Compiler: Raj Kumar Mishra

SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE PRACTICE

SET - 2082
50 Output / 50 Debug / 50 Analytical / 100 Modular Programming +
File handling and C Programs Questions Collections
Networking & Telecommunications / Ethical and Social Issues in ICT / Computer
Security / E-Commerce / Contemporary Technology / Number System / Database
Management System / Full Forms / Questions Collection New MODEL SEE 2081

2025/2026
SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE PRACTICE SET - 2081 2024/2025
1.1 Networking &Telecommunications Full duplex mode [MF 2076] Features of guided media:
Full duplex is the mode of data transmission in - Data transmits through the physical cable or
Data Communication which data and information flow in both fixed path
Data communication is the process of direction simultaneously. - Data transmission rate is higher.
transferring data and information between Mobile and landline phones are examples of full
computers and other electronic devices.. duplex mode. Twisted pair cable
Eg. E-Mail, Radio and phone calls. A set of four pair of wires twisted with each
Components of Data Communication. other is known as twisted pair cable.
There are two types of communication mode: i) Data ii) Sender iii) Medium Wires are twisted with each other so as to
i) Simplex mode ii) Duplex mode iv) Receiver v) Protocol reduce crosstalk (A disturbance caused by
electromagnetic interference, along a circuit or
Simplex mode Transmission medium / Communication a cable pair).
Simplex mode is the transmission of data and Channel RJ-45 connector is the most popular connector
information that takes place in only one A channel or path through which data and used in twisted-pair wire.
direction. information are transmitted between connected Its types are:
It is a unidirectional mode of data transmission. devices in a network environment is called a) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Radio, newspaper, television broadcasting, communication media. b) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
books etc. are examples of simplex mode.
The types of communication medium are: Co-axial cable
Duplex mode 1. Guided (Wired/bounded) communication media Coaxial cable is a common type of cable used
2. Unguided (Wireless/unbounded) communication for transmitting data over long distances.
Duplex is mode of data transmission in which media
data and information flow in both directions. They are most commonly used to transmit cable
It is bi-directional mode of data transmission. TV and Internet signals.
Guided medium The connectors used with co-axial cables are
The media which uses cable or wire to transfer BNC, T-connectors and terminators in bus
The two types of duplex modes are: data and information among computers
i) Half Duplex mode ii) Full Duplex mode topology.
are called guided communication media.
It is an easy, fast and secure way to transfer data Fiber optic cable
Half duplex mode and information from one computer to another.
Half duplex is the mode of data transmission in Fiber optics cable is one of the costlier cables
which data and information flows in both used in data communication which uses light to
The three types of guided media are: carry a data signal through the cable.
directions but only one direction at a time. a. Twisted pair Cable
Walky-talky and wireless handset are examples The connectors used in fiber optics are Screw
b. Co-Axial Cable Mounted Adaptors (SMA), Spring-loaded Twist
of half-duplex mode. c. Fiber Optic Cable (ST), SC and FC.

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Unguided medium [SEE 2074 U] Satellite Communication Basic Elements of the Network
The transmission media which transfer data in  Satellite Communication is defined as a type of Physical parts and devices used to connect
the form of electromagnetic waves that do not communication where the exchange of computers in the network environment are
require any cables for transmission is called information takes place between different called hardware components.
unguided medium. stations present on the surface of the earth using The hardware components of computer network
E.g.: radio wave, microwave, satellite artificial satellites in space. are computer set, modem, hub, NIC card,
communication etc.  Through satellite communication, data, voice, bridge, repeater, etc.
audio, video signals can be transmitted and The software elements are NOS, Protocol and
received by using communication links between
Radio wave transmission Device Driver
various regions of the earth.
 The transmission making use of radio waves
through air is called radio wave transmission. NIC Card (Network Interface Card)
Computer network
 It provides low bandwidth for data Computer network is a group of two or more A Network Interface Card (NIC) is the
communication. computers and devices connected to each other hardware component through which the
 Radio, TV, cellular phones etc. uses radio through wired or wireless media to exchange data computer is connected to the network.
transmission in one form or another. and information and share hardware, software and The function of NIC is to control flow of data to
 The radio waves can travel through walls other resources. and from computers in network environment.
and through an entire building.
 It does not require line of sight for data Advantages of computer network Connector
transmission  It can share hardware devices such as Connector is a device that facilitates the connection
scanner, printer, hard disk, etc. of computers and other device to a network.
Microwave transmission
 It can communicate and share information Examples of connectors are BNC used with
 Microwave is a line-of-sight wireless
all over the world through Internet. coaxial cable, RJ 45 used with UTP cable, ST
communication technology that uses high
 It supports centralized administration. used with fiber optic cable etc.
frequency beams of radio waves to provide
high speed wireless connections that can  It provides the facility of data and software
backup system. Hub
send and receive voice, video, and data
Hub is a network connectivity device with
information.
Disadvantages of computer network multiple ports for connecting different
 Microwaves do not pass through buildings. computers on network.
So, indoor receivers cannot be used  Computer network can be route for
It broadcasts all network data across each
effectively. computer virus and malware transmission.
connection.
 It provides higher bandwidth for data  Skilled manpower is required to manage and
Hub is mostly used in physical star topology.
communication. operate computer network.
 It requires line of sight for data  The initial setup cost is very high to build
transmission. computer network.
 Cybercrimes are originated from computer
network.
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Switch Gateway Bandwidth
Switch is a network connectivity device which Gateway is a network connectivity device that The amount of data that can be carried from one
joins multiple computers together to share interconnects two networks having dissimilar point to another in a given time period is called
information among them. communication protocols. bandwidth.
The selected computer can get information We can measure bandwidth in digital devices by bits
through switch. Repeater per second (bps) and in analogue devices by cycles
per second (cps) or Hertz (Hz).
It works faster than hub. Repeater is a network connectivity device that
accepts weak signals and regenerates
them and after that sends the message on their way. Network operating system (NOS)
Hub Vs Switch Network operating system is a software which
Hub Switch It makes possible for long-distance
data transfer. So it boosts the data signals that are control and manages computer network.
It is cheaper than It is more expensive received from network. E.g. Novell Netware, Windows NT, Linux, Unix
switch. than hub. etc. The main functions of NOS are:
It transmits data It transmits data faster MODEM (Modulator and Demodulator)  It enables users to have access to network
slower than switch. than hub. MODEM is a device which is used to transfer resources.
It broadcasts the It transfers packets to  It manages and controls all the resources of
the data of one computer to another computer
information packets to only those selected computer network.
using telephone lines.
all computer computers connected
connected network. in network. Protocol [MFT 2075]
Importance of MODEM [ 2071 S] 2073 U] A set of rules followed for interconnection and
It has 4 / 12 ports It has 24 to 48 ports MODEM modulates the digital codes of the communication between computers in a network is
computer into analog signal, which then can travel called a protocol.
Bridge through the telephone cable. Some common protocols are as follows:
Bridge is a network connectivity device that At the receiving end the MODEM kept there will
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
interconnects two computer networks having demodulate the analog signal to digital codes, which
Protocol) is used in Internet.
similar protocol. can be then understood and used by the receiving
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used to
It inspects incoming signals and decides computer.
transfer HTML documents in
whether to forward or discard it.  WWW.
Modulation
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used
The process of translating digital signals of a
Router in sending e-mail.
computer to analog signals, which are then
Router is a network connectivity device that joins  POP (Post Office Protocol) is used to retrieve e-
transmitted across the standard telephone lines, is
multiple wired or wireless networks together. mail from a mail server.
known as modulation.
It also inspects and forwards data among different  FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used to
networks having similar protocol like bridge.
Demodulation
transmitting files between computers.
It is an intelligent device that has ability to The process of translating analog signals from a
Device driver
determine the best possible path for data phone line and converts then into digital signals for
Device driver is a program that controls the
transmission. the computer is known as demodulation.
functionality of the hardware device.

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Types of Network Features of MAN Network architecture (Models of Computer
a) LAN (Local Area Network)  It can cover up to fifty kilometre for Network)
b) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) transferring data and information between Network architecture can be defined as how the
c) WAN (Wide Area Network) the computers. computer communicates and interacts with each
 It is normally owned by single or multiple other on network.
LAN (Local Area Network) organizations. Its types are
Local Area Network is a network that connects  It has high speed data transfer capacity than a) Centralized computing network
a group of computers in a small geographical WAN and is slower than LAN. b) Client / Server Network
area like a room, a building, school, etc.  Fiber optical cable and twisted pair cables c) Peer to Peer Network
Computer in LAN can be connected through are used for connectivity for communication
wireless media and is referred to as WLAN through MAN networks. Centralized network
(Wireless Local Area Network).
Computer lab networking and cyber networking WAN (Wide Area Network) A centralized network is a network in which a
are examples of LAN. A wide area network (WAN) is a computer central host computer performs data processing
network that covers a large geographical area and storage on behalf of clients.
Features of LAN comprising a region, a country, a continent or The main computer is known as host or server
 It can cover up to one kilometre for transferring even the whole world computer.
data and information between the computers. It is the largest computer network. Workstation is just used for input/output
 It is normally owned by single organizations. Internet, 4G Mobile Broadband Systems and operations, which has no processing capabilities
 It has high speed data transfer capacity than satellite communication are the best examples and are connected to server or host computer.
MAN and WAN. Linux or UNIX operating system is used in
of WAN.
 LAN supports a variety of communications centralized network.
transmission medium such as an Ethernet
cable (thin cable, thick cable, and twisted pair), Features of WAN (Wide Area Network)
 It covers the whole world and cannot be Client/server network
fiber and wireless transmission.
restricted to any geographical location.
 It is normally owned by multiple Client/ server network is a type of network
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
organizations. model where at least one computer is designed
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network
of computer spread over a city or town located in  They have low data transfer rate and have as a server and other computers on the network
the same geographical area low communication speed. called clients or workstations.
It is used in medium size organization having It provides central security administration and
 It uses satellite and microwave
various branches within city or valley. the network administrator is responsible for data
communication.
Cable TV network and branches of banks are security and other resources management of the
examples of MAN. network.

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Peer-to-peer network Advantages of bus topology Advantages of ring topology
a) It is cost effective and cable required is least  Each computer gets equal opportunity to
Peer-to-Peer network is a type of network compared to other network topology. access the network resources.
model where all the computers have equal b) It is easy to expand network.  Transmitting network is not affected by high
responsibilities on the network. traffic or by adding more nodes.
It lacks centralized network administration, Disadvantages of bus topology
where the network administrator needs to a) Break/Failure in main cable will make the Disadvantages of ring topology
manage security on each computer. whole network to malfunction (failure).  Adding or deleting the computers disturbs
It provides no reliable security and might put b) Heavy network traffic or increase in nodes the network activity.
data in higher risks. will degrade performance of network.  Failure of one computer disturbs the whole
network in this topology.
Server Diagram of bus topology
A server is the main computer that provides Diagram of ring topology
services, data and other resources to the other
computers in the network environment.

Workstation
A computer on a network that uses resources of
the network is called workstation.

Node
Each computer or device of network is called
node.

Network topology (LAN topology) Star topology

Network topology is the cabling structure of Ring topology [MF 2076] The network topology which connects all nodes
interconnected computers in LAN. A ring topology is a network topology where all to central device called hub/switch through a
The three basic topologies are bus topology, the nodes on the network are connected to each cable is called star topology.
ring topology and star topology other in the form of ring or circle without any
end points. Advantages of star topology
Bus topology The method by which data is transmitted around  It provides fast performance and low
The network topology in which nodes and the ring is called token passing. network traffic.
network devices are connected to a single cable  The failure of one node does not affect the
is called bus topology. rest of the nodes.

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Disadvantages of star topology Advantages of internet ISP (Internet Service Provider)
 Hub and more wires are required, so the a) Greater access to information reduces An Internet service provider (ISP) is an
cost of installation is high. research time. organization that provides services for
 The whole network is stopped when the hub b) Global reach enables one to connect to accessing and using the Internet.
fails. anyone on the internet. World Link, Mercantile, Classitech, Vianet etc
c) Selling and buying has become so easy with are the ISPs of Nepal.
Diagram of star topology the use of internet and it has helped millions
to sell and buy their goods online. E-mail (Electronic Mail) [SLC 2068 S] [SLC
d) Easy communication with other people. 2069 S] [SEE 2075 S2] [MM 2076] [MFT
2075]
Disadvantages of internet E-mail (Electronic mail) is one of the most
a) Computer viruses get downloaded and spread popular services provided by the internet sends
across machines connected to networks and and receives messages electronically through
have harmful effects. the Internet.
b) People using too much of internet get E.g. xyz@[Link]
disconnected from the real world. Any four sites that provide e-mail services
c) Pornography can get in the hands of young are:
children too easily. a) [Link]
d) Cyber frauds may take place involving b) [Link]
Credit/Debit card numbers and details. c) [Link]
Internet (Network of Networks)
d) [Link]
The internet is the largest computer network Intranet
that connects millions of computers around the An intranet is a private computer network that Advantages of E-mail
world. uses the internet protocol to securely share any  It is the cheapest and fastest means of
part of information of an organization. communication.
Services of internet It is owned by a single organization or
a) WWW (World Wide Web)  It is more reliable than postal mail.
company.  E-mail can be accessed from any part of the
b) E-mail (Electronic mail) It can only be used by the employees of the
c) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) world at any time.
owned organization.
d) IRC (internet Relay Chat)  Information can be shared globally.
e) Telnet  We can send photos, songs, video clips and
Extranet
f) Search Engine other file with e-mail attachments.
An extranet is a private network that uses
g) Online Banking internet technology and the public  A single mail can be sent to multiple people
h) E-Commerce telecommunication system to connect more than at a time.
one organization.

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Disadvantages of e-mail Search engine [SEE 2074 U] [SQE 2075K] POP – Post Office Protocol
 The recipient needs access to the internet to A search engine is a service of internet that FTP – File Transfer Protocol
receive email. helps allows the users to find the information on MAN -Metropolitan Area Network
 Viruses are easily spread though the World Wide Web using keywords or WAN - Wide Area Network
email attachments. phrases. WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
Examples of search engines are Google, Bing, IPOS - Input Process Output System
Telnet Yahoo etc ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects
Telnet is the facility of Internet that allows user Agency Network
to use a remote computer through Internet. Full Forms WWW – World Wide Web
NCC - National Computer Center URL – Uniform Resource Locator
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) EDP - Electronic Data Processing Center E-mail – Electronic Mail
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is transmission RJ-45 – Registered Jack 45 IRC – Internet Relay Chat
files between computers on the Internet. UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair B2B - Business to Business
File Transfer protocol helps to transfer Mbps - Megabits per second B2C - Business to Customer
(download or upload) files from one computer STP - Shielded Twisted Pair C2C – Customer to Customer
to another computer. EMI- Electromagnetic Interference C2B - Customer to Business
BNC – British Naval Connector ATM – Automated Teller Machine
Uploading ISP – Internet Service Provider E-Commerce – Electronic Commerce
Ans: Uploading refers to copying files or ST – Straight Tip Connector E- fax – Electronic Fax
documents, programs or data from the user’s SMA – Screw Mounted Adaptor FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions
computer to the internet server. SC – Subscriber Connector SIM - Subscriber Identity Module
FM – Frequency Modulation eSIM – embedded - Subscriber Identity Module
Downloading AM – Amplitude Modulation MDMS – Mobile Device Management System
Downloading refers to the copying files or PM – Phase Modulation Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity
document or program or data from the internet NOS – Network Operating System ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
server to the user’s computer. NIC – Network Interface Card CCTV - Closed Circuit Television
LAN – Local Area Network CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
Web browser IP – Internet Protocol IPX/SPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange/
Web browser is a computer program that access MODEM – Modulator and Demodulator Sequenced Packet Exchange
web pages and displays them on the user’s bps – bits per second DTH - Direct To Home
computer. NCP – Network Control Protocol GSM - Global System for Mobile
Examples of web browsers are Mozilla Firefox, TCP/IP - Transmission Control Communications
Google chrome, Internet Explorer, opera etc. Protocol/Internet Protocol Teachers can open the door, but you must
Browsing/ Surfing means searching information HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol enter it yourself.
on the internet. SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

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1.2 Ethical and Social Issues in ICT Examples of Digital Citizenship Active digital footprints
 Communicating with respect a) An active digital footprint is where a user
Computer ethics  Respecting other’s privacy knows that they're sharing the information.
Computer ethics is a set of moral principles or  Adding helpful information/context to a b) Posting on Face book, Instagram, Snap chat,
code of conducts that regulate the use of discussion or wiki page Twitter, and other social media platforms
computers systematically without making harm  Supporting others by offering useful Passive digital footprints
to other users. feedback a) A passive digital footprint is the
information collected from a user
Some commandments of computer ethics. Digital footprint without their knowledge.
 Do not use a computer to harm other people. Digital footprint is a trace of data that is created b) Websites that install cookies in your
 Do not use a computer to publish fake while using the Internet. device without disclosing it to you
information. It includes the websites we visit, emails we
 Do not search the file or record of other send, and information we submit Cyber bullying
people. to online services. Cyber bullying is a kind of harassment using
 Do not destroy or delete the records of other mobiles or computers.
people. It is important to be aware of it because
anything posted online is permanent and stays Examples of cyber bullying:
Digital citizenship forever regardless of being deleted.  Sending rude emails, texts or instant
Digital citizenship refers to the responsible use messages online or on the phone
of technology by anyone who uses computers, Publishing a blog and posting social  Posting hurtful things about someone on
the Internet, and digital devices to engage with media updates are another popular ways to social media
society on any level. expand your digital footprint.  Taking an embarrassing photo or video and
sharing it without permission
Good digital citizenship engages young students Every tweet you post on Twitter, every status  Pretending to be another person by creating
and shows them how to connect with one update you publish on Face book, and every a fake online profile
another, understand with each other, and create photo you share on Instagram contributes to
lasting relationships through digital tools. your digital footprint. Cyber law
The law which governs the legal issues in the
Bad digital citizenship, on the other hand, Even "liking" a page or a Face book post adds cyber space regarding the internet or WWW for
involves cyber bullying, irresponsible social to your digital footprint, since the data is saved digital data processing and transaction is called
media usage, and a general lack of knowledge on Face book’s servers. cyber law.
about how to safely use the Internet. Types of digital footprints The importance of cyber law is that it controls
a) Active digital footprint cyber-crime and misuse of computer.
b) Passive digital footprint

