CHAPTER 1

RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

1.1 Introduction

The transmission lines are used to transfer electrical energy from generator to the
load. Transmission lines are generally not used at higher frequencies, since at
higher frequencies the losses (i.e. Radiation loss, dielectric loss etc) through the
transmission lines increases. So at higher frequencies generally the waveguides
are used to transfer electromagnetic energy from one end to other. Mostly the
electromagnetic energy is in the form of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves,
transverse electric (TE) waves and transverse magnetic (TM) waves. In the TEM
mode of the wave, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each
other and both are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The
waveguides can support many possible field configurations and can be used at
microwave frequencies to get larger bandwidth with less attenuation.

A waveguide is an uniform guiding structure like hollow tube which is

used to transmit an electromagnetic waves from one place to another at
microwave frequencies. A waveguide may consists of a hollow metallic structure
of uniform cross section. The electromagnetic waves are travelled in forward
direction by reflection of electromagnetic waves from the inner walls of the
waveguide, thus travelling in forward direction. The typical waveguide structure
is shown in figure ?? below –

1
2 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1.2 Comparison of Rectangular Waveguide with Two

Wire transmission Line

1. Structure: Rectangular waveguide is a hollow rectangular metallic tube,

whereas a two-wire transmission line consists of two parallel conductors
separated by a dielectric medium.

2. Mode of Transmission: Waveguide supports guided electromagnetic

waves (TE and TM modes), but the two-wire line supports transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) mode.

3. Frequency Range: Rectangular waveguides operate mainly in microwave

frequencies (GHz), while two-wire lines cover low to high frequencies,
typically RF and below microwave.

4. Operating Principle: Waveguides support wave propagation above a cut-

off frequency; two-wire lines support TEM waves at all frequencies without
cut-off.

5. Cut-off Frequency: Waveguides have a cut-off frequency below which

waves cannot propagate; two-wire lines have no cut-off frequency.

6. Losses: Waveguides have very low losses at microwave frequencies; two-

wire lines have higher conductor and dielectric losses.

7. Power Handling Capability: Waveguides handle very high power levels

without breakdown; two-wire lines are limited by voltage breakdown and
conductor heating.

8. Characteristic Impedance: Waveguide impedance depends on mode and

frequency; two-wire line impedance is constant, determined by geometry
and dielectric.

9. Radiation Loss: Waveguides have negligible radiation loss; two-wire lines

may have radiation loss if not shielded properly.

10. Applications: Waveguides are used for microwave, radar, and satellite
communication; two-wire lines are used for RF signals, audio frequency
lines, and low frequency communication.

11. Physical Size: Waveguides are generally larger for lower microwave
frequencies; two-wire lines are usually smaller and lightweight.

12. Manufacturing Cost: Waveguides are expensive due to precision and

materials; two-wire lines are inexpensive and easy to manufacture.

13. Dispersion: Waveguides exhibit dispersion (velocity depends on

frequency); two-wire lines support non-dispersive TEM mode.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.3. Modes in Waveguides and Transmission Lines: TE, TM, and TEM 3

Parameter Rectangular Waveguide Two-Wire Transmission Line

Structure Hollow rectangular metallic Two parallel conductors
tube separated by a dielectric
medium
Mode of Guided electromagnetic Transverse electromagnetic
Transmission waves (TE and TM modes) (TEM) mode
Frequency Range Microwave and above (GHz Low to high frequencies,
range) typically RF and below
microwave frequencies
Operating Principle Supports wave propagation Supports TEM wave
above cut-off frequency propagation at all frequencies
(no cut-off)
Cut-off Frequency Has a specific cut-off No cut-off frequency;
frequency below which supports all frequencies
waves cannot propagate theoretically
Losses Very low conductor and Higher losses due to
dielectric losses at microwave conductor resistance and
frequencies dielectric losses
Power Handling Can handle very high power Limited power handling
Capability levels without breakdown capability due to voltage
breakdown and conductor
heating
Characteristic Depends on mode and Constant and determined
Impedance frequency by geometry and dielectric
constant
Radiation Loss Negligible; well shielded Possible radiation loss if not
properly shielded
Applications Used for microwave Used for RF signal
transmission, radar, satellite transmission, audio-
communications frequency lines, and low-
frequency communications
Physical Size Larger in size for lower Usually smaller and
microwave frequencies lightweight
Manufacturing Cost Expensive due to precision Generally inexpensive and
and materials easy to manufacture
Dispersion Waveguide exhibits Two-wire line supports non-
dispersion, velocity depends dispersive TEM mode
on frequency

