected part becomes lighter consequently resulting in tension of unpredictable amount in a shank length and some compression in plates that are connected Due to reduction of diameter of shank on cooling, this small amount of space available on cooling is provided for temperature variation of unpredictable amountCONNECTIONS RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * In hot riveting, rivets are heated to 550-1000°C and hammering is done on other side to make head. According to the type of hammering we have i. Power driven rivets Hand driven rivets * Power driven rivets have better quality control and hence have a er permissible stress. + Riveting can be done in the factory (or) in the field and accordingly in these hop riveting & field riveting thus we have; Power shop rivets Power driven field rivets Hand driven field rivets Note: For shop rivet For field rivet Q eCONNECTIONS i. Power shop rivets i, Power driven field rivets ili. Hand driven field rivets PDS 100 100 300 PDF 90 90 270 HDF 80 80 250CONNECTIONS 1. RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * The nominal dia of rivet is said to be shank dia under cold condition, and gross dia of 0.70 } rivet is taken as dia of hole. + The strength of a rivet is based on its gross diameter under the assumption that rivet fills the hole completely. * For ease in connection dia of hole is taken larger than nominal dia of rivet thus as per IS: code: For nominal * Gross di dia of hole + Fornominal dia > 25mm * Gross dia = nominal dia +2 mm, dia of hole = 0 +2 rb a oe head 0 = nominal dia shank 25mm jominal dia + 1.5 mm, O+15* For nominal dia < 25 mm + Gross dia = nominal dia + 1.5 mm, dia of hole = 0+1.5 * For nominal dia > 25 mm + Gross dia = nominal dia +2mm, dia of hole = 0+2CONNECTIONS 1. RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * Due to many demerits, riveted connection is not in practice in modern steel instruction. * Design of Riveted connection is same as that of bolted connection but with the following differences: * The diameter of rivet to be used in the calculation is dia of hole, whereas for Bolted connection it is the nominal dia. * The design stresses are different (IS : 800 : 1984) the permissible stress are reduced for bolts.CONNECTIONS 1, RIVETED CONNECTIONS: + Strength of riveted joint * Itis taken as minimum of shear strength, bearing strength and tearing strength. * FOR LAP JOINT: 1. FORENTIRE PLATE a) SHEAR STRENGTH OF RIVETS) Pp Ppa nx ped?Fs Where n —» total number of rivets at joint F, + permissible shear stress in rivets F,= 100MPa (WsM) F, = ultimate shear stress in rivet a Bis 4+ gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter) so in SM = Gross dia = nominal dia + 1.5 mm, for nominal dia < 25 mm Gross dia = nominal dia + 2 mm, for nominal dia > 25 mmCONNECTIONS 1. _RIVETED CONNECTIONS: 1 + FOR LAP JOINT: 1. FOR ENTIRE LENGTH B P b) BEARING STRENGTH OF ALL RIVETS Py = nx (txd)xFy thickness of thinner main plate F, > permissible shear stress in rivets (300MPa in WSM) > gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter) Gross dia = nominal dia + 1.5 mm, for nominal dia. ¢ 25 mm Gross dia = nominal dia +2 mm, for nominal dia > 25 mm ©) TEARING STRENGTH OF PLATE P,= (B—nd)txF; Where n, -» total number of rivets at critical section 1-1 t+ thickness of thinner main plate gat B—> width of plate 1 F, > permissible tensile stress (Axial = 0.6fy = 0.6250 = 150MPa) d gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter) Gross rominal dia +1.5 mm, for nominal dia £25 mm Gross dia = nominal dia +2 mm, for nominal dia > 25mmCONNECTIONS 1, RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * LAP JOINT: 2. FORGAUGE LENGTH/PITCH LENGTH = © a) SHEAR STRENGTH OF RIVETS Py = nx Dxdxk, ‘Where n -> total number of rivets at joint in crossed gauge length F, + permissible shear stress in rivets F,= 100MPa (WSM) F,= ultimate shear stress in rivet so in > (SM = x25 d+ gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter) ;ominal dia + 1.5 mm, for nominal dia <25 mm jominal dia + 2 mm, for nominal dia > 25 mmCONNECTIONS 1 SECOND PLATE 1. RIVETED CONNECTIONS: + LAP JOINT: 2. FOR GAUGE LENGTH/PITCH LENGTH b) BEARING STRENGTH OF RIVETS Pos =m, X (txd)xFy Where n—> total number of rivets at joint in crossed gauge length FESUEEATE > thickness of thinner main plate P, F, permissible bearing stress in rivets (300MPa i = > gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter) ©) TEARING STRENGTH OF PLATE B Pu = (9 d)tFr Where g > gauge length thickness of thinner main plate F,—> permissible tensile