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Aims of formulating cyber law in Nepal Challenges of ICT Objectives of IT Policy 2000
To legalize the transaction through electronic  Internet criminals enter into the system by a) To establish knowledge based industry
media to control various types of electronic creating fake identities and use the system b) To increase employment
frauds for their benefits which is difficult to c) To build knowledge based society
To punish a person who does criminal activities recognize and control.
through electronic means especially on  Hacking or unauthorized access of system is Vision of ICT Policy 2015
computers. increasing.  To transform Nepal into information and
 Sharing unnecessary information of knowledge based society and economy.
Cyber crime [SEE 2074] [SLC 2071] individual or group of people is the danger
Cyber crime is an illegal action involved in any of ICT in this era. Mission of ICT Policy 2015
computer, computer system or over all  The Digital Divide is a social issue referring  To create conditions for the intensified
computer networks like internet. to the differing (conflicting) amount of development and growth of ICT sector as a
E.g. Software piracy, hacking, cracking, information between those who have access key driver for Nepal’s sustainable
pornography etc. to the Internet (especially broadband access) development and poverty reduction
Computer hacking means stealing and and those who do not have access. strategies.
destroying other data, information, files and
program. IT Policy 2072 Goals of Information and Communication
 IT Policy launch in Nepal – 2000 AD (2057 Technology policy
Digital signature BS) a) At least 75 percent of the population will
Digital signature is a security mechanism  Most recent and the latest information have digital literacy skills by the end of
system used on the internet for data and technology policy– ICT Policy 2015 (2072 2020.
information transaction by attaching a code at BS) b) 80% of all citizen facing government
the end of the electronic message that attests the  Total laws in ICT policies 2015 (2072 BS) – services would be offered on line by 2020
authenticity of sent message. 21 Policies c) G2G implementation would be promoted
The importance of digital signature is that it  Strategies in ICT policies 2015 (2072 BS) – with a view to achieving complete
provides legal framework to facilitate and 21 Strategies automation of the operations of land
safeguard electronic transaction in the  Percentage of the population will have administration, revenue administration and
electronic media. digital skills by the end of 2020? – 75% management, vital registration, passport
 Percentage of the population will be able to and citizenship certificate services by 2020.
ICT access the broadband services by 2020? – d) Broadband access will be expanded across
A technology which collects stores and 90% the country with the goal of achieving a
processes data into information and  Percentage of the population of Nepal will broadband Internet user penetration rate of
communication through computer system is have internet access by 2020? – 100% 30% at a minimum of 512kbps and making
known as ICT.  Percent of government services will be available at least 10 Mbps download speed
provided online by 2020? – 80% on demand in urban areas by 2018.

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Electronic Transaction Opportunities of using social media
 Transactions of electronic records data by When was Electronic transaction act 2063 a) It creates awareness and innovate the way
using any types of electronic means. authenticated and published in Nepal? people live
 Contains electric records and valid digital December 8 2006 (22 Mangshir 2063) b) Social media let us share anything with
medium. others around the world.
 The exchange of all types of records which Objectives of the Electronic Transaction Act c) It keeps us informed about the world.
are in the form of electronic. 2063 d) It creates brand exposure for business to the
a) To make legal provision for authentication largest audience.
ETA (Electronic Transaction Act) and regulation of electronic data.
 ETA (Electronic Transaction Act) deals b) To make a reliable date generation, Threats of using social media
with issues related to cybercrime and also communication, and transmission. a) Personal data and privacy can be easily
help in making and implementing laws over c) To make a secured and authentic means of hacked and shared on the internet.
cybercrime. electronic communication. b) More chances of creating fake accounts.
 He /she can be jailed for minimum from 6 d) To regulate all the relating matters of c) Negative impact on the health.
months to a maximum of 3 years and has to electronic transactions. d) Decrease the working efficiency of people.
pay the penalty according to the offense. e) Spreading false or unreliable information.
 Maintaining privacy in the cyberspace, Scopes of the Electronic Transaction Act
creating strong passwords, updating the 2063 Full Forms:
security software, updating password are a) Creation and use of digital signature ICT - Information and Communication Technology
some of the techniques to keep secure him b) Control cyber/computer-related crimes. SMS – Short Message Service
/her. c) Protection of intellectual property. IT – Information Technology
 The computer and cyber crimes such as d) Protection of confidentiality. G2G – Government to Government
hacking, piracy, copyright violation, ETA – Electronic Transaction Act
HoR – House of Representative
fraudulent and all other deceitful activities Social Media
MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service
have been clearly defined and punishments Social Media is an online tool that helps us to
are set accordingly. The action against such stay connected with the whole world.
A person who never made a mistake never
crimes and punishment will be in the range
of a minimum Rs 50,000 to a maximum Rs Different platforms of Social media tried anything new." —Albert Einstein
3,00,000 in cash and six months to three a) Facebook
years imprisonment. b) Twitter
 The new legislation has not only legalized c) Instagram
all forms of electronic transactions and d) LinkedIn
digital signatures but has also clearly spelled e) Blogs
out ways to regulate various computer- f) Wikipedia
based activities and punish cyber crimes.

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1.3 Computer Security Key principles of Information Security Malicious code (Malware)
a) Confidentiality:- Only authorized users Malicious code is a kind of harmful
Computer Security / Cyber Security can access the data resources and computer code or web script that is planned
Computer security means protecting our information. to cause undesired effects to damage a
computer and its content from damage, theft or b) Integrity:- Only authorized users should system.
misuse and action to prevent such incidents. be able to modify the data when needed. Includes computer viruses, worms, Trojan
The types of computer security are hardware c) Availability:- Data should be available horses and spyware.
security and software security. to users when needed.
Types of malware
Tips for Best Computer Security Security Threats a) A virus is the most common type of
a) Use the best antivirus software, which not A risk which can potentially harm malware which can execute itself and spread
only provides protection to your PC but also computer systems and organization. by infecting other programs or files.
internet protection and guards against cyber The cause could be physical such as b) A worm can self-replicate without a host
threats. someone stealing a computer that program and typically spreads without any
b) Do not download untrusted email contains vital data. human interaction or directives from the
attachments as these may carry harmful The cause could also be non-physical malware authors.
malware. such as a virus attack. c) A Trojan horse is designed to appear as a
c) Never download software from unreliable legitimate (valid) program in order to gain
sites as they may come with a virus that Possible Security Threats access to a system. Once activated
may infect your system as soon as you Internal: The threats include fire, following installation, Trojans can execute
install the software. unstable power supply, humidity in the their malicious functions.
rooms housing the hardware, etc. d) Spyware is made to collect information
Possible threats to computer security External: These threats include and data on the device user and observe
a) Human error Lightning, floods, earthquakes, etc. their activity without their knowledge.
b) Computer crime Human: These threats include theft, e) Keyloggers, also called system monitors,
c) Natural disasters vandalism of the infrastructure and/or are used to see nearly everything a user does
d) War and terrorist activity hardware, disruption, accidental or on their computer. This includes emails,
e) Hardware failure intentional errors. opened web-pages, programs and
Loss or corruption of system data. keystrokes.
Information Security (infosec) Disrupt business operations that rely on
Information security is the practice of computer systems.
preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, Loss of sensitive information.
disruption, modification, inspection, recording Unauthorized access to computer
or destruction of information. systems resources such as data.

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Protect a system from infection Password Cryptography
a) Never download files from unknown or A set of secret characters or words used to Cryptography is the study of secure
suspicious sources. authenticate access to a digital system. communications techniques that allow only
b) Install antivirus software that features Password secures the data by protecting the the sender and intended recipient of a
automatic updates and has the capability data from unauthorized access. message to view its contents.
to detect all types of infections. A password should be difficult to guess and A message sent over the network is
c) Delete spam and junk emails without determine and should be changed regularly transformed into an unrecognizable
forwarding. and memorized. encrypted message known as data
d) Always scan a pen drive from an Password secures the data by protecting the encryption.
unknown source for viruses before using data from unauthorized access. At the receiving end, the received message
it. Any four criteria for strong password are: is converted to its original form known as
Security mechanisms a) Do not keep a password which can be easily decryption.
A mechanism that is designed to detect, guessed such as date of birth, nickname, etc. Cryptography is used to secure and protect
prevent, or recover from a security attack. b) Do not keep word as password that is data during communication.
It includes currently popular.
Authentication Systems c) Keep a password with mixture of alphabet Encryption
Firewalls and numbers which is difficult to guess. Encryption is a process which
Cryptography d) Keep changing your password regularly. transforms the original information into
Antivirus Software Biometric an unrecognizable form.
Backup System  Biometrics are physical or behavioral Encryption is done by the person who is
human characteristics that can be used to sending the data to the destination
Authentication System digitally identify a person to grant access to Decryption
Authentication is the process of verifying systems, devices or data. Decryption is a process of converting
the identity of a person or device.  Examples of these biometric identifiers are encoded/encrypted data in a form that is
Authentication system makes sure that right fingerprints, facial patterns and voice. readable and understood by a human or
people enters the system and access the a computer.
right information. Firewall Decryption is done at the person who is
Types of Authentication A firewall is the network security systems that receiving the data
Password monitors and controls the traffic flow between Antivirus software
Biometric the Internet and private network or private Antivirus software is software designed
computeron the basis of a set of user-defined to detect and remove virus from
rules. computer system and ensures virus free
Firewall blocks unwanted traffic as well as environment.
malicious software from infecting your E.g. Kaspersky, NAV, MSAV, McAfee,
computer. NOD 32 etc.

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Backup system Symptoms of computer virus
It is the system of copying data and programs a) Program takes long time to load. Different hardware security measures are:
into another location or creating a duplicate b) Increased use of disk space and growth in a) Regular Maintenance
copy of it in a secured place. file size. b) Insurance
Backup is vital to computer security system in c) Corrupting the system data. c) Dust free environment
order to save the data from being lost or d) Renaming files with different names. d) Protection from Fire
damaged due to accidental or intentional harm. e) Protection from Thief
When data and software are lost or damaged, Preventive ways to protect computer system f) Air condition system
we can easily recover through backup. form virus g) Power Protection device (Volt
a) Write protect your floppy disks when using guard, Spike guard, UPS)
Compuer virus them on other computers. Regular Maintenance
Computer virus is a type of computer program b) Scan the mail or unknown files of internet Computer system need regular maintenance to
which is written by the programmer with the before opening in your computers. keep the computer hardware in good working
intent of destroying or damaging the data and c) Use a good antivirus program to scan floppy condition and it also helps to find out problems
programs residing in the computer system. disk, CD, etc. before copying. in hardware and correct the problems before
E.g. C-Brain, Frodo, Disk Killer, I Love You d) Don’t install pirated software, especially they cause several damages.
etc computer games.
The purpose of creating computer virus are: e) Don’t interchange the internal disk among Insurance
a) To stop computer piracy the computers. A means of protection from financial loss.
b) To entertain user by displaying interesting If a computer is damaged or stolen or any kind
message and pictures Types of viruses of harm done then we can claim for the
c) To destroy data, information and files a) Boot sector virus insurance amount and get the economic support.
d) To earn money b) File infector virus Dust Free Environment
c) Multipartite virus Dust particles can cause the failure of hardware
Spreading computer virus d) Stealth virus components.
a) Sharing infected internal portable disk like e) Macro virus Computer room should be absolutely free from
floppy disk, pen drive, CDs, etc. dust and air pollution.
b) Opening a virus infected email, messages Hardware Security Protection from Fire
and attached files. Hardware security is the protection given to the Due to faulty wiring, loose connection, smoking
c) Downloading files and programs form the various hardware tools and equipments used in in the computer room and overload on power
websites which are not secure. computer system from the accidental or socket can cause fire in a room.
d) Exchanging data and information over a intentional harm. Using fire alarms, fire doors, fire detectors and
network fire extinguishers can minimize the damage of
hardware components and loss of information
from fire.

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Protection from Theft Volt Guard a) keep the backup copy of important data or
Use of Lighting system, Grills on the windows, A power protection device that provides software
Safety Lock on the doors, Alarms, CCTV constant output voltage to the computer system b) Scandisk
(Closed Circuit Television) helps to protect in case of high input voltage coming from the c) Defragmentation
from thieves. source. d) use Password
e) use antivirus software and update frequently
Air Condition System UPS f) use firewall to prevent virus.
A system for controlling the temperature and UPS is a battery supported power protection
humidity (wetness) of the air device which controls the electric voltage and Scan disk
Maintains suitable temperature or humidity in supplies clean and continuous power to the Scan disk is a process which involves in
the computer room. computer system even during power failures. maintaining the disk files and folders, bad
Room Temperature should be maintained The importance of UPS in computer security sectors, lost clusters, lost chains and other errors
between 210C to 240C. system is that it controls fluctuation of electric of the specific disk and it can fix them if it is
voltage and provides enough backup electric possible.
Power Protection Device power to the computer system when there is
An electric device that controls electric voltage power failure. Full Forms:
and provides enough backup to the computer CD – Compact Disk
system when there is power failure. Spike Guard DVD – Digital Versatile Disk
Computer needs 220 volts to 240 volts A device designed to protect electrical devices IoT – Internet of Things
constantly. from voltage spikes. PIN – Personal Identification Number
Some common power protection devices are: Automatically maintains a constant voltage NAV – Norton Antivirus
a) UPS level. AMC – Annual Maintenance Contract
b) Volt Guard UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply
c) CVT Software security HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
d) Stabilizer The security given to the software and data PC – Personal Computer
e) Spike Guard from being lost or damaged due to accidental or CPU – Central Processing Unit
f) Surge Suppressor intentional harm is called software security.
Software prevents the data loss by "The more that you read, the more things
Why Power Protection Device needed? Antivirus software can detect and remove virus you will know, the more that you learn, the
To protect computer system from damage, from the computer. more places you’ll go.” —Dr. Seuss
expensive data loss and unnecessary down time Scan disk checks folders, bad sector and other
(is out of action or unavailable for use). error of the disk and fix them.
Software for backup helps in securing the
information by keeping backup.
Some of the software security measures

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1.4 E-Commerce Advantages of E-commerce Advantages of M-Commerce
 It makes buying/selling possible 24/7.  It provides a very convenient and easy to
Ecommerce refers to the buying and selling of  It makes buying selling procedure faster, as use the system to conduct business
goods or services using the internet. well as easy to find products. transaction.
E.g. Amazon, Flipkart, eBay, sastodeal, daraz  There are no geographical boundaries for e-  It helps to get wider variety of products and
etc. business. Anyone can order anything from services.
The main goal of e-commerce is to reduce anywhere at any time.  It saves both the time and energy of the
cost, faster customer response and deliver the  Higher quality of services and lower user.
better quality service. operational costs.  It reduces the costs of the business
organizations.
Types of Ecommerce Models Disadvantages of E-commerce Disadvantages of M-commerce
a) Business to Consumer (B2C):  Need to be careful about the quality of It has great start-up costs and many
When a business sells a good or service to product and service delivery. complications arise.
an individual consumer (e.g. You buy a pair  Lack of personal touch. We cannot touch Without accessing the internet connections
of shoes from an online retailer). the goods physically. user will not be able to receive any data to
b) Business to Business (B2B):  Technical failure may affect the business purchase.
When a business sells a good or service to system. It has the issue of security of the customer’s
another business (e.g. A business sells private information.
 We cannot do any transaction without
software-as-a-service for other businesses to Mobile payment options are not available in
Internet access device.
use) every geographic location.
c) Consumer to Consumer (C2C):
M-Commerce / Mobile Commerce
When a consumer sells a good or service to Online Payment
M-Commerce refers to the process of
another consumer (e.g. You sell your old Online payment refers to the payment for
buying and selling of goods and services
furniture on hamrobazar to another buying goods or services through the Internet
through wireless handheld devices such as
consumer). using different online payment gateway.
smartphones, tablets or personal digital
d) Consumer to Business (C2B): E.g. eSewa Nepal, iPay, Khalti, e-banking, etc.
assistants (PDAs).
When a consumer sells their own products
or services to a business or organization Advantages of online payment
The term itself was coined in 1997 by Kevin
(e.g. An influencer offers exposure to their  Digital Payment can be done at any time,
Duffy.
online audience in exchange for a fee, or a from any location around the globe.
photographer licenses their photo for a  It makes huge money transactions easier and
Examples: Purchasing airlines, movie tickets,
business to use). faster.
Restaurant / Hotel booking and reservation,
Fund Transfer, Top – Up Charges etc.  It offers higher payment security.
 There’s no risk of your money getting stolen
or lost when you pay online.