1.3 Modes in Waveguides and Transmission Lines:

TE, TM, and TEM

In electromagnetic theory, especially in the study of waveguides and

transmission lines, different field configurations known as modes describe how

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

4 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

electromagnetic waves propagate through a given structure. These modes are

classified based on the orientation and presence of electric and magnetic field
components in the direction of wave propagation, which is typically considered
to be the z-axis. The three primary categories are Transverse Electric (TE) modes,
Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes, and Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM)
modes. Understanding these modes is essential for the analysis and design of
communication systems, antennas, and microwave circuits.

1.3.1 Transverse Electric (TE) Mode

In the Transverse Electric (TE) mode, the electric field has no component in the
direction of wave propagation. This means that the electric field is entirely
perpendicular (transverse) to the direction in which the wave is traveling.
Mathematically, this condition is represented as:

Ez = 0, Hz ̸= 0

TE modes are common in hollow conducting waveguides, such as rectangular or

circular waveguides, which guide waves in specific patterns.

The TE mode allows for various field configurations, depending on the

boundary conditions and dimensions of the waveguide. The subscript notation
TEmn denotes the mode, where m and n represent the number of half-wave
variations of the field along the respective transverse dimensions of the
waveguide. For example, the TE10 mode is the dominant mode in rectangular
waveguides because it has the lowest cutoff frequency and is the most efficient
for power transmission.

1.3.2 Transverse Magnetic (TM) Mode

In the Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode, the magnetic field has no component in
the direction of wave propagation:

Hz = 0, Ez ̸= 0

TM modes exist in enclosed structures like waveguides and describe a situation

where the electric field extends in both the transverse and longitudinal directions,
while the magnetic field is purely transverse.

TM modes are denoted as TMmn , where m and n indicate the mode indices
along the transverse axes. These modes generally have higher cutoff frequencies
than the dominant TE modes, and they are less commonly used in practical
systems due to their comparatively higher attenuation and lower efficiency.
However, they are still of theoretical and practical importance in designing
waveguides and cavity resonators.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.4. Impossibility of TEM mode in Rectangular Waveguide 5

1.3.3 Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Mode

The Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode is unique in that both the electric
and magnetic fields are completely transverse to the direction of wave
propagation:
Ez = 0, Hz = 0
This type of mode can exist only in structures that consist of at least two
conductors, such as coaxial cables, parallel-wire transmission lines, and
microstrip lines. It cannot exist in hollow waveguides, which lack the necessary
second conductor to provide a return path for current.

TEM modes are the simplest and most desirable form of wave propagation,
as they closely resemble plane waves and can support a broad range of frequencies
without cutoff. In a TEM mode, the fields are governed by the same principles
as static fields, and the mode can propagate at all frequencies. This makes TEM
transmission lines ideal for broadband communication systems, including radio
frequency and microwave transmission applications.

Following is the comparison table for all the three types of modes TE, TM
and TEM :

Mode Longitudinal Exists In Applications

Components
TE Hz ̸= 0, Ez = 0 Hollow waveguides Microwave guides, radar
TM Ez ̸= 0, Hz = 0 Hollow waveguides Resonant cavities
TEM Ez = 0, Hz = 0 Coaxial, microstrip lines RF cables, transmission lines

1.4 Impossibility of TEM mode in Rectangular

Waveguide

We know that the transversemagnetic (TM) waves and the transverse electric
(TE) waves can propagate through the rectangular waveguide. For the TM wave,
no component of magnetic field exist in z-direction i.e. direction of propagation;
while for the TE waves, no component of the electric field exists in Z-direction.