stress in plate(Axial=0.6fy= = y= * 0.6280 = 150MPa) ‘When pitch distance is given then P, = (P_3d)t-Ft(MAIN PLATE Pp 1. RIVETED CONNECTIONS: + DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT: 1, FOR ENTIRE WIDTH OF PLATE ‘+ SHEAR STRENGTH OF RIVETS Puy = Den, x Pada, Where n -» total number of rivets at joint F, > permissible shear stress in rivets F,= 100MPa (WSM) dr gross diameter of rivet (hole 2+ Double shearCONNECTIONS MAIN PLATE 1, RIVETED CONNECTIONS: P : * DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT: 1, FOR ENTIRE WIDTH OF PLATE + BEARING STRENGTH OF RIVETS Py = nx (txd)xFp Where n> total number of rivets at joint t+ min of (thickness of thinner main plate, sum of cover plate thickness) F, ~» permissible bearing stress in rivets : d > gross diameter of rivet (hole fs] ft P P 1 1CONNECTIONS MAIN PLATE P Pp 1. RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT: 1. FOR ENTIRE WIDTH OF PLATE + TEARING STRENGTH OF PLATES P,= (B—n,d)txF, Where n, > total number of rivets at critical section 1-1 t > min of (thickness of thinner main plate, sum of cover plate thickness) 1 B->width of plate F, > permissible strength of plate in t. P > gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter) PCONNECTIONS 1, RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT: 2. FOR GAUGE LENGTH a) SHEAR STRENGTH OF RIVETS Py =2xnx gxdF, ‘Where n -» total number of rivets at joint in crossed gauge length (here 2) F, > perr le shear stress in rivets OOMPa (WsM) ‘.= ultimate shear stress in rivet so in ism = Fu Bx12s d+ gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter)CONNECTIONS 1, RIVETED CONNECTIONS: * DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT: P 2. FOR GAUGE LENGTH/PITCH LENGTH b) BEARING STRENGTH OF RIVETS Py, = my X (ted) xFy 1 Where n -> total number of rivets at joint in crossed gauge length t min (thickness of thinner main plate, sum of cover plate thickness) F, > permissible bearing stress in rivets (300MPa in WSM) > gross diameter of rivet (hole diameter) ©) TEARING STRENGTH OF PLATE Py = (g—nd)t«F; Where g —> gauge length t+ thickness of thinner main plate F, > permissible strength of plate in tearing n> total number of rivets atin critical section 1-1 in crossed gauge length (here 1), i ... Total force at a joint * Number of Rivets required at a joint="2tet Loree at a joint F Rivet Value n= RB * Efficiency of joint least value of P; , Py , Pe 1 == ea Strength of Solid main plate P, = shearing strength of joint P, = bearing strength of joint P, = tearing stresngth of plate* Efficiency for entire plate * We have to ensure that P, is less because rivet failure is more dangerous * For Entire PLATE: least value of Pz Pp +Pr x 100 Strength of Solid main plate _ B=md)xt xF oi Bxtxh, x 100Arrangement of Rivets Rivets in a riveted joint are arranged in two forms, namely, 1. Chain riveting, 2. Diamond riveting.In chain riveting the rivets are arranged as shown 1-1, 2-2 and 3-3 shows sections on, either side of the joint Section 1-1 is the critical section for Main plate Section 3-3 is the critical section for Cover plate Critical Section for main plate will be outer most section Critical Section for cover plate will be inner most section Strength for main plate + Pia =(B-3d)xtx Fy * Py2 =(B-3d) xt x F,+3Ry + P3_3 = (B-3d) xt x F,+6R, _- re@-e-e- O-O-Or* In Diamond pattern of riveting, section 1-1, section 2-2 and so on has to be checked for main plate in carrying a required load, but for cover plate the last section is checked for carrying a required load * Strength for main plate + Py =(B-d)xtxF, * Pz_2 = (B-2d)xtxF,+R, Sess + Py_g = (B—3d) xt x F,+3R, — * Strength for cover plate * P3_3 = (B-— 3d) xt x F, + Po_p = (B-2d) xt x F,+3R, 1 ge --@--@-- -e- as!* In Triangular Square Pattern of Riveting, section 1-1 and the section 2-2 is checked for main plate in carrying a required load * And for cover plate, 4-4 (main = plate) or first section for cover plate is supposed to be checked for cover plate , also section 3-3 and 2-2 is also checked for safety * Strength for main plate * Py. =(B-d)xtxF, + Po_p = (B-2d) xXtxF,+Ry + P3_3 = (B—2d) xt x F,+3R, * P4a_g =(B-—d)xXtXxF,+5R,SPECIFICATIONS AS PER IS 800 - 1984 * MINIMUM END AND EDGE DISTANCE * This recommendation is provided to prevent three types of failure in plates: i. Splitting failure of plate Shearing failure of plate Bearing failure of plate * Edge distance and end distance(! + 21.5 xgross dia of rivet (machine cut * The above provision is valid for the end distance and edge distance is done by machine