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Disadvantages of online payment NEW MODEL SEE QUESTIONS 27. Write any two cyber ethics.
 We need to pay third-party payment service COLLECTIONS 2079 28. Give some examples of cyber law
charges. 29. Write any four commandments of computer ethics.
1. Write any four services of internet. 30. Why is ethics important in information
 Not all shops are equipped with the facility
2. What is internet? technology?
of online payment.. 31. What is computer virus? Give some examples.
 It might create privacy issues. 3. What is search engine?
4. Write any two popular search engines. 32. What is antivirus software? Name any two
 Account can be hacked and money can be 5. What is web browser? popular antivirus software.
misused. 6. Mention any two services provided by internet. 33. Write ant two symptoms of computer virus.
7. What is the business done through internet? 34. What is digital footprint? Write any two tips to
E-commerce M-commerce 8. What is computer network? maintain digital reputation.
Any kind of M-commerce refers to 9. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of 35. What is AI?
commercial the commercial computer network. 36. What is social media?
10. What is transmission medium? Write down with 37. What is virtual reality? Write any two areas
transaction that is activities which are
examples. where virtual reality are used
conducted, over the transacted with the 38. What are the advantages of cloud computing?
11. Why switch is also known as smart hub?
internet using help of wireless 39. Write ant two advantages and disadvantages of
12. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
electronic system is computing devices social media.
13. What is network topology? List any two types of
known as e- such as cell phone or network topology. 40. What is m-commerce? Write any two important
commerce. laptops. 14. Write its types of transmission media. services
Device used are Device used are 15. Differentiate between client server and peer-to- 41. Define e-commerce with its advantages.
computers and laptops Mobiles, tablets, peer network architecture. 42. Write any two disadvantages of e-commerce.
PDA's, iPad etc. 16. Define bandwidth. 43. Give two differences between E-Commerce and
Users can make Users can make 17. What is e-mail? Traditional Commerce
18. What is hardware security? Write the role of 44. What is e-banking? Write any two uses of it.
transactions on their transactions
UPS in hardware security. 45. What is loT? Write its some challenges.
computers and laptops everywhere as long as 46. Write any two advantages of loT.
with limited mobility they are connected to 19. What is software security? Write any two
measures of hardware security. 47. Which is the structure programming language?
the Internet. 48. Write any two features of C language.
20. What is computer security? Write any two
software security measures. 49. Write down two data type of C language.
21. What is password? Write any two importance of 50. What is an operator in C language?
“He who asks a question is a fool for five password protection. 51. What is local variable?
minutes; he who does not ask a question 22. What is password policy? Write any two important 52. What is looping?
criteria for creating strong password. 53. Which statement is used to call sub-procedure?
remains a fool forever.” 54. What is modular programming?
23. What is cyber law?
24. What is cybercrime? 55. Write any two advantages of modular
25. What is cyber bulling? programming.
26. What is cyber ethics? 56. What is module?

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1.5 Contemporary Technology Types of cloud computing services Applications of AI
a) Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic
What is Cloud Computing? Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Customer games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
Cloud Computing means storing and accessing can use processing, storage, networking, and where machine can think of large number of
data and programs over the internet instead of other computing resources from cloud service possible positions.
computer’s hard drive. providers to run their software system. b) Natural Language Processing − It is possible
Examples of Cloud Computing Software as a Service (SaaS): Customer to interact with the computer that understands
a) Drop box, Face book, Gmail subscribes the software services from a natural language spoken by humans.
b) Google Drive, Apple iCloud vendor for an annual subscription fee or c) Expert Systems − There are some applications
c) Google Photos, Online Photoshop sometimes free and use it over Internet. which integrate machine, software, and special
d) YouTube Services like Gmail, Google Drive, Office 365 information to impart reasoning and advising.
Uses of Cloud Computing are some of the examples of SaaS. They provide explanation and advice to the
a) Store, backup and recover data Platform as a Service (PaaS): Customer use users. (for example, some expert systems help
b) Host websites and blogs infrastructure and programming tools and doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
c) Make communication and send emails environment supported by the vendors to d) Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform
d) Deliver on demand software services develop their own applications. the tasks given by a human.
Advantages of Cloud Computing IBM provides Bluemix for software They are capable of learning from their
a) It allows to quickly and easily access, store development and testing on its cloud. mistakes and they can adapt to the new
information anywhere, anytime in the whole environment.
world, using an internet connection. Types of Cloud
b) It is easier to get back-up and restore the data. Public cloud Examples of AI
c) It reduces both hardware and software Private cloud a) Siri / Alexa- both use AI to help you complete
maintenance costs for organizations. Hybrid cloud tasks or answer questions on your mobile
d) Data is securely stored and handled. devices.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing Artificial intelligence b) Netflix / Youtube - uses advanced predictive
a) If there is no good internet connectivity, the Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of technology to suggest shows based on your
data cannot be accessed. computer science that emphasizes the creation viewing preferences or rating.
b) There may be a chance of organization's of intelligent machines that work and reacts like c) Facebook Feed - filter content that is most
information being hacked by hackers while humans. likely to be of interest to the particular
transmitting. John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Facebook user and predict what they will want
c) The cloud providers may sometimes face Intelligence in the year 1955. to see.
technical problems such as loss of power, low
Internet connectivity etc.
d) Cloud computing companies fail to provide
proper support to the customers.

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Virtual Reality Government-to-Citizen(G2C) Disadvantages of E-Governance
An artificial environment created a) G2C-is transaction between the a) Loss of Interpersonal Communication
with computer hardware and software and government to citizens. b) The setup cost is very high and the
presented to the user in such a way that it b) It includes online registration of birth/ machines have to be regularly maintained.
appears and feels like a real environment. death/marriage certificates, filling of c) People who doesn’t know how to operate
income taxes, electricity bills, license computers and smart phones will be very
Application areas of VR renewals etc. difficult for them to access and understand.
a) It can be used in medical studies to enable d) There is always the risk of private data of
students to know the human body structure. Government-to-business (G2B) citizens stored in government serves being
b) It can be used in scientific research a) G2B it is the transaction between stolen.
laboratories so that scientist can easily research government to business.
on a specific topic. b) It includes online application forms, Mobile Computing
c) It can be used in driving schools as it give a renewing licenses, registration etc. Mobile computing refers to a variety of devices
real look of roads and traffic. that allow people to access data and information
d) It can be used in military training for the Government-to-Government (G2G) from wherever they are.
soldiers to get familiar with different areas in a) G2G it is the transaction between
the battlefield. government to government. Benefits of Mobile Computing
b) It provides safe and secure inter- a) We can stay connected to all sources at all
E-Governance relationship between domestic or foreign times.
E-Governance is a set of services provided by government. b) We can interact with a variety of users via
the government to public via electronic media the Internet.
especially using Internet.. Government-to-Employee (G2E) c) We can modify your mobile computing to
The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify a) G2E it is the transaction between your individual needs.
processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, government to employee. Features of Mobile Computing
businesses, etc. at National, State and local levels. b) G2E aims to bring employees together and a) Easy to handle and carry these small
An ordinary citizen gets the government facility improvise knowledge sharing. devices.
through the internet. b) Ability to share data and collaboration
Advantages of E-Governance between users.
Models of E-Governance a) Increased convenience for public and c) Data can be transferred easily between
a) Government-to-Citizen(G2C) businesses to services of government. users.
b) Government-to-business (G2B) b) High transparency d) People can work from the comfort of any
c) Government-to-Government (G2G) c) Corruption will be reduced. location they wish to as long as the
d) Government-to-Employee (G2E) d) Expanded reach of government to all connection and the security concerns are
public properly factored.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) Disadvantage of IOT Internet Banking
A technology that connects all electronic a) There is a huge risk of leakage of a facility offered by banks and financial
devices together and prompts them to confidential data, when sent over a network. institutions that allow customers to use
exchange information without any human b) A single loophole can put the entire system banking services over the internet.
intervention. down, affecting everyone. Customers need not visit their bank’s
The term "The Internet of Things" was c) With automation, the need for human labor branch office to avail every small
coined by Kevin Ashton in a presentation reduces drastically. service.
to Proctor & Gamble in 1999. d) We depend on technology for the tiniest of Use PC or laptop and internet connection
Components of IoT tasks. to use this facility.
a) Sensors/Devices - Sensors/Devices collect E-learning Kumari Bank was the initiator of
data from their environment. E-learning is a new concept of delivering digital internet banking in Nepal. It started its
b) Connectivity to Cloud - The contents in learner-oriented environment using e-banking services in 2002.
sensors/devices can be connected through information and communication technology Features of Internet Banking
Bluetooth, WiFi, Cellular etc. (ICT). a) The customer can check the history of
c) Data Processing - Software perform data Advantages of e-learning: the transactions for a given period by
processing on cloud data to get analyzed or a) There is no any geographical limitation for the concerned bank.
computed data. learning. b) Bank, statements, various types of
d) User Interface - The analyzed or computed b) It is quite favorable for learner as it can forms, applications can be downloaded.
data is made useful to the end user via and happen at any time and anywhere. c) The customer can transfer funds, pay
alert(email, text, notification). c) It reduces or eliminates travel costs to attend any kind of bill, recharge mobiles, DTH
learning events. connections, etc.
Applications of Internet of Things (IoT) d) It reduces or eliminates need for
a) Smart home classroom/instructor infrastructure. Mobile Banking
b) Smart City a) Mobile banking is the act of making
c) Parking Sensors Disadvantages of e-learning: financial transactions on a mobile
d) Connected Cars a) Learners with low motivation or bad study device (cell phone, tablet, etc.).
e) Activity Trackers habits may fall behind b) Download Mobile App or SMS system
Advantage of IOT b) Students may feel isolated from the c) Inquiry based transactions such as
a) Accessing information is easy. instructor and classmates balance inquiry, transaction history, and
b) Communication becomes more transparent c) Instructor may not always be available when transaction alert.
and easier. students are studying or need help
c) Transferring data packets over a network d) Slow Internet connections or older “Take the attitude of a student, never be too big
reduces both time and money. computers may make accessing course to ask questions, never know too much to learn
d) It reduces human intervention and materials frustrating something new.”
efficiency of services

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1.6 Number system onvert / calculate as per the instruction 34. (208)10 into Binary
35. (217)10 into Binary
Number system is a method of expressing 1. (110011010)2 = (?)16 36. (524)10 = (?) 2
numbers by means of symbols where each 2. (11111101)2 = (?)16 37. (110010)2 into octal
symbol receives a specific value or position. 3. (11001101)2 = (?)16 38. (1101101)2 into octal
4. (1011100111)2 into Hexadecimal 39. (1010111)2 into octal
Decimal number system 5. (1011011011)2 into hexadecimal 40. (1111001)2 into octal
The number system of base ten of different 6. (FAC)16 into binary 41. (1101010)2 into octal 42.
digits to represent different values is known as 7. (FA)16 into Binary (10111011)2 into octal 43.
decimal number system. The decimal number 8. (BAD)16 into Binary (101101011)2 into Octal 44.
system consists of ten digits from 0 to 9. 9. (BA5)16 into binary (1101101)2= (?)8
10. (B52)16 into binary 45. (209)10 into Octal number
Binary number system 11. (DAD)16 = (?)2 46. (654)10 into octal
The number system of base two that represents 12. (7AF)16 into binary 47. (684)10 into octal
values is known as binary number system. The 13. (ABC)16 = (?)2 48. (974)10 into octal
binary number system consists of two digits 0 14. (CA3)16 into binary 49. (479)10 into octal
and 1. 15. (A0F)16 into Binary number. 50. (420)10 into octal
16. (25AF)16 into (Binary) 51. (524)10 into Octal
Octal number system 17. (CCA)16 into binary 52. (424)10 into Octal
The number system that uses eight different 18. (31A)16 into Binary 53. (873)10 into Hexa
digits to represent different values is known as 19. (BED)16 into binary 54. (945)10 into Hexa
octal number system. The octal number system 20. (AB)16 into binary 55. (1010)8 into decimal
has eight digits starting from 0 to 7. 21. (EAD)16 into Binary number. 56. (364)8 into decimal
22. (7CF)16= (?)2 57. (235)8 into decimal
Hexa-decimal number system 23. (110111)2 into (decimal) 58. (546)8 into decimal
The number system with base 16 is called hexa- 24. (1011)2 into decimal 59. (645)8 into decimal
decimal number system. The hexa-decimal 25. (101011)2 into decimal 60. (364)8 into Decimal
number system consists of sixteen digits from 0 26. (245)10 = (?)2 61. (104)8 into decimal
to 9 and A to F to represent values ten to fifteen. 27. (542)10 = (?)2 62. (223)8 into decimal
28. (214)10 = (?)2 63. (78)8 into decimal
29. (524)10 = (?)2 64. (442)8 into decimal
30. (52)10 = (?)2 65. (74)8 to decimal
31. (101)10 into binary 66. (765)8 into decimal
32. (108)10 into binary 67. (1542)8 into decimal
33. (168)10 into binary 68. (ABC)16 = (?)8

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69. (B0B)16 into octal 104. 110111-1011 139. Divide 1010 by 10
70. (CAD59)16 = (?)8 105. 110111 – 11001 140. 110÷10
71. (DAFE13)16 = (?)8 106. 101–11 141. Divide 100101 by 110
72. (357)16 into octal 107. 10101-1011 142. divide 1101 by 111
73. (156)10 = (?)8 74. 108. (1010)2 + (110)2 – (1111)2 = (?)2 143. 10101 ÷ 11
(BA5)16 = (?)10 109. 1010-111+101 144. Divide 1101 by 11
75. (AC3)16 into decimal 110. 1010-10+11 145. Divide 1110 by 11
76. (CCA)16 into decimal 111. 1010 + 1101 – 101 146. (10110)2 ÷ (101)2
77. (AB3)16=(...?...)10 112. (10101 + 11101) - 1011 147. (101110) 2 ÷ (110) 2
78. (39C)16 into Decimal 113. (11011 + 10101) – 1010 148. (1101101)2 ÷ (110)2
79. (537)8-(x)2 114. 10101+1101-(10011) 149. (1110001)2 ÷ (101)2
80. (756)8 into binary 115. (1011 + 10100) – (1001) 150. (111011 / 100)2
81. (173)8 into binary 116. (1111 + 1101) – (1001) 151. 1110 ÷ 110
82. (523)8 into Binary 117. 1111+1100-1001 152. 111100÷1000
83. (105)8 into binary 118. 101 x 111 153. 110 10
84. (235)8 into binary 119. 111×11 154. 100101 ÷ 101
85. (2074)8 into hexadecimal 120. 101 x 10 155. 111010 110
86. 11*11-101 121. 1011×11 156. (10011) ÷ 10
87. 11*11+11 122. 1010 × 10 157. 100101 ÷ 110
88. (1011) 2 × (101) 2 + (101) 2 =(?)2 123. (1011)2 x (101)2 158. 1101 ÷ 101
89. (1010)2 × (110)2 – (1011)2 = (?)2 124. 10101×111 159. 1100101 ÷ 101
90. 110101100-10111 125. 111 x 10 160. 1011011110
91. (10101 - 1110)2 x (10) 2 126. 1011 × 101 161. (1011011) / (101)
92. (11011x110)-11101 127. (1010) x (111) 162. 101110÷110
93. 11 x 10 + 11 128. 110 x 101 163. 1110111÷11011
94. (111  11) – 111 129. 1011 x 101 164. 1101010÷101
95. 110101101-100101 130. 110x11 165. (1010111)2 ÷ (110)
96. 101 × 11 + 111 131. 11×11
97. (11101-1011) 111 132. 1011x101
98. (1010) x (1110)-(1101) 133. (1010) 2 x (101) 2 =(?)2 “I don’t love studying. I hate studying. I like
99. 1101  11 ÷ 101 134. (1011011)2 × (110)2 learning. Learning is beautiful.”
100. 1101 + 101  110 135. (111012112)(111)2 – Natalie Portman
101. (101111)÷11 136. 1011001 ÷ 101
102. 1011+1101 137. (10111)2 divide by (11)2
103. 11110 + 10011 138. Divide 11101 by 111