Consider that TEM wave exists within a hollow guide of any shape. By the
property, the lines of magnetic field intensity H lie entirely in the transverse
−→ −
→
plane. For a non-magnetic material with condition ▽. H = 0, the lines H must be
−
→
in closed loops. So to have existance of TEM waves inside the guide, this H lines
must be in a plane transverse to the axis of the guide. According to the Maxwell’s
first equation, the magnetomotive force (mmf) around each closed loop must be
equal to the axial current. In a guide consisting inner conductor, the axial current
is nothing but the conduction current in the inner inductor. But in a hollow
waveguide like rectangular waveguide, there is no inner current present. In this
case the axial current must be equal to the displacement current. By the property,

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

6 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

−
→
the displacement current needs the component of the electric field E in axial
−
→
direction. But such axial component of E is not present in TEM waves, hence it
cannot exist in rectangular waveguide.

1.5 Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in

Rectangular waveguide

Consider a rectangular waveguide situated in a rectangular coordinate system

with its breadth along X-axis and width along Y-axis and the wave is assumed to
propagate along the Z-direction. Waveguide is filled with air as dielectric as
shown in fig 1.1 The wave equation for TE and TM waves are given by equations

y z

b
Width

(0, 0) x
Breadth a

Figure 1.1: Rectangular waveguide placed at the center of coordinate system

–
▽2 Hz = −ω 2 µϵHz for TE wave (EZ = 0)
2 2
and ▽ Ez = −ω µϵEz for TM wave (HZ = 0)

Expanding ▽2 Ez in rectangular coordinate system,

∂2 Ez ∂2 Ez ∂2 Ez
2
+ 2
+ 2 = −ω 2 µϵEz (1.1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂2
Since the wave is propagating in Z-direction, we have ∂z2
= γ2 as a operator.
Substituting this operator in equation 1.1, we get
∂2 Ez ∂2 Ez
+ + γ2 Ez = −ω 2 µϵEz (1.2)
∂x2 ∂y2
∂2 Ez ∂2 Ez
2
+ 2
+ (γ2 + ω 2 µϵ) Ez = 0 (1.3)
∂x ∂y
Let γ2 + ω 2 µϵ = h2 , be a constant, equation 1.3 can be written as –
∂2 Ez ∂2 Ez
+ + h2 Ez = 0 for TM wave (1.4)
∂x2 ∂y2

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.5. Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular waveguide 7

Similarly,
∂2 Hz ∂2 Hz
2
+ 2
+ h2 Hz = 0 for TE wave (1.5)
∂x ∂y
By solving the above partial differential equations, we get solutions for Ez and Hz .
Using Maxwell’s equation, it is possible to find the various components along X
and Y directions (Ex , Hx , Ey , Hy ).
From Maxwell’s First equation, we get,
−
→ −
→
▽ × H = jωϵ E
−
→
Expanding ▽ × H in rectangular coordinate system, we get,
− → −
→ − →
i j k h−
→ −
→ −→ i
∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= jωϵ i Ex + j Ey + k Ez
Hx Hy Hz
Replacing ∂
∂z = −γ , we get,
−
→ −
→ −
→
i j k h−
→ −
→ −
→ i
∂
∂x
∂
∂y −γ = jωϵ i E x + j Ey + k Ez
Hx Hy Hz
−
→ − → −→
Equating coefficients of i , j and k after expanding, we get,
∂Hz
+ γHy = jωϵEx (1.6)
∂y
∂Hz
+ γHx = − jωϵEy (1.7)
∂x
∂Hy ∂Hx
− = jωϵEz (1.8)
∂x ∂y
Similarly from Maxwell’s second equation, we have –
−→ −
→
▽ × E = − jωµ H
−→
Expanding ▽ × E in rectangular coordinate system, we get,
− → −
→ − →
i j k h−
→ −
→ −→ i
∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= − jωµ i Hx + j Hy + k Hz
Ex Ey Ez
Replacing ∂
∂z = −γ , we get,
−
→ −→ −→
i j k h−
→ −
→ −→ i
∂
∂x ∂y − γ
∂ = − jωµ i Hx + j Hy + k Hz
Ex Ey Ez
−
→ − → −→
Equating coefficients of i , j and k after expanding, we get,
∂Ez
+ γEy = − jωµHx (1.9)
∂y