cut element.SPECIFICATIONS AS PER IS 800 - 1984 * MINIMUM END AND EDGE DISTANCE * Edge distance and end distance(minimum) + = 1.7 xgross dia of rivet (hand driven elements) * The above provision is valid for the end distance and edge distance is done by hand driven elements. * But for analysis and design purpose, we adopt edge distance and end distance(minimum) * = 2.0xgross dia of rivet.SPECIFICATIONS AS PER IS 800 - 1984 + PITCH imum pitch of rivet is 2.5 x nominal dia of rivet. + Maximum pitch of rivet or weld * INCOMPRESSION + The maximum pitch provision is provided to ensure the prevention of buckling between the connections * Maximum pitch = min(12t or 200mm) where t is thickness for thinner plate + IN TENSION ‘The maximum pitch provision is provided to ensure the prevention of separation of plates between the connections Maximum pitch = min(16t or 200mm) where t is thickness for ner plateSPECIFICATIONS AS PER IS 800 - 1984 * NOTE: * If the rivets are staggered (not in the same line)and of the gauge distance smaller than 75mm, then above recommended values in compression and tension zone for maximum pitch are increased by 50%, i.e., * For compression — * Maximum pitch = 18t or 300mm (minimum of the two) + For tension — + Maximum pitch = 24t or 300mm (minimum of the two)SPECIFICATIONS AS PER IS 800 - 1984 + Gauge length (g) should not be more than 100 + 4t or 200 mm + Maximum Edge distance should not exceed 12T& Where e = |7°° fy * When the member are exposed to corrosion, then maximum edge distance should not be greater than 40+4¢TACK RIVETS They are the rivets used to make the structural component as a single unit. They don’t carry any load because we consider rivet angle and channel section. When two plates are attached to a gussete plate back to back, then the maximum pitch is taken as + 32t or 300mm (whichever is minimum) gussete plate 1 tack rivets not as a Structural unit i.e., provided at i the location of gussete plate. i The maximum pitch provided in the case of tack I eee e e i ! 1 The above recommendations are valid for both aT ! filler'plateTACK RIVETS * Maximum pitch = 32t or 300mm (When plates are not exposed to weather) * Maximum pitch = 16t or 200mm (When plates are exposed to weather) eee e e sna has RIVETS TACK Geers * For two members placed back to ? back, the maximum pitch of 1 ae 1 tacking rivets + 1000mm gusscte plate filler'plateUnwin’s formula * It is used when diameter of rivet is not known 0 =6.04VE Where t is thickness of thinner plate in mm Q= nominal dia of rivet in mmNOTE: 1. 2. For field rivet, the permissible stress is reduced by 10%. The permissible stress in rivet under wind load condition as per S800 can be increased by 25%. The permissible stress in rivet under wind and earthquake load condition as per IS800 can be increased by 25%. When thickness of cover plate is not given, then the thickness of cover plate should not be ¢ 5 tmain(thinner)ASSUMPTIONS IN DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINT 1. The applied axial load is assumed to be shared by all the rivets equally. 2. The tensile stress(0.6f y), shear stress(0.4f y) and bearing stress at their respective centres are assumed to be uniform. 3. The effect of bending stress is neglected. 4. Grip length is the sum of thickness of two plates 1. Grip length 1, + 56 (LSM) 2. Grip length 1, + 8} (WSM) Section 1-1 > Tearing strength of plate Section 2-2 > Bearing strength of plate Section 3-3 > Shear strength of plateASSUMPTIONS IN DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINT 5. The friction force b/w the plates is neglected. 6. (g — d)tF,h= wn Flange of I sectionAnalysis of Eccentric Connection Step 2: Shear Force (F.) in Rivet due to Twisting Moment T _TxXT ~ Fe (valid when dia of rivets are same) ; T=Pe Where 7; is the radial distance of each rivet from centre of Rivet Group Flange of I sectionAnalysis of Eccentric Connection Step 3: Resultant Shear Force in the Rivet (Fp) Pu 2 + FE + 2F, F,cos6 Flange of I sectionAnalysis of Eccentric Connection Note: * If Resultant Shear Force is greater than the Rivet Value R, , then the Rivet will fail, so for the Rivet to be safe, Fp < R, * The direction of F, is perpendicular to the line joining CG of rivet group and the centre of Rivet under consideration * Whatever moment P produces about CG of the Rivet Group, F2 should also produce the same moment about the CG of the rivet group Flange of I section * The Critically Stressed Rivet is the one for which r is maximum @ is minimum.Que. Find the force in Extreme Rivet 300mm Flange of I section