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2. Database Management System (DBMS) MS-Access Data
MS-Access is a relational database management Data can be numbers, letters or symbols
Database system developed by Microsoft Corporation representing facts and figures which may or
A database is an organized collection of related which is used to store and manipulates large may not give any sense.
information that can be used for different volume of data in the form of table. E.g.: Ram, student, 20, etc.
purpose so that it can easily be accessed, Features of MS-Access
managed, and updated. a) It provides the flexible ways to add, edit, Information [SLC 2070]
E.g. Dictionary, Marks Ledger, Telephone delete and display the related data. Information is an organized collection of related
Directory etc. b) Queries help to view, change and analyse data, which gives a complete sense.
the data indifferent ways. “Ram is a student. He is 20 years old.”, is
DBMS (Database Management System) c) Forms are used for viewing and editing the information that gives a complete sense.
DBMS is a software which helps to extract, information.
view and manipulate data in an organized way d) Reports are used for summarizing and Define table.
so that data can be accessed, managed and printing the data. Table is an object of Ms-Access that stores
updated easily. Objects of MS-Access large volume of data in the form of rows and
E.g.: MS-Access, Oracle, Fox pro, Dbase etc. a) Table b) Form c) Query d) Report columns.
RDBMS (Relational Database Management Computerized Database vs Non- The different ways to create table are:
System) Computerized Database i) Design view
RDBMS is a database management system that ii) Using wizard
Computerized Non-Computerized
is based on the relation model in which data is Database Database iii) Entering data
stored in the form of tables and the relationship Importance of table
It can store large It is limited by
among the data is also stored in the form of a) Different properties of a field can be set in a
volume of data. It is physical storage
tables. table.
very fast to find a available.
E.g.: SQL, MS-Access, Oracle, etc. b) It provides options for primary key which
specific record.
helps to make data consistent.
The database can be The only security
Importance / Advantages of DBMS / Form
kept secure by use of
would be locking up
Computerized database Form is an object of Ms-Access which provides
passwords. the records.
a) It controls data redundancy which means graphical interface to enter data into the tables
duplication of data. We can search data It can take a while to or multiple linked tables.
b) It allows sharing the existing data by very easily. manually search Methods to create a form are:
different programs. through all of the i) By using auto forms features.
c) Large volume of data can be stored and records. ii) By using the form wizard features.
updated easily. Data can be sorted Difficult to sort data iii) By using your own in design view.
d) It provides high security of data as well as into ascending or on more than one
maintains accurate database. descending order on criteria.
multiple criteria.
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Importance / Function / Advantages of form Append query While designing table structure which data
a) It provides an interactive platform for input The use of append query is to add a group of types are suitable to store information about
of data into the database. records at the end from one or more tables. It teacher’s name, address, salary and date of
b) It helps to display data in more presentable can do changes in tables by update, append. birth. [SLC 2065] [SLC 2068 S]
form than a datasheet. Teacher’s name - Text
Report Address – Text
Query Report is an object of Ms-Access which Salary – Currency
Query is an object of Ms-Access which extracts displays the output in an effective way to Date of birth – Date/Time
and arranges information from a table in a present the data in a printed format.
manner that is specified. The data sources for report are table and query. Identify a record, field and value from the
The different types of query are: The methods of creating report are: following table structure. [SQE 2074]
i) Select query i) Using design view Roll Name Marks
ii) Action query ii) Using report wizard 1 Kopila 87
In action query, we have update query, append 2 Rabin Rana 56
query, delete query and make-table query. Why is Report created? Ans: Record = 1 Kopila 87, 2 Prabin
Advantages of query [SLC 2065] Report is created to print documents according Rana 56
a) We can filter, perform calculations and to user’s specifications of the summarized Field = Roll, Name, Marks
summarize data. information through query or table. Value = 87, 56
b) To perform mass update, delete or append
new records to a table. Importance of report List the field name from the following table
c) To sort the records on the basis of one or a) It helps to prepare well formatted output by structure.
more key fields. adding necessary titles, setting font colour Symbol No. Name Marks
Select query or font size, etc.. 00100200Q Surya Gurung 85
A select query is the most common category b) It presents the information retrieved through 00100201R Birendra Sharma 91
and is used for extracting specific information queries or tables.
from one or more tables in a database. It cannot
make changes in tales. Data type
What happens when we enter text in a
Action query Data type is an attribute for a field that
numeric field?
Action query is a query which makes changes to determines what type of data it can contain.
Ans: If we enter text in a numeric field then it
many records in just one operation. Any four data types of MS-Access are:
displays the errors.
Update query i) Text ii) Number iii) Memo iv) Currency
Update query is a type of action query which
Text
make global changes to a group of records in
It is used for storing text or combination of text
one or more tables.
and numbers. It can store up to 255 characters.
The default size of text field is 50.
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Memo Lookup Wizard Sorting [SEE 2073 U] [SLC 2068]
It is used for storing lengthy text and numbers. The use of Lookup Wizard is that it creates a Sorting is the process of arranging the record in
It can store up to 65,535 characters. field that allows choosing a value from another ascending or descending order according to a
Field properties table or from a list of values by using a list box given field or fields. Sorted data is easier to
The four types of field properties of MS-Access or combo box. handle than unsorted data. The advantages of
are: Hyperlink sorting are:
i) Caption ii) Format iii) The use of Hyperlink is that it stores hyper like i) It helps to find specific information quickly.
Validation rule iv) Input mask addresses like email addresses, websites, ii) It helps to arrange data in alphabetical order.
Input mask database objects or other field. Filtering
Input mask is a field property that controls the Indexing Filtering is an option that selects the required
value of a record and sets in a specific format. Indexing is one of the important properties of records and displays the result.
Caption database that speed up searching and storing of Primary key
Caption is a field property which displays an records using on the field. A key that uniquely identifies each record in a
alternate name for the field to make the field Relationship database is primary key. It is needed because it
name more explanatory. It can contain up to Relationship is an association among several neither accepts duplicate values now null values.
2048 characters. entities (table). Its types are: Uses of Primary key [SLC 2069]
Validation rule: i)One to one relationship i) To reduce and control duplication of record in
A field property which enables to limit values ii)One to many relationship a table.
that can be accepted into a field is known as iii)Many to many relationship ii) To set the relationship between tables.
validation rule. Referential integrity Composite key
Validation text Referential integrity is a set of rules used by The group of primary key that consists of two
A field property which allows type text to be RDBMS to make sure that the relationships or more attributes is called composite key.
displayed if the user input value is prohibited by between tables are valid and that the related Foreign Key
the validation rule is known as validation text. data is not accidentally changed or deleted. Foreign key is a unique field or combination of
Field size Record [SEE 2075 S2] fields in linked table whose value matches with
Field size is a field property that specifies the Record is complete set of information. Record a primary key in another table.
maximum number of characters allowed in the is a collection of multiple related fields in a row
field. which gives complete information about a Data Redundancy [SEE 2074]
Format person or thing. E.g.: Ram Chabahil 4468790 Data redundancy means repetition of same
The use of ‘Format’ field property is to display Field [SEE 2075 S2] piece of data in a database in more than one
data in a different format. Field is a small unit of information. A column location.. Data redundancy can be
in a table is called field, and it contains a controlled in MS-Access by normalization
specific piece of information within a record. of database.
E.g.: Name, Address, Telephone

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3.1 Modular Programming Procedure Library functions [SQE 2074K]
Procedure is a block of statements that solves a Library functions are built-in or readymade
Modular programming particular program. functions provided by QBASIC. E.g. MID$( ),
Modular programming is a technique used to There are two types of procedure – SUB LEN( ), SQR( ) etc.
divide program into many small, manageable, Procedure and FUNCTION procedure
logical and functional modules or blocks. User defined function
SUB procedure Function which is defined by the user according
Qbasic is called Modular Programming A SUB procedure is a small, logical and to the need is called user defined function.
QBasic is called modular programming because manageable functional part of program which
it divides program into many small, prefers specific task and does not return any Parameters [SEE 2074]
manageable, logical and functional modules or value. Parameters are variables that will receive data
blocks. SUB-procedure is called by CALL statement. (arguments value) sent to the procedures (SUB
SUB-procedure’s name does not accept data program and FUNCTION). Formal parameters
Advantages of modular programming type symbol because it does not need to return a are called parameter.
i) Different programmers can design different value.
program modules independently, which is Arguments
required in a large and complex program. FUNCTION procedure Arguments are the values that are sent to the
ii) It is easy to design code and test the program A FUNCTION procedure is a small, logical and procedures (SUB program and FUNCTION).
modules independently. manageable functional part of a program which Actual or real parameters are called arguments.
iii) It is possible to use a single module in performs specific task and returns single value
different places which reduces program codes. to the main program or calling module. CALL statement [SLC 2071] [PMT 2075K]
FUNCTION-procedure is called by statement The function of CALL statement is to transfer
Main module and expression method. the control to another procedure.
The top level controlling section or the entry FUNCTION-procedure’s name accepts data
point in modular programming is called main type symbols such as $, %, !, #, &, etc. and it DECLARE statement
module. depends on the type of value to be returned. The function of DECLARE statement is to
E.g.: FUNCTION REV$ returns string. declare procedure such as FUNCTION or SUB
Sub module in modular programming.
Module is a block of statement that solves a String function [SEE 2074 U]
particular problem. Sub module is a program String function is used with string it returns DIM SHARED statement
which is written under the main module. A string value. i) It makes variable accessible to all modules.
program may have one or more sub modules Numeric function [SEE 2074 U] ii) It appears in main module/ program.
under main module. Numeric function is used with number it returns
numeric value.

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SHARED [SLC 2071] Passing arguments by value Comparing C and QBASIC language
It is used in the sub program to share the values When arguments are passed by value it makes a
of certain variables between main module and duplicate copy of arguments and their values QBASIC C
sub program (constants) are used directly in parameter. It It is a high level It is a high level
doesn’t make any effect on values of variable language without language with some
COMMON SHARED [SEE 2074 U] which are passed to a procedure even they are feature of low level features of low level
It is used in the main program to share variable changed in the procedure. To pass the argument language. language.
list between main module and all sub programs. by value, variable is enclosed in parenthesis. It is mostly used to It is mostly used to
This statement is used to declared variable design application prepare system
global. Passing arguments by reference software. software.
When arguments are passed by reference the It supports structure It is a structured
Local Variable [SEE 2075 S2] address of the variables are passed to the programming with sub programming
Variables which are declared inside the procedure. The changes made in the and function language with function
procedure are called local variables. procedure’s variable will affect the variables procedure. procedure.
Local variables are not visible to other modules used at calling module. By default the value is It is not case sensitive It is case sensitive
or functions. passed by reference.
IBM PC version of It has only 32
Its value is protected from outside interference
BASIC has around keywords.
and has no effect on the variables outside the Qbasic Operators [MFT 2075] [SQE 2074K] 159 keywords.
procedures. Operators are special symbols that are meant for
Local variable can access only in its own specific tasks or operators.
module. i) Arithmetic operators
ii) Relational operators
Global Variable [SEE 2075 S2] iii) Logical Operators
Variables which are declared outside the iv) String operator
procedure are called global variables.
Global variables are visible to other modules or Static variable
functions. The variable which is declared by using the
Its values can be accessed from any procedure “STATIC” keyword is called static variable.
or module.
Global variable can be access throughout the
program

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3.2 File processing (file handling) Write down the functions of: KILL statement [SEE 2074]: The KILL
statement deletes the file or files from the
Data file OPEN statement: It opens a sequential file for specified drive and directory.
The file which contains data given by the user one of the three possible operations (reading,
to the program and information provided by the writing, appending). MKDIR statement [SEE 2075 U]: It creates a
user to the computer is called data file. subdirectory which is used to manage files.
The different types of data file are: WRITE statement [SEE 2075] [MM 2076]: It
a) Sequential Access files sends one or more data items to the specified CHDIR statement: It allows QBASIC to
b) Random access files file. It inserts commas between the data items. It change from one directory to another.
encloses strings in double quotation marks.
Program File RMDIR statement [SLC 2065] [SLC 2068 S]:
The file which contains a set of instructions that PRINT#: It adds spaces between data items It is used to remove or delete only the
are needed for data processing is called program while storing data. It does not enclose strings in subdirectories from a disk. It can remove only
file. double quotation marks. empty subdirectories.

Mode of data file [SLC 2069] CLOSE statement [SEE 2074] [SEE 2073: It FILES statement: The FILES statement
Mode of data file means opening a sequential closes one or all open files. displays the files of the current sub directory or
file for one of the three modes of operation like specified sub directory.
output mode, input mode and append mode. INPUT# statement: It reads data from the SHELL: The SHELL statement allows a
sequential data file. program to run external programs or command
Modes of operation for opening a sequential line statements in Windows, MAC OS and
file EOF( ) function [SEE 2075 S 2]: It is used to Linux.
a) Output Mode: It is used to create a new data test the end of records with in a file. INT [MM 2076] [MFT 2075]: It rounds and
file and write data in it. If the file already returns the largest integer less than or equal to a
exists its current contents will be destroyed. LINE INPUT statement: It reads the entire numeric expression.
b) Input Mode: It is used to retrieve records or line or maximum 255 characters form the PRINT [PMT 2075K] : Display result on
contents of existing data file. keyboard or the sequential file. screen.
c) Append Mode: It is used to add more MID$ ( ) [MFT 2075]: It is a string function
records in existing file. If the specified file INPUT$ function: It reads the specified that returns the specified number of characters
does not exist APPEND mode creates it. number of characters form the data file. from the specified location of string.
File number LEN ( ) [SQE 2074K]: Returns the number of
The number assigned to a file in order to NAME statement [SEE 2073] [SLC 2071 S]: characters in a string or the number of bytes
identify it during processing is called file The NAME statement renames a file on a required to store a variable.
number. diskette. Only file name changes, data and SQR ( ) [SQE 2074K]: Returns the square root
program line remains intact. of a numeric expression.

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4. C Programming Characteristics of C language Variable
a) It is a high level language with some A variable is a location in the memory of a
Structured programming features of low level language. computer whose value may change during the
The programming that follows a top- down b) It is mostly used to prepare system execution of program.
approach, on which developers separate the software. Constant
overall program structure into different sub c) It has enough number of inbuilt Constant are the values that do not change
selection, is called structured programming. functions and operators. during the execution of a program.
d) It occupies less memory space. Operator [SQE 2075K]
Advantages of structured programming Advantages of C language Operators are special symbols that are meant for
a) It is easy to design code and test the a) It is machine independent programming specific tasks or operators.
program modules independently language The different types of C operators are:- Arithmetic
b) It is possible to use a single module in b) It is easy to learn and implemented C operators, Assignment operators, Unary operators,
different in different places which reduces language Relational operators, Logical operators and
Conditional operators.
program codes. c) It can be implemented from mobile Arithmetic operators are the operators that are used
device to mainframe computers. for manipulating arithmetic data and performs
C language d) It is the mother of all modern arithmetic operation. The arithmetic operators are:-
C language is a structured programming programming language like python, +, - , * , / and %
language that divides program into many pearl 5 and PHP The operator that operate on one operand variable or
functions. Disadvantages of C language constant is called urinary operator. E.g. ++, - -
Dennis Ritchie at Bell telephone laboratory a) There is no runtime checking. It has Logical Operator [SEE 2075]
developed C-language in 1972 AD. poor errors detection system. The operators used for logical operation is
C is called middle level language because it b) On large programs , it is hard to find called logical operator.
combines elements of high level language with errors. Selection statement.
some features of assembler. c) There is no strict type checking int data Selection statement is a statement that allows
C is mostly used to write system program such type to float variables. the selective execution o statements depending
as operating system, language, compiler, text d) It does not support modern on the value of an an expression. The selection
editor, language interpreters, utilities, etc. programming methodologies oriented statements of C program are:- If statement and
programming language. Switch statement
Data types used in C Counter Loop
Data type are means to identify the type data Counter is a variable which controls the A set of statements which is used to repeat a
and associated operation of handling it. loop statement and provides the track to run block of statements for a specific number of
the loop statement in certain number times. times or as long as the condition is true/false is
Data types used in C language Accumulator called loop.
a) char b) int c) float d) double Accumulator is a numeric variable which The looping statements provided by care:-For
accumulates the values in a loop statement. loop, While loop and Do.....while loop

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Full Forms Digital Network Consortium
1 NIC Network Interface Card 23 MBR Master Boot Record 43 Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
2 FTP File Transfer Protocol 25 VSAT Very Small Aperture 44 ARP Address Resolution
3 POP Post Office Protocol Terminal Protocol
4 UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair 26 TCP/IP Transmission Control 45 ARPAN Advanced Research
Protocol/Internet ET Projects Agency Network
5 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol Protocol 46 ASCII American Standard Code
27 DNS Domain Name Service for Information
6 URL Uniform Resource
28 TCP Transmission Control Interchange
Locator
Protocol 47 AVG Anti-Virus Guard
7 HTTP Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol 29 WI- Worldwide 48 BBS Bulletin Board System
8 WWW World Wide Web MAX Interoperability for 49 bits binary digit
Microwave Access 50 CAD Computer Aided
9 MAN Metropolitan Area
30 WLAN Wireless Local Area Designing
Network
Network 51 CAL Computer Aided
10 UPS Uninterruptible Power
Supply 31 ARPA Advanced Research Learning
Projects Agency 52 CDMA Code Division Multiple
11 VOIP Voice Over Internet
32 BNC British Naval Connector Access
Protocol
33 bps bits per second 53 EMI Electro - Magnetic
12 NOS Network Operating
System 34 CCTV Closed Circuit Television Interference
13 DVD Digital Versatile Disk 35 CD- Compact Disk Read Only 54 GIF Graphics Interchange
14 ISP Internet Service Provider ROM Memory Format
15 LAN Local Area Network 36 CVT Constant Voltage 55 IAB Internet Architecture
Transformer Board
16 ADSL Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line 37 GPRS General Packet Radio 56 IEEE Institute of Electrical and
Service Electronics Engineers
17 ICT Information and
38 JPEG Joint Photographic 57 MAC Media Access Control
Communication
Experts Group 58 NITC National Information
Technology
18 IRC Internet Relay Chat 39 MODE Modulator Demodulator Technology Centre
M 59 .ORG Organization
19 PDF Portable Document
Format 40 MUK Multimedia Upgrade Kits 60 ANSI American National
20 STP Shielded Twisted Pair 41 SIM Subscriber Identification Standards Institute
21 WAN Wide Area Network Module 61 ATM Automated Teller
42 W3C World Wide Web Machine
22 ISDN Integrated Services