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

8 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

∂Ez
+ γEx = + jωµHy (1.10)
∂x
∂Ey ∂Ex
− = − jωµHz (1.11)
∂x ∂y
Combining equation (1.6) and equation (1.10) to eliminate Hy , we get an
expression for Ex .
From equation (1.10),
1 ∂Ez γ
Hy = + Ex
jωµ ∂x jωµ
Substituting for Hy in equation (1.6), we get,

∂Hz γ ∂Ez γ2
+ + Ex = jωϵEx
∂y jωµ ∂x jωµ
γ2
 
γ ∂Ez ∂Hz
Ex jωϵ − = +
jωµ jωµ ∂x ∂y

Multiplying by jωµ both sides, we get,

h
2 2 ∂Ez
i ∂Hz
Ex −ω µϵ − γ + jωµ
=γ
∂x ∂y
h i ∂Ez ∂Hz
Ex −(ω 2 µϵ + γ2 ) = γ + jωµ
∂x ∂y
∂E ∂Hz
∴ Ex [−h2 ] = γ Z + jωµ
∂x ∂y

where, γ2 + ω 2 µϵ = h2
Dividing by −h2 throughout, we get,

γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz

Ex = − − (1.12)
h2 ∂x h2 ∂y

Now combining equation(1.7) and (1.9) to eliminate Hx , we get an expression for

Ey .
From equation (1.9),
1 ∂Ez γ
Hx = − − Ey
jωµ ∂y jωµ
Substituting for Ex in equation(1.7) we get,

∂Hz γ ∂Ez γ2
− − Ey = − jωϵEy
∂x jωµ ∂y jωµ
γ2
 
γ ∂Ez ∂Hz
∴ Ey jωϵ − = −
jωµ jωµ ∂y ∂x

Multiplying by jωµ both sides, we get

h
2 2 ∂Ez
i ∂Hz
Ey −ω µϵ − γ − jωµ
=γ
∂y ∂x
h i ∂Ez ∂Hz
Ey −(ω 2 µϵ + γ2 ) = γ − jωµ
∂y ∂x

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.5. Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular waveguide 9

Put, h2 = γ2 + ω 2 µϵ
γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz
Ey = −
2
+ 2 (1.13)
h ∂y h ∂x
Again combining equation(1.7) and (1.9).
From equation (1.7), we have
jωµ 1 ∂Ez
Ey = − Hx +
γ γ ∂y
Substitute for Ey in equation (1.7), we get

 
∂Hz jωµ 1 ∂Ez
+ γHx = jωϵ − Hx −
∂x γ γ ∂y
∂Hz 2
ω µϵ jωϵ ∂Ez
+ γHx = − Hx +
∂x γ γ ∂y
ω 2 µϵ
 
jωϵ ∂Ez ∂Hz
γ+ Hx = −
γ γ ∂y ∂x
 2
γ + ω 2 µϵ

jωϵ ∂Ez ∂Hz
Hx = −
γ γ ∂y ∂x
Put h2 = γ2 + ω 2 µϵ

∂Ez ∂Hz
h2 Hx = jωϵ −γ
∂y ∂x
jωϵ ∂Ez γ ∂Hz
Hx = 2 − 2 (1.14)
h ∂y h ∂x
Again combining equation (1.6) and (1.10).
From equation (1.10),
jωµ 1 ∂Ez
Ex = Hy −
γ γ ∂x
Substitute for Ex in equation (1.6), we get
 
∂Hz jωµ 1 ∂Ez
+ γHy = jωϵ Hy −
∂y γ γ ∂x
∂Hz 2
ω µϵ jωϵ ∂Ez
∴ + γHy = − Hy −
∂y γ γ ∂x
 2
ω µϵ

jωϵ ∂Ez ∂Hz
∴ γ+ Hy = − −
γ γ ∂x ∂y
 2 2 
γ + ω µϵ jωϵ ∂Ez ∂Hz
∴ Hy = − −
γ γ ∂x ∂y
Put h2 = γ2 + ω 2 µϵ
∂Ez ∂Hz
h2 Hy = − jωϵ −γ
∂x ∂y
jωϵ ∂Ez γ ∂Hz
Hy = − 2 − 2 (1.15)
h ∂x h ∂y
Equations (1.12), (1.13), (1.14) and (1.15) give general relationship for field
components within a waveguide.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

10 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1.5.1 Propagation of TM waves in Rectangular Waveguide

For TM wave, Hz = 0 and Ez ̸= 0

The wave equation of a TM wave is

∂2 Ez ∂2 Ez
+ + h2 Ez = 0 (1.16)
∂x2 ∂y2
This is a partial differential equation which can be solved to get the different field
components Ex , Ey , Hx and Hy , by separation of variable method.

Let us assume a solution,

Ez = XY (1.17)

where, X is pure function of x only and Y is pure function of y only. Since X and
Y are independent variables,

∂2 Ez ∂2 ( XY ) ∂2 X
= = Y (1.18)
∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2
2
∂ Ez 2
∂ ( XY ) ∂2 X
And, = =X 2 (1.19)
∂y2 ∂y2 ∂y
Using these two equations, we get,

∂2 X ∂2 Y
Y 2
+ X 2
+ h2 XY = 0 (1.20)
∂x ∂y
Dividing throughout by XY, we get,

1 ∂2 X 1 ∂2 Y
+ + h2 = 0 (1.21)
X ∂x2 Y ∂y2
2 2
Here, X1 ∂∂xX2 is a pure function of x only and Y1 ∂∂yY2 is a pure function of y only.
The sum of these is a constant. Hence each term must be equal to a constant
separately, since X and Y are independent variables.

Use separation of variable method to solve the differential equation (1.21).

1 ∂2 X
Let, 2
= − B2 (1.22)
X ∂x
1 ∂2 Y
and, = − A2 (1.23)
Y ∂y2

where, − A2 and − B2 are constants.

Substituting equation (1.22) and (1.23) in equation (1.21), we get,

− B2 − A2 + h2 = 0 (1.24)
∴ h2 = A2 + B2 (1.25)

Equations (1.22) and (1.23) are ordinary differential equations, the solution of
which are given by –

X = C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx (1.26)

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.5. Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular waveguide 11

and Y = C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay (1.27)

where, C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 are constants which can be evaluated by applying

boundary conditions. The complete solution is given by equation (1.17), we get,

Ez = XY (1.28)

Substituting the value of X and Y from equation (1.26) and (1.27), we get,

Ez = [C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ] [C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay] (1.29)

Now, since the entire surface of the rectangular waveguide acts as a short circuit
or ground for electric field, Ez = 0 all along the boundary walls of the waveguide.
Since there are four walls, there are four boundary conditions :
y z

b
Width
(0, 0) x
Breadth a

Figure 1.2: Rectangular waveguide placed at the center of coordinate system

1. First Boundary Condition : (Bottom plane or Bottom wall) We know that,

Ez = 0 all along the bottom wall. i.e. Ez = 0 for all x → 0 to a.

2. Second Boundary Condition : (Left side plane or Left side wall) Ez = 0 at

x = 0 for all y → 0 to b.

3. Third Boundary Condition : (Top plane or Top side wall) Ez = 0 at y = b

for all x → 0 to a.

4. Forth Boundary Condition : (Right side plane or Right side wall) Ez = 0 at

x = a for all y → 0 to b.

Now substituting first boundary condition in equation (1.29), given by,

Ez = [C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ] [C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay] (1.30)

We have Ez = 0 at y = 0 for all x → 0 to a.

∴ 0 = [C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ] C3 (1.31)

This is true for all x → 0 to a.

∴ C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ̸= 0 (1.32)

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

12 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

∴ C3 = 0 (1.33)

∴ Ez = [C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ] [C4 sin Ay] (1.34)

Substituting second boundary condition in equation (1.34), we get,

Ez = 0 = C1 C4 sin Ay for all y → 0 to b (1.35)

Since, sin Ay ̸= 0 and C4 ̸= 0

∴ C1 = 0 (1.36)
Now, using this equation (1.34), the solution further reduces to,

Ez = C2 C4 sin Bx sin Ay (1.37)

Now substituting third boundary condition in equation (1.37), i.e. Ez = 0 at y = b

for all x → 0 to a, we get,

Ez = 0 = C2 C4 sin Bx sin Ab (1.38)

Since, Bx ̸= 0, C4 ̸= 0, c2 ̸= 0, otherwise there would be no solution.