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84 3G Third Generation 62 CAI Computer Aided 6 Oriented Language
85 4GL Fourth Generation Instruction 10 CRBT Caller Ring Back Tone
Language 63 DDoS Distributed Denial of 7
86 AC Alternating Current Service 10 CSMA/ Carrier Sense Multiple
87 AI Artificial Intelligence 64 EBCDI Extended Binary Coded 8 CD Access with Collision
88 AM Amplitude Modulation C Decimal Interchange Detection
89 AP Access Point Code 10 CSU/DS Channel Service Unit /
90 ARC Attached Resource 65 FAQ Frequently Asked 9 U Data Service Unit
Net Computer Network Questions 11 DARPA Defense Advanced
91 AVI Audio Video Interleaved 66 FM Frequency Modulation 0 Research Projects
92 BCC Blind Carbon Copy 67 Gbps Gigabits per second Agency
93 B-ISDN Broadband Integrated 68 GPL General Public License 11 DBA Database Administrator
Services Digital Network 69 IPX/SP Internetwork Packet 1
94 Blog Web Log X Exchange/ Sequenced 11 DBMS Database Management
95 BMP Bitmap Packet Exchange 2 System
96 CAE Computer Aided 70 ISOC Internet Society 11 DHCP Dynamic Host
Education 71 Kbps Kilobits per second 3 Configuration Protocol
97 CAM Computer Aided 72 MBPS Mega Bytes Per Second 11 DIX Digital Intel Xerox
Manufacturing 73 MPEG Moving Picture Experts 4
98 CAN Campus Area Network Group 11 DOD Department Of Defense
99 CATV Cable Television 74 MSAV Microsoft Anti Virus 5
10 CAVE Cave Automatic Virtual 75 NAT Network Address 11 DOS Disk Operating System
0 Environment Translation 6
10 CBL Computer Based 76 NAV Norton Anti Virus 11 DTH Direct To Home
1 Learning 77 OS Operating System 7
10 CBT Computer Based 78 PSTN Public Switched 11 DVD- Digital Versatile Disk
2 Training Telephone Network 8 RW Rewritable
10 CCA Controller of 79 SQL Structured Query 11 E- Electronic Commerce
3 Certification Authority Language 9 Comme
10 CD-RW Compact DisK 80 USB Universal Serial Bus rce
4 ReWritable 81 VHF Very High Frequency 12 EDI Electronic Document
10 CMOS Complementary Metal- 82 VRML Virtual Reality Modeling 0 Interchange
5 Oxide Semiconductor Language 12 E-Fax Electronic Fax
10 COBOL Common Business 83 3D Third Dimension 1

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12 E-mail Electronic Mail
2
12 ETDSA Electronic Transaction
3 and Digital Signature Act
12 FAT File Allocation Table
4
12 FAX Facsimile
5 18 UHF Ultra High Frequency
12 FC Ferrule Connector 8
6 18 UNCIT United Nations
12 FCRA Fair Credit Reporting 9 RAL Commission on
7 Act International Trade Law
12 FDDI Fiber Distributed Data 19 UseNet User Network
8 Interface 0
12 FTTH Fiber To The Home 19 VIRUS Vital Information
9 1 Resources Under Seize
13 GSM Global System for Mobile 19 VLAN Virtual Local Area
0 Communications 2 Network
13 HDD Hard Disk Drive 19 VMS Voice Messaging Service
1 3
13 HTML Hyper Text Markup 19 VPN Virtual Private Network
2 Language 4
13 HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer 19 VPPA Video Privacy Protection
3 Protocol Secure 5 Act
13 ICMP Internet Control Message 19 VR Virtual Reality
4 Protocol 6
13 IE Internet Explorer 19 WAIS Wide Area Information
5 7 Server
13 IESG Internet Engineering 19 WAP Wireless Application
6 Steering Group 8 Protocol
13 IETF Internet Engineering 19 WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access
7 Task Force 9
13 IIS Internet Information 20 XGA Extended Graphics
8 Services 0 Array

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17 PSK Phase Shift Keying 1. Which object of MS-Access is used to
1 retrieve data from the table?
17 PUK Personal Unlocking Key 2. Which data type s suitable to store
2 photographs of students in MS-Access?
17 RAM Random Access Memory 3. Which is the logical data type of MS
3 Access?
17 RDBMS Relational Database 4. Which view is used to modify a table in
4 Management Software MS-Access?
17 RF Radio Frequency 5. Which data type is used to store alpha
5 numeric characters or special symbols in
17 RGB Red Green Blue MS-Access?
6 6. Which view is used to modify a table in
17 RIP Routing Information MS-Access?
7 Protocol 7. What is the field size of yes/no field?
17 RJ – 45 Registered Jack-45 8. What is the storage size of memo and text
8 data type in MS- Access?
17 ROM Read Only Memory 9. What is the default size of text field in MS-
9 Access?
18 ROMBI Read Only Memory Basic 10. What is the default extension of MS-
0 OS Input Output System Access?
18 SC Subscriber Connector Data Type Size
1
18 SDSL Symmetric Digital Text Up to 255 characters.
2 Subscriber line Memo Up to 65535 characters.
18 SMA Screw Mounted Adapter Number 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes
3 Date/Time 8 bytes
18 SMS Short Message Service Currency 8 bytes
4 AutoNumber 4 bytes
18 ST Straight Tip Connector Yes/No 1 bit.
5 Attachment Up to about 2 GB.
18 STD Subscriber Trunk Dialing OLE objects Up to about 2 GB.
6 Hyperlink up to 2048 characters
18 Telnet Telecommunication
7 Network

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Find Output FUNCTION AREA(L, B) FUNCTION AVGE(A, B, C)
A = L*B S=A+B+C
1. [SLC 2065 S] AREA = A AVGE = S/3
DECLARE FUNCTION Interest (p,t,r) END FUNCTION END FUNCTION
CLS
LET p = 30 4. [SLC 2067 S] 7. SEE 2078
LET t = 40 DECLARE FUNCTION Area (L,B) DECLARE SUB ABC(A)
LET r = 6 LET L = 100 A=2
LET d = Interest (p, t, r) LET B = 20 CALL ABC(A)
PRINT “The simple interest will be”; d LET ans = Area (L,B) END
END PRINT “The area is”; ans
FUNCTION Interest (p, t, r) END SUB ABC(A)
answer= (p*t*r) /100 FOR J= 1 TO 5
Interest=answer FUNTION Area (L, B) PRINT A;
END FUNCTION ar = L * B A=A+3;
Area = ar NEXT J
2. [SLC 2072] END FUNCTION END SUB
DECLARE FUNCTION Interest (p,t,r)
CLS 5. [SLC 2064] 8. SEE Grade Promotion 2078
LET p = 100 DECLARE FUNCTION AREA (A,B)
LET t = 2 LET A = 30 DECLARE SUB Series(A)
LET r = 5 LET B = 40 CLS
LET d = Interest (p, t, r) LET D = AREA(A,B) A=20
PRINT "The simple interest =" ; d PRINT D CALL Series(A)
END END END
FUNCTION AREA(A,B)
FUNCTION Interest (p, t, r) PRINT A, B SUB Series(A)
ans= (p*t*r) /100 AREA=A*B FOR K=1 to 5
Interest=ans END FUNCTION PRINT A;
END FUNCTION A=A+10
6. [SLC 2071] NEXT K
3. [SLC 2068 S] [SLC 2070] [SLC 2073] DECLARE FUNCTION AVGE(A, B, C) END SUB
X=10
DECLARE FUNCTION AREA(L, B) Y=5 9. [MM 2076]
LET L = 10 Z=15 DECLARE SUB NUM( )
LET B = 5 AV= AVGE(X, Y, Z) CLS
PRINT “The area=”; AREA(L, B) RPINT “Average of three numbers”; AV CALL NUM
END END END

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SUB NUM 12. [SLC 2066] SUB Series
A=3 DECLARE SUB Series( ) X=0
B=7 CALL Series FOR K = 10 TO 4 STEP -2
FOR I =1 TO 5 STEP 2 END A = K ^2
PRINT A; X=X+A
SWAP B, A SUB Series NEXT K
B=A+1 X=1 PRINT X
NEXT I Y=1 END SUB
END SUB FOR Z=1 TO 4
PRINT X; 15. [SQE 2075K]
10. SOS 2078 Y=Y+1 DECLARE FUNCTION RESULT (N)
DECLARE SUB Series( ) X=X*10+Y N=4
CALL Series NEXT Z PRINT RESULT (N)
END END SUB END
SUB Series( )
D=5 13. JEC 2078 FUNCTION RESULT (N)
FOR J = 8 to 2 STEP-2 DECLARE SUB Seri( ) FOR I = 1 TO N
PRINT D; CLS T=I+2
SWAP D, B CALL Seri D=D+T
D = B+1 END NEXT I
NEXT J RESULT = D
END SUB SUB Seri END FUNCTION
A=1
11. MFT 2076 B=1 16. PABSON FIRST TERM 2079
FOR i=1 To 2
DECLARE SUB sum( ) PRINT A; B; DECLARE SUB result ( )
CLS A=A+B CLS
CALL sum B=A+B CALL result
END NEXT i END
SUB sum ( ) END SUB
P=2 SUB result ( )
A=1 FOR I = 9 to 1 step -2
FOR K = 8 to 2 STEP -2 14. [SLC 2070 S] Sum = sum + i^2
N=N+A DECLARE SUB Series ( ) NEXT i
PRINT N CALL Series PRINT sum
A=A+P END END SUB
NEXT K
END SUB

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17. [SLC 2066 S] 20. PABSON PRE BOARD 2078 FUNCTION test (N)
DECLARE SUB Result ( ) DECLARE SUB DISPLAY (A) Test = N^2
CALL Result A= 3 END FUNCTION
END CALL DISPLAY (A) 23. [SEE 2074 U]
SUB Result END DECLARE SUB REMINDER (R)
For I = 1 to 9 STEP 2 SUB DISPLAY (A) FOR I = 1 TO 4
Sum=Sum +I^2 FOR X = 1 TO 6 READ X
Next I PRINT A; CALL REMINDER (X)
PRINT Sum IF A MOD 2 = 0 THEN NEXT I
END SUB A=A/2 DATA 56, 28, 8, 48
ELSE END
18. NPABSON PRE BOARD 2078 A= (A*3)+1
DECLARE FUNCTION FACT (N) END IF SUB REMINDER (R)
CLS NEXT X R1 = R MOD 4
N=5 END SUB R2 = R MOD 3
PRINT FACT (N) 21. [SEE 2075 S2] IFR1 = 0 AND R2<> 0 THEN
END DECLARE FUNCTION SQD(N) PRINT R
FUNCTION FACT (N) S=0 END IF
F=1 FOR L = 1 TO 3 END SUB
FOR I=1 TO N READ NUM 24. SEDIPS 2078
F=F*I S = S +SQD (NUM) DECLARE SUB SERIES( N )
NEXT I NEXT L CLS
FACT=F PRINT " Sum" ; S FOR I = 1 TO 5
END FUNCTION DATA 2,4,6 READ N
END CALL SERIES (N)
19. [SEE 2075 U] FUNCTION SQD (N) NEXT I
DECLARE FUNCTION SUM ( a ) SQD = N^2 DATA 125, 1000, 216, 8, 27
a=9 END FUNCTION END
PRINT SUM ( a ) 22. [SEE 2071 S]
END DECLARE FUNCTION test (N) SUB SERIES(N)
FUNCTION SUM ( a ) CLS PRINT N^1/3 + 1
FOR K = 1 to a FOR Ctr = 1 TO 3 END SUB
IF K MOD 2 = 0 THEN READ N 25. NPABSON 2078
S=S+K Sum = Sum + test (N)
END IF NEXT Ctr DECLARE FUNCTION Sendup(N)
NEXT K PRINT “The result=”; Sum N=10
SUM = S DATA 3, 2, 1 PRINT Sendup(N)
END FUNCTION END END

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FUNCTION Sendup(N) 28. PMT 2075 SUB NUMBER
FOR I = 1 TO N N=3
IF I MOD 2 = 0 THEN DECLARE SUB SER (P) C=1
Sum = SUM + I P = 15 WHILE C<=5
END IF CALL SER (P) PRINT N
NEXT I END N=N*10+3
Sendup = SUM C=C+1
END FUNCTION SUB SER (P) WEND
M=3 END SUB
26. MODEL SET 2 WHILE M < 10 31. MAAF FT 2079
DECLARE FUNCTION OUTPUT1(A) PR = M * P DECLARE SUB Num ( )
N=135 PRINT PR, CALL Num
CALL OUTPUT1(N) M=M+2 END
END WEND SUB Num
END SUB N=2
SUB OUTPUT1(A) A=5
DO WHILE A < > 0 29. SQE 2074K] C=1
R = A MOD 10 WHILE C <= 9
T=T+R DECLARE SUB PRINT N
A = A \ 10 SERIES()[ CLS N=N*3+A
LOOP CALL SERIES A=A-1
PRINT T END C=C+2
END SUB WEND
SUB SERIES() END SUB
27. [SEE 2073 U] R=2 32. MODEL SET 1
DECLARE SUB CHECK (N) M=5 DECLARE SUB SHOW(A)
CLS WHILE M>=1 N=87
N = 1436 PRINT R CALL SHOW(N)
CALL CHECK (N) R=R*10+2 END
END M=M-1 SUB SHOW(A)
SUB CHECK (N) WEND DO
DO WHILE n< >0 END SUB B=A MOD 6+3
R = N MOD 10 IF B MOD 4=0 THEN GOTO AA
S = S*10+R 30. [SLC 2069] PRINT B;
N = N\10 DELARE SUB NUMBER() AA:
LOOP CLS A=A-10
PRINT "NOW N BECOMES"; S CALL NUMBER LOOP WHILE A>=50
END SUB END END SUB

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33. PABSON 2079 SET C FOR C=1 TO LEN(C$) STEP 2 END
DECLARE SUB Result(A) M$=MID$(C$,C,1)
A=5 N$=N$+M$
CALL Result(A) NEXT C
END PRINT
N$ END
SUB Result(A) SUB
WHILE A<=15
IF A MOD 4=0 THEN S=S+A 36. [SEE 2074]
A=A+3 DECLARE SUB Display (T$)
WEND CLS
PRINT S T$ = "COMPUTER"
END SUB CALL Display (T$)
END
34. SET
DECLARE SUB PRO (A AS INTEGER, B AS SUB Display (T$)
STRING) FOR C = 1 TO LEN (T$) STEP 2
N = 62 D$ = MID$ (T$, C, 1)
CALL PRO (N, S$) PRINT D$;
PRINT S$ NEXT C
END END SUB
37. [SLC 2065]
SUB PRO (A AS INTEGER, B AS STRING) DECLARE SUB RESULT(A$)
X=A A$ = "education"
DO CALL RESULT(A$)
R = X MOD 8 END
B = STR$ (R) + B SUB RESULT (A$)
X = (X - R) / 8 FOR C = 1 TO LEN(A$) STEP 2
LOOP UNTIL X = 0 X$ = MID$(A$, C, 1)
END SUB PRINT
X$ NEXT
[Link] Grade Promotion 2078 C END
DECLARE SUB Result(C$) SUB
C$=”COMPUTER”
CALL Result(C$) 38. SET
END DECLARE SUB TEST(A$)
CLS
SUB Result(C$) A$="NEPAL"
CALL TEST(A$)
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L ND SUB
SUB TEST(A$) E
FOR I = 1 TO N 40. PABSON PRE BOARD 1
LEN(A$) ( DECLARE SUB SERI ( )
B$ = N CLS
MID$(A$, I, $ CALL SERI
1) + ) END
B$ NEXT I
P C SUB SERI
R O A$ = "SCIENCE"
I U B = LEN (A$)
N N FOR I = 1 TO 4
T T PRINT TAB(I); MID$(A$, I, B)
B =B-2
B = NEXT I
$ END SUB
1
E WHILE COUNT <= B
N X$ = X$ +
D MID$(N$,
COUNT, 1)
S COUNT =
U COUNT +
B 2
W
39. [SLC 2067] E
DECLARE SUB N
RESULT(N$) D
N$ = "SCIENCE"
CALL P
RESUL R
T(N$) I
END N
T
SUB
RESU X
LT $
(N$) B
= E
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41. DECLARE SUB PATTERN (W$) D = D\16 SUB TEST(A$)
CLS WEND FOR I=1 TO LEN(A$)
LET W$=”KATHMANDU” CONV$ = S$ B$=MID$(A$,I,1)
CALL PATTERN (W$) END FUNCTION C=ASC(B$)
END 44. DECLARE SUB DISPLAY(B$) IF C MOD 2 =0 THEN
SUB PATTERN (W$) CLS D$=D$+CHR$(C+32)
T=5 CALL DISPLAY(“101”) ELSE
FOR K=1 TO LEN(W$) STEP 2 END D$=D$+B$
PRINT TAB(T); MID$(W$,T,K) SUB DISPLAY(B$) ENDIF
T=T-1 FOR I=LEN(B$) TO 1 STEP-1 NEXT I
NEXT K A$=MID$(B$,I,1) C=VAL(A$) PRINT
END SUB D=D+C*8^P D$ END
42. SET P=P+1 SUB
DECLARE SUB SHOW (ABC$) NEXT I 47. SET
AB$="ZHTUOMENXSA" PRINT D DECLARE FUNCTION VCOUNT(A$)
CALL SHOW (AB$) END SUB X$=”SCHOOL”
END 45. SET Y$=” INSTITUTE”
SUB SHOW (AB$) DECLARE SUB DISPLAY(S$) IF VCOUNT(S$)>VCOUNT(Y$) THEN PRINT
Y=48 A$=”MAAF” X$ ELSE PRINT Y$
FOR I=1 TO 5 DISPLAY END
N=Y MOD 7 A$ END FUNCTION VCOUNT(A$)
PRINT MID$(AB$, N, 1); SUB DISPLAY(S$) N$=UCASE$(A$)
Y=Y-1 L=LEN(S$) FOR X= 1 TO LEN(N$)
NEXT I FOR I=L TO 1 STEP -1 C$=MID$(N$,I,1)
END SUB VER$=MID$(S$, I, 1) IF C$=”A” OR C$=”E” OR C$=”I” OR C$=”O”
43. DECLARE FUNCTION CONV$(D) IF I MOD 2 =1 THEN OR C$=”U” THEN V=V+1
CLS CON$=CON$+LCASE$(VER$) END IF
D = 509 ELSE NEXT X
PRINT CONV$(D) CON$=CON$+UCASE$(VER$) VCOUNT=V
END END IF END FUNCTION
FUNCTION CONV$(D) NEXT LET N$= “COMPUTER SCIENCE”
WHILE D<>0 PRINT CALL RESULT (N$)
R = D MOD 16 CON$ END END
IF R < 10 THEN SUB SUB RESULT (N$)
S$ = STR$(R) 46. DECLARE SUB TEST(A$) FOR I= 1 TO LEN (N$) STEP 2
+S$ ELSE A$ = “COMPUTER” B$=B$ + MID$(N$, I, 1)
S$ = CHR$(R+55) CALL TEST(A$) NEXT I
+S$ END IF END PRINT
B$ END
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S
U
B