∴ sin Ab = 0 (1.39)
or Ab = a multiple of π = nπ (1.40)

where, n is a constant. n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ........

nπ
∴A= (1.41)
b
Substituting forth boundary condition in equation (1.37), we get,

Ez = 0 = C2 C4 sin Ba. sin Ay (1.42)

Since, sin Ay ̸= 0, C4 ̸= 0, C2 ̸= 0,

∴ sin Ba = 0 (1.43)
∴ Ba = mπ (1.44)
mπ
∴B= (1.45)
a
Where, m is another constant. m = 0, 1, 2, 3....... Now, complete soultion is given
by –

Ez = C2 C4 sin Bx. sin Ay (1.46)

 mπ   nπ 
∴ Ez = C2 C4 sin x. sin y.e−γz e jωt (1.47)
a b

where, e−γz indicates propagation along z direction and e jωt indicates sinusoidal
variation with respect to t.

Let, C = C2 C4 some other constant.

 mπ   nπ 
∴ Ez = C sin x. sin y.e−γz e jωt (1.48)
a b

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.5. Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular waveguide 13

Since Ez is known Ex , Ey , Hx and Hy are given by following equations.

γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz

Ex = − 2
− 2 (1.49)
h ∂x h ∂y
As for a TM wave, Hz = 0
γ ∂Ez
∴ Ex = − (1.50)
h2 ∂x
γ mπ   mπ   nπ 
∴ Ex = − 2 C cos x. sin y.e jωt−γz (1.51)
h a a b
and,
γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz
Ey = − 2
+ 2 (1.52)
h ∂y h ∂x
γ  nπ   mπ   nπ 
∴ Ey = − 2 C . sin x. cos y.e jωt−γz (1.53)
h b a b
Again, since Hz = 0,
γ ∂Hz jωϵ ∂Ez
Hx = − 2
+ 2 (1.54)
h ∂x h ∂y
jωϵ  nπ   mπ   nπ 
∴ Hx = 2 C sin x. cos y.e jωt−γz (1.55)
h b a b
And,
γ ∂Hz jωϵ ∂Ez
Hy = − 2
+ 2 (1.56)
h ∂y h ∂x
jωϵ  mπ   mπ   nπ 
∴ Hy = 2 C cos x. sin y.e jωt−γz (1.57)
h a a b
Equations (1.51), (1.53), (1.55) and (1.57) represents the field equations of TM
waves in rectangular waveguide.

Depending on the values of m and n, we have various modes in TM waves.

In general, we represent the modes as TMmn where m and n are defined.

1.5.2 Various TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide

The mode of TMmn wave depends on the values of m and n . Note that m and n
are integers, both varying from 0 to ∞. Consider different values of m and n.

1. TM00 mode (with m=0 , n=0) : If we substitute values of m and n in

equations of field components, all the field components become zero inside
the rectangular waveguide. Thus TM00 mode cannot exist inside the
rectangular waveguide.

2. TM01 mode (with m=0 , n=1) : If we substitute these values of m and n in

equations of field components, again all the field components become zero
inside the guide. Hence we van conclude that, TM01 mode cannot exist
inside the rectangular waveguide.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

14 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

3. TM10 mode (with m=1 , n=0) : Even using these values of m and n, all the
field components again become zero inside the guide. Hence TM10 mode
cannot exist in rectangular waveguide.

4. TM11 mode (with m=1 , n=1) : With these values of m and n, all the field
componetns exist inside the guide. For all values of m and n higher than m =
1 and n = 1 respectively, the field components exist inside the guide. In other
words, the lowest TMmn mode that can exist in the rectangular waveguide
is nothing but TM11 mode.

The mode for which λcmn becomes highest is called the dominant mode of
TMmn wave. The cut-off wavelength is given by –
2ab
λcmn = √ (1.58)
m2 b2 + n2 a2
As TM00 , TM01 and TM10 can not exist inside the rectangular guide, start from
the lowest TMmn mode existing in the rectangular waveguide.