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48. SEDIPS 50. DECLARE FUNCTION OUTP$(A$( )) FUNCTION SUM (m,n)
DIM A$(5) S = m +n
DECLARE FUNCTION OUT$(A$( )) FOR I=1 TO 5 S = SUM
DIM A$(6) READ A$(I) END SUM
FOR A = 0 to 5 NEXT I 3. [SLC 2068]
READ A$(A) DATA NETRA, NAVIN, SUSAN, GOPAL, CREATE FUNCTION Square(A)
NEXT A SUNIL Rem to print square of a number
DATA SARITA, JEHEN, RADHIKA, ISHIKA, PRINT OUTP$(A$()) CLS
DILIP, BRIJESH END Get “a number”; A
PRINT OUT$(A$( )) FUNCTION OUTP$(A$()) CALL square(A)
END SWAP A$(1),A$(2) END
SWAP A$(3),A$(4) FUNCTION square(A)
FUNCTION OUT$(A$( )) FOR J=1 TO 5 Ans=A^2
CTR = 1 T$=T$+MID$(A$(J),J,1) Square=Ans
FOR R = 0 TO 5 NEXT J END Square(A)
T$ = T$ + MID$ (A$(R), CTR, 1) OUTP$=T$
CTR = CTR + 1 END FUNCTION 4. PABSON FIRST TERM 2079
NEXT R DECLARE SUB SUM (P, Q, R)
OUT$ = T$ Debug CLS
END FUNCTION 1. [SLC 2065] INPUT “Enter the numbers”: P,Q,R
DECLARE FUNCTION SUM(a,b) CALL SUM
49. DECLARE FUNCTION RE$(ST$( )) REM Program to sum given two numbers END SUB
DIM ST$(7) Input ”Enter first number”; x SUB Check(P,Q,R)
CLS Input “Enter second number; y S=P+Q+R
FOR I=1 TO 7 PRINT SUM(a,b) PRINT “Sum of three numbers is”; SUM
INPUT "Enter string"; ST$(I) END END SUB
NEXT I
PRINT RE$(ST$()) FUNCTION SUM(x,y) 5. SQUARE
DATA “Prabhu”, “Alok”, “Bimal”, “Suman”, SUM=a+b Rewrite the given program after correcting the bugs.
“Ishwor”, “Om”, “Nitu” END Rem to print square root of entered number.
END 2. [SLC 2072] DECLARE SOB SQUARE (N)
FUNCTION RE$(ST$())) FUNCTION SUM (m,n) ENTER N
FOR J = 1 TO 7 Rem to print sum of two numbers DISPLAY SQUARE (N)
VR$ = VR$ + MID$(ST$(J), I,1) a= 6 END
NEXT J b= 7 SUB SQUARE (N)
RE$=VR$ DISPLAY SUM (a, b) S= N^0.5
END FUNCTION END PRINT S
FINISH

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6. SQUARE ROOT End SUB Series( )
REM TO FIND SQUARE ROOT OF THE FIRST SUB CORRECT REM program to generate 3 3 4 9 15 upto 20th
FIVE NATURAL NUMBERS Rem to find greatest number among three number terms.
CLS WRITE “Enter and three number”; A, B, C A=3
DECLARE FUNCTION SQROOT (D) If A>B AND A>C then B=3
FOR K= 1 TO 15 G=A FOR ctr= 10 to 1
A = SQROOT(K) IF B>A AND B>C then DISPLAY A;B;
PRINT "SQUARE ROOT"; K; "="; K G=B A=A+B
NEXT K ELSE B=A+B
END G=C NEXT ctr
IF END END Series( )
FUNCTION SQROOT (D) Display “Greatest number”; G 11. [SLC 2066]
SQROOT =SQR(K) End Sub. DECLARE SUB Fibonic ()
END REM *Fibonic series*
9. SEE 2078 CALL SUB Fibonic
7. [MM 2076] DECLARE SUB Series ( ) END
REM To check the input no. is perfect square or not CLS SUB Fibonic
DECLARE FUNCTION chk$ (a) EXECUTE Series A=1
CLS END B=1
INPUT “Enter the number :”; a SUB Series( ) FOR x=1 to 10
CALL chk$ (a) REM Program to generate 1 1 2 3 5......upto the DISPLAY a;
END 20th terms a=a+b
A=1 b=a+b
FUNCTION chk$(a) B=1 END Fibonic
m=SQUARE (a) FOR ctr=10 to 1
n=INT (m) DISPLAY A:B: 12. [SEE 2065 S]
IF m=a THEN A=A+B DECLARE SUB Series()
c$=”Perfect Square” B=A+B EXECUTE Series
ELSE NEXT ctr END
c$=”Not Perfect Square” END Series ( ) SUB Series
END IF 10. [SLC 2064] [SLC 2067 S] [SLC 2071 S] A=2
C$=chk$ B=2
END FUNCTION DECLARE SUB Series( ) FOR ctr= 1 to 5
CLS DISPLAY A;B;
8. GREAT EXECUTE Series A=A+B
DECLARE SUB CORRECT () END B=A+B
CLS LOOP ctr
Call Correct END Series()

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13. [SEE 2073 U] DECLARE SUB CUBE(N) WHILE N = 0
CLS F = F*N
DECLARE SUB Series ( ) FOR I = 1 TO 5 N=N-1
CLS READ WEND
EXECUTE Series CALL CUBE(No) F = FACTO
END NEXT X END FUNCTION
DATA 3, 5, 2, 6, 4
SUB Series END 18. SOS 2078
REM Program to print 4 4 8 12 20.........20th terms REM to print odd numbers from 32 to 12
X=4 SUB CUBE( ) DECLARE SUB show( )
Y=4 DISPLAY N^3 CALL show
FOR ctr = 10 To 1 END SUB END
DISPLAY X; Y;
X = X+Y SUB show( )
Y = X+ Y 16. [SEE 2073] N=12
Next ctr DECLARE SUB SUM (N) WHILE N<=32
End Series INPUT "Any Number"; N IF N MOD 2 = 0 THEN PRINT N;
PRINT SUM (N) N=N–1
14. [SLC 2070] END NEXT N
SUB SUM (N) END SUB
DECLARE SUB Series( ) S=0
CLS WHILE N = 0 19. PABSON PRE BOARD 2078 – 1
EXECUTE Series R = R MOD 10 Rem to convert the given number in reverse order
END S = S+R DECLARE FUNCTION REV (A)
N = N/10 CLS
SUB Series WEND INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; A
REM to generate 2 2 4 6 10…...upto 10th term PRINT "Sum of digits"; s CALL REV (A)
P=2 END PRINT "REVERSE ="; RE
Q=2 17. [SEE 2074] END
FOR Ctr=1 TO 5 REM TO find the factorial of a given number.
DISPLAY P,Q, DECLARE FUNCTION FACTO (N$) FUNCTION REV$ (A)
P=P+Q CLS WHILE A<> 0
Q=P+Q INPUT "Enter a number", X R= A MOD2
WEND PRINT "The Factorial is: ", FACTO (N) S = S * 10 + R
END Series() END A = A - 10
WEND
15. [SLC 2071] FUNCTION FACTO (N) REV = S
F=1 END SUB

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20. JEC 2070 END B$ =
DECLARE FUNCTION result$(n) FUNCTION bin(x) B$+A$ NEX
CLS WHILE X<>0 TX
INPUT n R=X MOD 2 B$ = reverse$ (N$)
B$= result(n) S$=VAL(R)+S$ X END FUNCTION
PRINT =X\10
B$ END LOOP 25. [SLC 2069]
D=STR$(S$)
FUNCTION result(n) bin=D Rem program to reverse the string or word
IF n MOD 2=0 THEN END FUNCTION DECLARE SUB REV(W$)
result= “odd” 23. SEE Grade Promotion 2078 - 1 CLS
ELSE INPUT “Enter a
result= “even” REM Program to make a word reverse word”;W$ CALL
END IF DECLARE FUNCTION Rev$(N$) REV(W$)
END FUNCTION CLS END
21. SET INPUT “Enter a word”:
DECLARE FUNCTION BINARY(N) N$ DISPLAY “Reversed is”; SUB REV(W$)
CLS Rev$(N$) END FOR I=LEN(W$) to 1 step -1
INPUT “Enter any number=”;N C$=LEFT$(W$,I,1)
PRINT “Result=”;BINARY() FUNCTION Rev$(N$) S$=D$+1
END FOR K=LEN$(N$) to 1 STEP-1 LOOP
B$=B$+MID$(N$,1,K) PRINT “Reverse string is:”;
FUNCTION BINARY(A) NEXT K D$ CLOSE SUB
BASE=2 B$=REV$
WHILE A<>0 END FUNCTION
R=A MOD BASE 26. [MFT 2076]
A=A/BASE 24. [SEE 2075] REM program to display reverse of supplied string
B$=STR$(R)+B$ DECLARE SUB REVE (C$)
WEND DECLARE FUNCTION reverse$ (N$) CLS
BINARY=VAL(B) INPUT "Any String"; N$ INPUT “Enter the value”;
END FUNCTION X$ = reverse$(N$) C$ FOLLOW REVE (C$)
22. SOS 2070 PRINT N$ END
REM to display the binary equivalent of END
decimal number SUB REVE(C$)
DECLARE FUNCTION bin(x) FUNCTION reverse (N$) FOR J = 1 to LEN(C$)
CLS L = LEN$(N$) B$ = MID$(C$, 1, J)
INPUT “Decimal number”;n FOR X = L To 1 STEP - 1 A$=A$+B$
PRINT “Binary equivalent”;bin(n) A$ = MID$ (N$,X,1) LOOP J
PRINT
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A
$

E
N
D

S
U
B

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27. [PMT 2075] CLS R$=R$+MID$ (W$, I, 1)
LINE INPUT “Enter a sentence:”; NECT I
DECLARE FUNCTION REV$ (ST$) S$ C=Wordcount(W$) IF R$-W$ THEM
CLS PRINT “Total number of word existing in a P$="Palindrome"
INPUT “Enter string”, sentence”; C ELSE
S$ LET R$= REV$(st$) END P$="Not palindrome"
PRINT "The reverse string is :"; ENDIF
R$ END FUNCTION wordcount$(W$) P$=PAL$
FOR C=LEN(W$) to 1 STEP-1 END FUNCTION
FUNCTION REV$(ST$) CH$=MID(S, C, 1) 32. SEE Grade Promotion 2078 – 1
FOR I = LEN(ST$) TO 1 IF CH$=SPACE$(1) THEN CNT=CNT+1 REM to display records from existing file.
RV$= RV$+ MID$(ST$, 1, I) NEXT C CLS
NEXT I CNT=wordcount OPEN “[Link]” FOR APPEND AS #1
RV$=REV$ END FUNCTION WHILE NOT EOF(#1)
END FUNCTION 30. SEDIPS 2070 WRITE #1, eN$, post$, salary
DECLARE FUNCTION word1(s$) PRINT eN$, post$, salary
REM PROGRAM FOR COUNTING CLOSE#1
28. MAAF MT 2079 WORDS END
REM to display the reverse of the supplied string s$= computer is an electronic machine
DECLARE SUB rev (s$) CALL word1(s$) 33. [SLC 2067] [JEC 2078]
CLS PRINT word1(s$) REM to display all the records from sequential data
INPUT n$ END file [Link]
CALL rev$(n$) FUNCTION word1(s$) OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS # 1
END W=1 DO WHILE NOT EOF(“[Link]”)
FOR K= 1 TO LENGTH(s$) INPUT # 1,N$,A
SUB rev (n$) IF MID$(s$,K,1)= “ ” THEN W=W+1 PRINT N$,A
FOR k=1 TO LEN(n$). NEXT K CLOSE 1
a$ = MID$(n$, 1, k) word1= W END
p$ = p$ + n$ 34. [SEE 2075 U]
NEXT k 31. PABSON PRE BOARD 2078 REM program to read data from the data file.
PRINT DECLARE FUNCTION PAL$ (W$) OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #1
p$ END CLS CLS
SUB INPUT "Enter a word"; WHILE NOT EOF(#1)
W$ SHOW PAL$ (W$) WRITE#1, N$, R, C, P
29. SEDIPS 2078 END PRINT N$, R, C, P
REM to count total number of word existing in a WEND
sentence input by a user. FUNCTION PAL$ (W$) CLOSE “[Link]”
DECLARE FUNCTION wordcount(W$) FOR I= LEN (W$) TO 1 STEP1 END

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38. [SEE 2074 U] INPUT” Enter
35. [SLC 2068 S] Rem To print only class 10 record from post”;P$ INPUT “Enter
Rem to display the contents of a data file. "[Link]" CLS salary”;S WRITE #2,
OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #1 OPEN "I",#2, "[Link]" N$,P$, S CLOSE #1
CLS WHILE NOT EOF (#2) END
WHILE EOF(1) WRITE#2, N$,C,R 42. SET
INPUT #1, Name$, Age, IF C=10 THEN REM to store name and age in a sequential data file
Add$ DISPLAY Name$, Age, DISPLAY N$,C,R [Link]
Add$ END IF OPEN [Link] FOR OUT AS#1
WEND NEXT INPUT “Enter name”;N
CLOSE 1 CLOSE #2 INPUT “Enter age”;A
END END WRITE 1,N$,A
39. PABSON 2078 SET C CLOSE #1
36 [SLC 2069] REM to count total no. of passed student END
REM display Records of students From Data File CLS 43. SET
OPEN “[Link]” FOR INP AS #1 WHILE NOT EOF( ) OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #4
PRINT OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #1 DO
“ROLL”,”NAME”,”ADDRESS”,”CLASS”,”SECTI INPUT #2, ID, M1, M2, M3 INPUT “Enter employee name:”;
ON” IF M1>=32, M2.=32, M3.=32 THEN N$ INPUT “Enter employees address:”;
DO WHILE NOT EOF X=X+1 A$ INPUT “Enter employees age:”; A1
INPUT END IF INPUT “Enter gender:”; G$
#1,RN,N$,AD$,CL,S$ PRINT WEND INPUT “Enter employees salary:”;S
RN,N$,AD$,CL,S$ PRINT “TOTAL RECORD”; X WRITE #1,N$,A$,A1,G,S
NEXT END INPUT “Add more records(Y/N):”;A
CLOSE #1 40. NPABSON 2078 LOOP WHILE UCASE(A$)=”Y”
END REM Program to display all the pass students CLOSE #10
records END
37. SET OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #5 44. SEE MODEL SET 2
REM to print only male record on the printer from PRINT “NAME”, “CLASS”, “RESULT” REM to create a new file
the data file. DIO WHILE NOT EOF(5) CLS
OPEN "[Link]" FOR OUTPUT AS #1 INPUT N$, C, R$ OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #1
DO IF R$=”PASS” THEN PRINT #2, N$, C, DO
INPUT #4, N$, A%, R$ WEND INPUT “Enter Name, Roll No & Total. “; N$, R, T
S$ SELECT CASE S CLOSE #1 INPUT #1, N$, R, T
CASE MALE 41. [SLC 2066 S] INPUT “Supply more records Y/N”;
PRINT N$, A%, REM To store Name, post and salary C$ LOOP WHILE UCASE(Y$)=”Y”
S$ END SELECT OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUT AS #1 CLOSE #1
LOOP UNTIL EOF(1) INPUT” Enter name”;N END
STOP #1
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45. SEE MODEL SET 1 INPUT “ROLL NUMBER, NAME, CLASS”; R, Analytical Questions
REM to add record in an existing file N$, C
CLS WRITE #1, R, N$, C 1. NPABSON PRE BOARD
OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #1 INPUT “Want to DECLARE FUNCTION test$ (A$)
AA: continue(Y/N)”;H$ LOOP UNTIL CLS
INPUT “Enter Name, Class and Roll No.”; Nm$, UCASE$(H$)<> “Y” TERMINATE INPUT “ENTER ANY WORD”; T$
Cl, Rn #1 PRINT test$(t$)
INPUT #2, Nm$, Cl, Rn END END
INPUT “More records”; Y$ 49. COPY FUNCTION test$ (A$)
IF UCASE$(Y$)=”Y” THEN GOTO aa REM COPY THE DATA OF “[Link]” TO FOR M = LEN(A$) TO 1 STEP -1
CLOSE “[Link]” “[Link]” C$= C$+ MID$(A$, M,1)
END OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #1 NEXT M
46. NPABSON PRE BOARD 2078 OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #2 Test$ = C$
REM to add more data in a sequential file. CLS END FUNCTION
OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #2 WHILE NOT EOF( ) a) List the formal and actual parameters used in the
DO INPUT #2, NM$, RN, AGE program given above.
INPUT “ENTER NAME”; WRITE #1, NM$, RN, AGE b) List the library function used in the above
N$ INPUT “ENTER ADDRESS”; CLOSE #1, #2 program.
A$ INPUT “ENTER SALARY”; END
S$ WRITE #1, N$, A$, S 2. [SEE 2075 S2]
INPUT” Do you want to add more records.”; 50. [SQE 2075K] DECLARE SUB TRIM (W$)
M$ LOOP WHILE UCASE(M$) = “Y” CLS
END REM to copy from old file to new file INPUT "Enter word" ;
47. [SLC 2070 S] OPEN "[Link]" for INPUT AS #1 WO$ CALL TRIM (WO$)
OPEN "[Link]" for OUTPUT AS #2 END
OPEN "[Link]" FOR APPEND AS 1# DO UNTIL EOF(1) SUB TRIM (WO$)
INPUT "NAME"; N$ INPUT #2, n$, p$, d$, s FOR I = 1 TO LEN (W$)
INPUT "ADDRESS"; WRITE #1, n$, p$, d$, s PRINT LEFT$ (W$, I)
ADD$ INPUT "AGE"; WEND NEXT I
AGE$ WRITE #1, N$, CLOSE #2, #2 END SUB
ADD$, AGE END a) What will be the output if input string is "SEE"
END# 1 in the above program?
STOP “Courage doesn’t always roar. Sometimes b) List the real parameter used in the above
courage is the quiet voice at the end of the day program.
48. NPABSON 2070 saying ‘I will try again tomorrow’.”
REM TO ADD RECORDS IN “[Link]” – Mary Anne Radmacher
SEQUENTIAL DATAFILE
OPEN “A”, 2, “[Link]”
DO
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3. [SQE 2075K] Z=30 S=S+Z
DECLARE SUB SERIES(A, R, N) CALL SEQUENCE (X,Y,Z) NEXT I
CLS END PRINT S
INPUT "ENTER FIRST TERM"; X SUB SEQUENCE (C,B,A) DATA 10,13,15,4,6
INPUT "NUMBER OF TERMS TO BE PRINT A,B,C END
GENERATED:"; Z END SUB FUNCTION xyz(N)
CALL SERIES (X,Y,Z) a) List the formal parameters and actual IF N MOD 2=0 THEN xyz=N
END parameters used in the above program. END FUNCTION
SUB SERIES (A, R, N) b) Will the above program execute if the a) What is the name of the function used in the
FOR I = 1 TO N position of parameter is to be changed? If above program?
PRINT A ‘yes’ then which sequence of number list b) How many times the function will be called in
A=A*R will it print either 10,20,30 or 30,20,10? the above program?
NEXT 6. MAAF MT 2079
END SUB DECLARE FUNCTION count(bs) 8. SEE 2078
a) What will be the output if the user input 3, 2 INPUT a$ DECLARE FUNCTION TEST(X)
and 4 for variables X, Y and Z variables? num=count (a$) X=100
b) What type of parameter X, Y and Z are? PRINT num Z=TEST(X)
END PRINT Z
4. [SLC 2069] END
DECLARE SUB EXAM (N$) FUNCTION count (b$) FUNCTION TEST(X)
INPUT "Enter Word", FOR K=1 to LEN (bs) FOR R=1 TO X
WO$ CALL EXAM (WO$) aS=MIDS(b$, K, 1) S=S+I
END IF UCASES(a$)="D" THEN NEXT R
SUB EXAM(N$) c=c+1 TEST=S
FOR I=1 TO LEN (N$) END IF END FUNCTION
PRINT RIGHT$(N$,1) NEXT K a) How many parameters are used in the above
NEXT I count = c program?
END SUB END FUNCTION b) How many times does the statement S=S+I
a) Write the names of two built in functions a) What is the name of FUNCTION procedure execute in the above program?
used in the program. used in above program?
b) List the real parameter and formal b) List out the formal and actual arguments from 9. [SLC 2068 S]
parameter in the program. the above program. DECLARE SUB ABC(X,Y,Z)
FOR P=1 TO 3
5. SET 7. [SLC 2065] READ A,B,C
DECLARE SUB SEQUENCE (A,B,C) DECLARE FUNCTION xyz(N) CALL ABC(A,B,C)
CLS FOR I = 1 TO 5 NEXT P
X=10 READ N DATA 5,4,3,2,1,6,7,8,4
Y=20 Z=xyz(N) END

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SUB ABC(X,Y,Z) R=N MOD 10 PRINT Sum
T=X+Y+Z S=S+R DATA 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
IF T MOD 2 = 0 THEN N=INT (N\10) END
PRINT T WEND
END IF SUM=S FUNCTION JPT (N)
END SUB END FUNCTION IF N MOD 2 = 0 THEN JPT = N
a) List any two variables used in the above a) How many times the main function will be END FUNCTION
program. executed in the above program? a) What is name to the function used in the above
b) How many times SUB-procedure will be b) List the relational operators used in the above program?
called when program is executed? program? b) How many times the function will be executed
10. [SEE 2074 U] in the above program?
DECLARE FUNCTION TEST (X) 12. SEE Grade Promotion 2078 - 1 14. SET
X = 100 DECLARE FUNCTION SUM(N) DECLARE FUNCTION greater(A,B)
Z = TEST (X) CLS CLS
PRINT Z INPUT”Enter any number”: N INPUT”Enter first number”; X
END X=SUM(N) INPUT”Enter second number”; Y
FUNCTION TEST (X) PRINT”The sum of individual digit is “; X C = greater(X, Y)
FOR I = 1 TO X END PRINT "The greater number is " ; C
S = S +I FUNCTION SUM(N) END
NEXT I WHILE N<>0 FUNCTION greater(A,B)
TEST = S R=N MOD 10 IF A>B THEN
END FUNCTION. S=S+R GR = A
a) How many parameters are used in the above N=INT(N/10) ELSE
program? WEND GR = B
b) How many times does the statement S=S+I get SUM=S END IF
executed in the above program. END FUNCTION Greater = GR
END FUNCTION
11. [MM 2076] a) Write the function of INT. a) What will be the output of the program if X = 6
DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N) b) How many times the WHILE…..WEND LOOP and Y = 7?
FOR I = 1TO 4 repeats if the value of N is 123? b) How many arguments are used in above
READ N program?
DATA 15 ,25, 69 13. [SLC 2071 S]
PRINT SUM (N) DECLARE FUNCTION JPT (N) 15. PABSON FIRST TERM 2079
NEXT FOR ctr = 1 TO 6 DECLARE FUNCTION FACT( N )
END READ N CLS
FUNCTION SUM(N) J = JPT (N) INPUT “Enter no”; N
S=0 Sum = Sum + J PRINT “Factorial is”; FACT (N)
WHILE N<>0 NEXT ctr

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END FUNCTION Prod(A,B) a) List all the numeric variables used in the
FUNCTION FACT (N) P=A*B above program.
F=1 Prod=P b) List the local variables used in the above
FOR X = 1 TO N END FUNCTION program.
F=F*X a) List all the numerical variables used in the
Next X program. 20. [SEE 2067 S]
FACT = F b) List the local variable/s used in the above DECLARE FUNCTION Prod(A,B)
END FUNCTION program. CLS
Questions: INPUT “Enter first number:”;A
a) What is the name of function procedure used in 18. PABSON PRE BOARD-1 INPUT “Enter second number:”;B
the above program? DECLARE SUB PC$ (N) PRINT “the product of two
b) What is the main objective of the above CLS number=”;Prod(A,B)
program? INPUT "Enter a number"; N END
16. [PMT 2075] CALL PC$ (N) FUNCTION Prod(A,B)
DECLARE SUB OT (N$) END P=A*B
N$ = "Computer Science" SUB PC$ (N) Prod=P
CALL OT(N$) FOR I=2 TO N-1 END FUNCTION
END R=N MOD I a) List all the numerical variables used in the
SUB OT (N$) IF C=0 THEN program.
B = LEN(N$) PRINT "Prime number" b) List all the local variables used in the program.
c=1 ELSE
WHILE c <= B PRINT "Composite number" 21. [SEE 2073 U]
m$ = MID$(N$, c, 1) ENDIF DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (A, B)
PRINT m$; END SUB INPUT A
c=c+2 a) What is the name of sub procedure? INPUT B
WEND b) List the local variable. X = SUM (A, B)
END SUB PRINT X
a) What is the value of B in the above program? 19. [SEE 2073] END
b) How many parameters are used in the above sub DECLARE FUNCTION Diff (A, B) FUNCTION SUM (A, B)
procedure? CLS S = A+B
[Link] Grade Promotion 2078 - 2 INPUT "Enter first number" ; A SUM = S
DECLARE FUNCTION Prod(A,B) INPUT "Enter second number" ; B END FUNCTION.
CLS PRINT "The difference" ; Diff (A, B) a) Write the name of local variable used in
INPUT “Enter first number”; A END the above FUNCTION procedure.
INPUT “Enter second number”; B FUNCTION Diff (A, B) b) Write the Mathematical operator and
PRINT “The product of the two number=”; difference = A - B Relation operator used in above program.
prod(A,B) Diff = difference
END END FUNCTION.

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22. SET IF LEN(B$)>LEN(L$) THEN END SUB
DECLARE SUB SERIES(A, B) L$=B$ IF LEN(C$)>LEN(L$) THEN a) Write the name of the sub procedure used in
DECLARE FUNCTION SUM(P,Q) L$=C$ PRINT L$ the above program.
COMMON SHARED N END SUB b) Write any two library functions used in the
INPUT “Enter First Term”;X a) List the global variables used in the above program.
INPUT “Enter Second Term”;Y above program.
INPUT “Enter Number of Terms to be b) What is the output of the above 26. [SLC 2068]
generated”; N program? Declare function count(N$)
CALL SERIES(X, Y) Input “Enter a word”;
END 24. [SLC 2066] R$ C= Count(R$)
DECLARE FUNCTION Num(N) Print C
SUB SERIES (A, B) INPUT N END
FOR I = 1 TO N S=Num(N) Function count(N$)
PRINT A PRINT S For k=1 to LEN(n$)
A=SUM(A,B) END X$=MID$(N$,K,1)
NEXT I FUNCTION Num(N) IF UCASE$(X$)=”A” then
END SUB X=Int(17/N) X=X+1
FUNCTION SUM (P,Q) Y=15 MOD N End if
SUM=P+Q Num=X +Y Next K
END FUNCTION END FUNCTION Count = X
a) Write the name of the function used in the End function
a) What will the output if X=10, Y=8 and above program. a) List any two library functions used in the
N=5. b) List out the mathematical function (Library above program.
b) List out the local variables and global function) used in the above program. b) Write the use of variable ‘C’ inline 3 [i.e.
variable in the above program. C=Count(R$)] given in the above program.
23. PABSON 2070 25. [SEE 2075 U]
DECLARE SUB TEST() DECLARE SUB TEST (N$ )
DIM SHARED INPUT N$ 27. [SLC 2066 S]
A$,B$,C$ CLS CALL TEST ( N$ ) DECLARE FUNCTION COUNT(A$)
FOR P= 1 TO 3 END Input “Enter a word”;
READ SUB TEST (N$ ) W$ END
A$,B$,C$ NEXT FOR P = 1 TO LEN ( N$ ) Function Count(A$)
P B$ = MID$ (N$, P, 1) B=LEN(A$)
DATA “BAGMATI” , “SAGARMATHA” , IF LCASE$ (B$) = “a” THEN C$=UCASE$(A$)
“KOSHI” C=C+1 FOR I=1 TO B
CALL TEST END IF E$=MID$(C$,I,1)
END NEXT P IF E$=”A” OR E$=”E” OR E$=”I” OR
SUB TEST PRINT C E$=”O” OR E$=”U” THEN C=C+1
L$=A$ END IF
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NEXT I NEXT X DECLARE FUNCTION Sum(A,B)
COUNT=C rev$ = INPUT “Enter first number:”; A
END FUNCTION B$ END INPUT “Enter second number:”; B
a) List the string Library functions used in the FUNCTION PRINT “The sum of the two number=”;Sum(A,B)
above program. a) List the library function used in the above END
b) Write down the missing statements in the program. FUNCTION SUM(A,B)
main module to execute the program. b) What will be the maximum value of X if the S=A+B
28. [SLC 2071] N$ is equal to "Computer". Sum=S
DECLARE SUB Stde(N$U) 30. SET END FUNCTION
FOR Loop = 1 TO 5 DECLARE SUB WORD(X$) a) List the numerical variables used in the above
READ NM$(Loop) x$ = "COMPUTER" program.
NEXT Loop END b) Will the program run if the first line (i.e.
DATA RAMA, PRATIMA, PRASANT SUB WORD (N$) DECLARE….) is deleted?
DATA NISHA, RUDHRA L = LEN(x$) 33. SET
CALL Stde(NM$U) FOR I=L To1 STEP-2 DECLARE SUB WORD(N$)
END PRINT MID$(X$,I,1) N$=”NEPAL”
SUB Stde(N$U) NEXT I CALL WORD(N$)
PRINT “Name starting from P” END SUB END
FOR J = 1 TO 5 a) What statement should be added in the main
C$=MID$(N$,(J),1,1) module to execute the program? SUB WORD(N$)
IF C$=”P” THEN b) List numeric and string variable. LET B=LEN(N$)
PRINT N$(J) 31. NPABSON 2078 LET C= 1
END IF DECLARE SUB result(m$) WHILE C<=B
NEXT J m$=”NPABSAN” M$=MID$(N$,C,1)
END SUB END PRINT M$;
a) List the library function used in the above SUB result(m$) C=C+2
program. C=LEN(m$) WEND
b) List the conditional statement used in the B=1 END SUB
above program. WHILE B<=C a) What is the value of B in the above program?
29. [SLC 2070 S] PRINT MID$(m$, b, 1); b) List out the numeric and string variable used in
DECLARE FUNCTION rev$ (N$) B=B+2 the above program.
INPUT "Any string"; WEND 34. SEDIPS 2070
N$ PRINT rev$ (N$) END SUB DECLARE SUB ABC(A,B,C)
END a) What is missing in above program? INPUT P, Q, R
FUNCTION rev$ (N$) b) List out the numeric and string variable in the CALL ABC(P,Q,R)
FOR X = LEN (N$) to 1 STEP -1 above program. END
A$=MID$ (N$, X, 1) SUB ABC(A,B,C)
B$ = B$ + A$ 32. [SLC 2070] IF (A>B AND A<B) OR (A<B AND A>C) THEN

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PRINT “The middle number is”;A FUNCTION BB(N) ELSE
ELSEIF (B>A AND B<C) OR (B<A AND B>C) IF N MOD 2 = 0 THEN FIND=N N=N/2
THEN END FUNCTION END IF
PRINT “The middle number is”;B a) How many times function............end function NEXT I
ELSE execute in above program? END SUB
PRINT “The middle number is”;C b) Does the program execute, if underlined statement a) Write the output of the above program?
END IF is removed from the main module? b) Write down the function of MOD in the above
END SUB 37. [SLC 2069 S] [JEC 2078] program.
a) What is the alternative way of invoking the 39. [SEE 2074]
SUB module. DECLARE FUNCTION CHK$(N) DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N)
b) Make a list of operators and state their types. N=57 INPUT "Enter any number", N
35. [SLC 2065 S] PRINT “The number is”; CHK$(N) S = SUM (N)
DECLARE FUNCTION Diff(A,B) END PRINT "The Sum of individual digit is:", S
CLS FUNCTION CHK$(N) END
INPUT “Enter first number”;A FOR I = 1 TO N FUNCTION SUM (N)
INPUT “Enter second number”;B IF N MOD I = 0 THEN C=C+1 WHILE N > 0
PRINT “The difference of the two NEXT I R = N MOD 10
number=”;Diff(A,B) IF C>2 THEN T=T+R
END CHK$=”Composite” N = N\10
FUNCTION Diff(A,B) ELSE WEND
D=A-B CHK$=”Prime” SUM = T
Diff=D END IF END FUNCTION.
END FUNCTION END FUNCTION a) State the purpose of using variable S in line 4 in
above program.
a) What will be the output of the program if a) Will the above program execute if “DECLARE b) Write the use of MOD in above program.
the user enters 200 as the first number and FUNCTION….” is deleted. 40. [SLC 2072]
100 as the second number. b) Why $ sign is used in the name of the above DECLARE FUNCTION Prod (N)
b) Will the program run if the first line (i.e. function. INPUT "Any Number"; N
DECLARE…..) is deleted? 38. [SQE 2074K] X = Prod (N)
36. NPABSON 2070 DECLARE SUB PATTRA (N) PRINT x
DECLARE FUNCTION BB(N) N=7 END
FOR I = 1 TO 4 CALL PATTRA(N) FUNCTION Prod (N)
READ P END F= 1
Y=Y+BB(P) SUB PATTRA(N) FOR K = 1 TO N
NEXT I FOR I = 1 to 5 F=F*K
DATA 23, 45, 60, 12 PRINT N NEXT K
PRINT Y IF N MOD 2 = 1 THEN Prod = F
END N = (N*2) + 1 END FUNCTION

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a) Write the name of the user defined function b) What will be the output of the program when it INPUT #1, Nm$, Cl, A
used in above program. is executed? IF S$< >Nm$ THEN
b) Name the loop in above program? c) What will be the output of the program when WRITE #2, Nm$, Cl, A
41. [SLC 2067] FOR loop is changed as FOR I= 1 TO K STEP END IF
DECLARE SUB SUM(N) 2? NEXT I
INPUT”ANY NUMBER”;N d) What is the name of sign “+” used in the CLOSE #1, #2
CALL SUM(N) program and what operation does it perform? KILL “[Link]”
END NAME “[Link]” AS “[Link]”
SUB SUM(N) 43. SOS 2078 END
S=0 DECLARE SUB test(c, d)
WHILE N<>0 DIM SHARED c a) What is the main objective of the program given
R=N MOD 10 CLS above?
S=S+R a=90 b) Do you get any problem in the above program if
N=N\10 b=100 “Kill” statement is removed? Give reason.
WEND c=95 45. SEDIPS 2078
PRINT “SUM”;S CALL test(a, (b)) OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #1
END SUB x=x+2 OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #2
a) In which condition the statements within the PRINT a,b,c,x CLS
WHILE….WEND looping statement will END WHILE NOT EOF(1)
not be executed? SUB test(e,f) INPUT #1, STUDENTNAME$, CLASS,
b) Will the output be the same if we place “/” SHARED x BUSCOED, BUSSTOP$
instead of”\” in the above program. x=12 IF UCASE$(BUSSTOP$) < >
e=e+12 UCASE$(“KATHMANDU”) THEN
42. [SLC 2064] f=b+3 WRITE#2, STUDENTNAME$, CLASS,
DECLARE FUNCTION CELLS$(W$) c=c+5 BUSCODE, BUSSTOP$
W$=”CYBER” PRINT x; PRINT STUDENTNAME$, CLASS, BUSCODE,
PRINT CELL$(W$) END SUB BUSSTOP$
END WEND
FUNCTION CELL$ a) What will be the output of the program? CLOSE #1, #2
K=LEN(W$) b) What will be the output if the statement KILL “[Link]”
FOR I = K TO 1 STEP -2 “SHARED X” is removed from the program? NAME “[Link]” AS “[Link]”
M$=M$+MID$(W$,I,1) END
NEXT I 44. SEE MODEL SET 1 a) What is the main objective of the program given
CELLS$=M$ above?
END FUNCTION OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #1 b) Do you get any problem ion above program if
OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #2 “Kill” statement is removed? Give reason.
a) Why is $(dollar) sign followed in the function INPUT “Enter name of the students”; S$
name? FOR I=1 TO 10 46. PABSON 2078 SET C
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OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #1 a) Write the use of statement “INPUT #1, N$, A$, b) If the datafile “[Link]” contains only 8
OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #2 S” in the above program. records, then the program will run? Why?
WHILE NOT EOF(1) b) What happens if you remove “UCASE$” from MODULAR PROGRAMMING
INPUT #1, Nm$, Cl, A the above program? 1. Write a program in QBASIC that asks length,
IF Cl < > 10 THEN 49. PABSON PRE BOARD-2 breadth of a room and calculate its area and
WRITE #2, Nm$, Cl, A CLS perimeter. Create a user defined function to
END IF OPEN "[Link]" FOR INPUT AS #5 calculate area and sub program to calculate
WEND TOP: perimeter.
CLOSE #1, #2 INPUT "ENTER NAME"; [Hint: [Area=LxB], [p=2(L+B]]
KILL “[Link]” N$ INPUT "ENTER 2. Write a program in QBASIC that will asks the
NAME “[Link]” AS “[Link]” ADDRESS";A$ user to input length, breadth and height of a
END INPUT "ENTER PHONE NUMBER";P room then use SUB procedure calculate its
a) What is the main objective of the program given WRITE #5, N$, A$, P volume and FUNCTION procedure to calculate
above? INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE its area of four walls.
b) What is the function of EOF( ) statement in the (Y/N)?"; AN$ 3. Write a program to calculate Area of circle
above program? IF UCASE$ (AN$) = "Y" THEN GOTO TOP using Function procedure and use SUB
47. SET CLOSE #5 procedure to calculate its circumference in Q-
Open “[Link]” for Input AS#1 END Basic.[Hint: [A=πr2], [C=2πr]
WHILE NOT EOF (1) Questions: 4. Write a program in QBASIC that ask the radius
INPUT #1, N$ , AD$ , PH# a) List the variables used in above program. of circle. Write a program to calculate the area
PRINT N$ AD$ , PH# b) What is the name of data file used in above and circumference of a circle. Create a user
WEND program? defined function first (r) to calculate area and
CLOSE #1 50. SOS 2070 sub procedure second (r) to calculate
END OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #1 circumference of a circle.
a) What is the purpose of EOF(1) in the above OPEN “[Link]” FOR OUTPUT AS #2 5. Write a program in QBASIC that asks length,
program? INPUT “Name of the breadth and height of room and calculate its area
b) What happened if we are not using Open students”;S$ FOR I = 1 TO 10 and volume. Create a user defined function to
Statement in the above program? INPUT #1,N$, C, A calculate area and sub-program to calculate
48. SEE MODEL SET 2 IF S$<>N$ THEN volume. Hint: [A=L×B], [V=L×B×H] [MODEL
OPEN “[Link]” FOR INPUT AS #1 WRITE #2, N$, C, A SET 1]
DO END IF 6. Write a program in QBASIC that will asks the
INPUT #1, N$, A$, S NEXT I user to input length, breadth and height. Create a
IF UCASE$(A$)=”KATHMANDU” THEN CLOSE #1,#2 user defined function to calculate surface area of
PRINT N$, A$, S KILL “[Link]” four walls and write sub program to calculate
END IF NAME “[Link]” AS “[Link]” surface area of box. [Hint: surface area of for
LOOP WHILE NOT EOF(1) END walls=2H(L+B), surface area of box=lh+bh+lb
CLOSE #1 a) Will the program run if the KILL 7. Write a program in QBASIC that allows user to
END “[Link]” is removed? Why? enter radius of a circle. Create a user define

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function to find the area of circle and sub 18. Using FUNCTION…END FUNCTION Write a 30. Using SUB…END SUB Write a program to test
procedure to find volume of a cylinder. Hint: program to calculate the average of three whether the given number is completely
[A= r2 v= πr2h] numbers. divisible by 13 or not. [SLC 2067 R]
8. Write a program to define a function procedure 19. Write a program to calculate the volume of a 31. Write a program to input three different
to display area of sphere and sub procedure to cylinder using FUNCTION….END numbers in the main module and then find the
display volume of sphere where user has to FUNCTION greatest number using SUB procedure.
input the required data in the main module. 20. Using FUNCTION….END FUNCTION, Write 32. Write a program to input a year and display
[Hint: Area of sphere: 4*PI*R^2, Volume- V = a program to calculate distance travelled by a whether that year is a leap year or not. [divisible
4/3 * π * r³ body. [SLC 2065R] by 4 but not 100] using sub procedure.[Y MOD
9. Write a program in QBASIC that asks two 21. Write a program using SUB…END SUB to get 4 = 0 AND Y MOD 100 <> 0 OR Y MOD 400
numbers to find square of two numbers using radius of circle and then print its area. = 0]
SUB procedure and average of two numbers 22. Write a program using FUNCTION module to 33. Write a sub program to find whether the given
using FUNCTION procedure. calculate and print the volume of a box. [SLC number is perfect square number or not.
10. Write a program in QBASIC that allows the 2066 R] 34. Using SUB…END SUB Write a program to
user to input length, breadth and height and then 23. Write a program using SUB…END SUB to get print the following series 9,7,5,…1.
calculate the area of 4 walls. Hint: [A = radius of a circle and then print its 35. Write a program using SUB…END SUB to
2H(L+B)] [MODEL SET 2] circumference. [SLC 2067 S] print the series 1,1,2,3,5,8… upto ten terms.
11. Write a program to calculate the area of four 24. Using user defined function, write a program to 36. Write a program to print natural numbers from 1
walls using SUB…END SUB. input monthly income in parameter then to 5 using SUB…END SUB.
12. Write a program in QBASIC to find the total computer annual tax to be paid. The tax rate is 37. Write a program using SUB…END SUB to
surface area of a box using FUNCTION…END 15% if annual income is above Rs. 200000, print the first ten odd numbers.
FUNCTION. otherwise tax rate is 1%. 38. Write a program to print the sum of digits of a
13. Write a program to calculate and print the 25. Write a program in QBASIC to ask a number given number using SUB procedure.
simple interest using FUNCTION procedure and display sum of digits by using 39. Write a program to generate the series using
14. Write a program using FUNCTION…END FUNCTION..END FUNCTION. SUB …… END SUB : -10, -18, -6, -4, ……….
FUNCTION to get temperature in celsius from 26. Write a program in Q-Basic to find the largest Up to 20th term.
the user and then print the temperature in among three number using FUNCTION 40. Write a program using a SUB procedure module
fahrenheit. [SLC 2070 R] procedure. to print the multiplication table of any input
15. Write a program using FUNCTION…END 27. Write a program that asks any three numbers number up to tenth termsWrite a program that
FUNCTION, to find the area of triangle. and displays the difference between the greatest asks any number and calculates its factors using
16. Write a program in Q-Basic to find the and the smallest value among the 3 supplied a SUB procedure
perimeter of rectangle using Sub…END SUB numbers using FUNCTION procedure. 41. Write a program using FUNCTION…END
procedure. 28. Write a program to ask a number and display FUNCTION, to get a word from the user and
17. Write a program using FUNCTION…END odd or even using FUNCTION procedure. the print the word in reverse order.
FUNCTION to find the average of any two 29. Write a program to test whether the given 42. Write a program using SUB…END SUB to get
numbers given by the user. [SLC 2066 S] number is positive or negative using a word from the user and then print it in
SUB…..END SUB. [SEE MODEL 2065 ], reversed order. [SLC 2070 R], [SEE 2072]

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43. Write a program to declare SUB procedure to 52. Write a program to store records regarding the program to display only those records whose
print only the vowels from a given word. information of Book Number, Book’s name and age is greater than 26. A sequential data file
44. Write a program to count the total number of Writer’s name in a sequential data file called called “[Link]” contains NAME, AGE,
vowels using FUNCTION…END FUNCTION. “[Link]”. [SLC 2065 R] CITY AND TELEPHONE fields. Write a
[SEE 2073] 53. Write a program to create a sequential data file program to display all the contents of the data
45. Write a program using FUNCTION…END “[Link]” to store employees’ name, file.
FUNCTION to input a string and count the total address, age and gender. 63. A sequential data file called “[Link]” has
number of consonants. [SLC 2071 R] 54. Write a program to create a data file “[Link]” stored data under the field heading Roll No.,
46. WAP using FUNCTION procedure named to store name, address and telephone number of Name, Gender, English, Nepali, Maths and
extract (“Education”) to extract all the employees according to the need of the user. Computer. Write a program to display all the
characters from the given string excluding the [SLC 2069 R] information of those students whose marks in
first and last characters only. The output of the 55. Create a data file to store the records of few English is more than 40.
given program is ducatio. employees having Name, Address, Post, Gender 64. A sequential data file “[Link]” contains
(Your program should not contain any if and Salary fields. [SEE 2073] employee’s name, address, gender and salary.
condition and looping statement.) 56. Write a program to store Roll no., Name, Class WAP to display all the information of
47. Display the pattern using SUB procedure: (You and Address of any five students. employees whose salary is more than Rs. 20,000
can’t feed input as neither abcde nor in any 57. Write a program to create a sequential data file [NPABSON PRE BOARD 2078]
cases given alphabets) "[Link]" to store programmer's Name, 65. A sequential data file called “[Link]” has
a salary and post according to the need of the stored data under the field heading Roll No.,
BB user. [SEE 2075 S2] Name, Gender, English, Nepali, Maths and
ccc 58. Students Name, Class, Section and Address are Computer. Write a program to display all the
DDDD stored in a data file called “[Link]”. information of those students whose gender is
eeeee Write a program to print all the records of “F” and obtained marks in computer is more
48. Write a program using FUNCTION... END students. than 90. [MODEL SET 1]
FUNCTION to count the number of words in a 59. A sequential data file called “[Link]” 66. Write a program to update the rate by increasing
sentence. [SEE 2074] contains roll no., name, English, nepali and 10% from a sequential data file "[Link]" that
49. Write a program to create a sequential data file maths fields. Write a program to display all the store item name, rate and quantity. [PABSON
“[Link]” to store programmer’s name, salary contents of data file. PRE BOARD 2078 - 2]
and post according to the need of the user. [SEE 60. A sequential data file “[Link]” contains the 67. A data file “[Link]” consists of Book’s name,
2078] name, address, post and salary of the employees. Author’s name, and price of books. Write a
50. Write a program in QBASIC to create a file Write a program to read and display all the program to count and display the total number
"[Link]" and store employees Name, records stored in the above file. [SLC 2069 S] of records present in the file.
Address, Salary and Telephone number on the 61. A sequential data file called “[Link]” 68. A sequential data file “[Link]” contains
basis of user choice. contains name, English, Nepali, Maths, and name, post, and salary fields of information
51. Create a sequential data file “[Link]” to store science fields. Write a program to display all the about employees. Write a program to display all
name and marks obtained in English, Math and contents of that data file. information of employees along with tax
Science subjects for a few students. [SEE 62. A sequential data file “[Link]” has records amount also. (Tax is 15% of salary)
MODEL 2065] with field name, address, age, and salary. Write
a
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SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE PRACTICE SET - 2080 2023/2024
69. A sequential data file called “[Link]” 76. A data file “[Link]” has stored records of a 85. Write a C program that asks a number and check
contains some records under the fields Name, few employees with EmpID, name, address, whether it is negative, positive or zero. [SEE
English, Nepali and computer. Write a program post and salary. Write a program to display all 2078], [MODEL SET 2]
to add some more records in the same sequential the records of the employee whose address is 86. Write a program in C language to input a
data file. [SLC 2068 R] Butwal and salary is more than 40,000. number then check whether the number is fully
70. Write a program to view those records from 77. Write a program to update the rate by increasing divisible by 5 or not.
“[Link]” sequential data file having 10% from a sequential data file “[Link]” that 87. Write a program in C language to input a
employee’s name, department, appointment data stores item name, rate and quantity. number then check whether the number is
and salary whose salary is more than Rs 5000. 78. A sequential data file “[Link]” consists divisible by 5 and 7 or not. [SEDIPS 2078]
[SLC 2068 S] of numerous records of employees of a 88. Write a program C language that asks any two
71. A data file “[Link]” contains the information company on the following fields: employee’s numbers and displays the greatest among them.
of employee regarding their name, post and name, post, salary and status (i.e. permanent or 89. Write a program in C language to display the
salary/ Write a program to display all the temporary). Write a program to read records of series with their sum.1, 2, 3, 4 upto 10th terms.
information of employee whose salary is greater the “[Link]” file and display the records 90. Write a program in C language to display first
than 15000 and less than 40000. [SLC 2071 R] of permanent employees whose post is manager. 10 odd numbers. [SEE 2078]
72. A sequential data file called “[Link]” has 79. Write a program to open a sequential data file 91. Write a C program to find the sum of first 10
stored data under the field heading Roll No, “[Link]” which will display students’ natural numbers.
Name, English, Nepali, and Maths. Write a name, roll no., gender, class, and section of 92. Write a program in C language to display the
program to display all the information of those class of ten students on the screen. series 2, 4, 6, 8 up to 10th terms.
students whose mark in Nepali is more than 50. 80. A sequential data file “[Link]” contains 93. Write a program in C language to display the
[SLC 2071 S] employee no, employee name, employee series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 upto 10th terms.
73. A data file "STAFF. dat" has stored records of address, designation, salary, and Date of join. 94. Write a program in C language to print series1,
a few employees with EmPID, First name, WAP to count and display those records of 8, 27, 64…..........up to 10th terms.
Lastname, post and salary. Write a program to employees whose DOJ (Date of Join) is on 95. Write a program in C language to display the
display all the records of the employees whose January 1st. below series: 5, 10, 15, 20,......50.
salary is more than 40,000. 81. Write a program that asks student’s name and 96. Write a program in C language to display the
74. A Sequential data file called "[Link]" has marks in English, Math and Computer and series with their sum; 100, 95, 90, 85… upto
stored data under the field heading Symbol No., stores into “[Link]” only those records that are 10th term. [SEDIPS 2078]
Name, English, Nepali, Maths and Computer. passed in all the subjects. The user will be asked 97. Write a program to print the numbers from 1 to
Write a program to display all the information whether to input another record or not. 100 using while loop in C language.
of those students whose mark in the Computer 82. Write a program in C language to ask length, 98. Write a program in C language to generate the
is more than 80. breadth and height and display volume of box. series using SUB …… END SUB : -10, -18, -6,
75. A sequential data file “[Link]” contains 83. Write a program in c language to calculate -4,.............. Up to 20th term.
information such as name, address, and DOB simple interest.
of 20 people. Write a program to display only 84. Write a program in C language that asks a
those records whose age is below 18 and number and check whether it is odd or even.
address is Lalitpur.

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