• For TM11 mode : m = 1, n = 1

2ab
∴ λc11 = √
b2 + a2

• For TM12 mode : m = 1, n = 2

2ab
∴ λc12 = √
b2 + 4a2

• For TM11 mode : m = 2, n = 1

2ab
∴ λc21 = √
4b2 + a2

• For TM22 mode : m = 2, n = 2

2ab
∴ λc22 = √
4b2 + 4a2

For all above values of λcmn , it is clear that even though the numerator remains
same in all values of λcmn , the value of the denominator factor goes on increasing
as the values of m and n increase from 0 to ∞ each. Hence we can conclude that the
λc11 has highest value, hence TM11 is the dominant mode inside the rectangular
waveguide.

1.5.3 Propagation of TE waves in Rectangular Waveguide

The TEmn modes in a rectangular waveguide are characterized by Ez = 0. In

other words, the z-component of the magnetic field, Hz must exist in order to
have energy transmission in the guide.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.5. Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular waveguide 15

The wave equation for TE wave is given by equation –

▽ Hz = −ω 2 µϵHz (1.59)
∂2 Hz ∂2 Hz ∂2 Hz
∴ + + = −ω 2 µϵHz (1.60)
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2

∂2
As the wave is propagating in Z-direction, put, ∂z2
= γ2

∂2 Hz ∂2 Hz
∴ 2
+ 2
+ γ2 Hz = −ω 2 µϵHz (1.61)
∂x ∂y
2 2
∂ Hz ∂ Hz  2 
2
∴ + + γ + ω µϵ Hz = 0 (1.62)
∂x2 ∂y2
∂2 Hz ∂2 Hz
∴ + + h2 Hz = 0 (1.63)
∂x2 ∂y2

where, h2 = γ2 + ω 2 µϵ
Equation 1.63 is a partial differential equation whose solution can be assumed.
Assume a solution,
Hz = XY (1.64)
Where, X is a pure function of x only and Y is a pure function of y only.
Substituting Hz = XY in equation (1.63), we get,

∂2 XY ∂2 XY
+ + h2 XY = 0 (1.65)
∂x2 ∂y2
∂2 X ∂2 Y
∴ Y 2 + X 2 + h2 XY = 0 (1.66)
∂x ∂y

Dividing throughout by XY, we get,

1 ∂2 X 1 ∂2 Y
2
+ 2
+ h2 = 0 (1.67)
X ∂x Y ∂y
2 2
Here, X1 ∂∂xX2 is a purely function of x and Y1 ∂∂yY2 is purely a function of y.
Equating each of these items to a constant, we get

1 ∂2 X
= B2 (1.68)
X ∂x2
1 ∂2 Y
and 2
= − A2 (1.69)
Y ∂y

where, − B2 and − A2 are constants.

Substituting these in equation (1.67), we get,

− B2 − A2 + h2 = 0 (1.70)
2 2 2
∴h = A +B (1.71)

Solving for X and Y by separation of variable method, we get,

X = C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx (1.72)

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

16 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Y = C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay (1.73)

The complete solution is –

Hz = XY (1.74)
∴ Hz = (C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ) + (C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay) (1.75)

where, C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 are constants which can be evaluated by applying

boundary conditions.

As in case of TM waves, we have four boundary conditions for TE waves

also, as shown in figure 1.3 Here, since we are considering a TE wave, Ez = 0, but

y z

b
Width
(0, 0) x
Breadth a

Figure 1.3: Rectangular waveguide placed at the center of coordinate system

we have components along x and y direction.

Ex = 0 all along bottom and top walls of the waveguide.
Ey = 0 all along left and right walls of the waveguide.

1. First Boundary Condition : Ex = 0 at y = 0 for all x → 0 to a (Bottom wall)

2. Second Boundary Condition : Ex = 0 at y = b for all x → 0 to a (Top wall)

3. Third Boundary Condition : Ey = 0 at x = 0 for all y → 0 to b (Left side

wall)

4. Forth Boundary Condition : Ey = 0 at x = b for all y → 0 to b (Right side

wall)

Substituting first boundary condition in equation (1.75). Since first boundary

condition is Ex = 0 at y = 0 for all x → 0 to a, let us write Ex in terms of Hz .

γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz

Ex = − 2
− 2 (1.76)
h ∂x h ∂y

Since, for TE wave Ez = 0, the first term is zero.

jωµ ∂
Ex = − [(C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )(C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay)] (1.77)
h2 ∂y

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.5. Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular waveguide 17

jωµ
∴ Ex = − (C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )(− AC3 ) sin Ay + AC4 cos Ay) (1.78)
h2
Substituting first boundary condition in the above equation, we get,

jωµ
0=− (C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )(0 + AC4 ) (1.79)
h2
Since, (C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ) ̸= 0, A ̸= 0

∴ C4 = 0 (1.80)

Substituting the value of C4 = 0 in equation (1.75), the solution reduces to –

Hz = (C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )(C3 cos Ay) (1.81)

Now using third boundary condition Ey = 0 at x = 0 for all y → 0 to b.

From equation below for Ey we have,

γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz

Ey = − 2
+ 2 (1.82)
h ∂y h ∂x

Since Ez = 0 and substituting the value of Hz from equation (1.81), we get,

jωµ ∂
Ey = [(C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )C3 cos Ay] (1.83)
h2 ∂x
jωµ
Ey = 2 [(− BC1 sin Bx + BC2 cos Bx )C3 cos Ay] (1.84)
h
(1.85)

Substituting the third boundry condition x = 0 for all y → 0 to b in the above

equation.
jωµ
∴ 0 = 2 (0 + BC2 )C3 cos Ay (1.86)
h
since, cos Ay ̸= 0, B ̸= 0, C3 ̸= 0
∴ C2 = 0 (1.87)
Substituting the value of C2 in equation (1.81), the solution now reduces to,

Hz = C1 C3 cos Bx. cos Ay (1.88)

Similarly using second boundary condition, Ex = 0 at y = b for all x → 0 to a.

From equation of Ex , we have,

γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz

Ex = − − (1.89)
h2 ∂x h2 ∂y
jωµ ∂
∴ Ex = − 2 [C1 C3 cos Bx. cos Ay] (1.90)
h ∂y
jωµ
∴ Ex = 2 C1 C3 A cos Bx. sin Ay (1.91)
h
Substituting second boundary condition in the above equation, we get,

jωµ
0= C1 c3 A cos Bx. sin Ab (1.92)
h2

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

18 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Here, cos Bx ̸= 0, C1 ̸= 0, C3 ̸= 0.

∴ sin Ab = 0 (1.93)
∴ Ab = nπ n = 0, 1, 2, 3...... (1.94)
nπ
∴A= (1.95)
b
Now, using forth boundary condition, Ey = 0 at x = a for all y → 0 to b.

γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz

Ey = − 2
+ 2 (1.96)
h ∂y h ∂x
jωµ ∂
Ey = 2 [C1 C3 cos Bx. cos Ay] (1.97)
h ∂x
jωµ
∴ Ey = − 2 C1 C3 B sin Bx. cos Ay (1.98)
h
Substituting the boundary condition,
− jωµ
∴0= C1 C3 B sin Ba. cos Ay (1.99)
h2
Here, cos Ay = 0, C1 ̸= 0, C3 ̸= 0

∴ sin Ba = 0 (1.100)
∴ Ba = mπ m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...... (1.101)
mπ
∴B= (1.102)
a
The complete solution is –

Hz = C1 C3 cos Bx. cos Ay (1.103)

Substituting for A and B, we get –

 mπ   nπ 
Hz = C1 C3 cos x. cos y (1.104)
a b
Let C1 C3 = C (another constant),
 mπ   nπ 
Hz = C cos x. cos y.e( jωt−γz) (1.105)
a b
Thus, it can be seen that for a TM wave Ez has sine − sine components and for a
TE wave Hz has cosine − cosine component.
Now, field components can be derived as –
γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz
Ex = − (1.106)
h2 n ∂x h2 ∂y
Here, first term = 0 since Ez = 0 for TE wave.
jωµ  nπ   mπ   nπ 
Ex = 2 C cos x. sin e( jωt−γz) (1.107)
h b a b
Also,
γ ∂Ez jωµ ∂Hz
Ey = − 2
+ 2 (1.108)
h ∂y h ∂x

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.5. Expression for Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular waveguide 19

jωµ ∂Hz
∴ Ey = (1.109)
h2 ∂x
jωµ ∂ h  mπ   nπ  i
∴ Ey = 2 C cos x. cos y (1.110)
h ∂x a b
jωµ  mπ   mπ   nπ 
∴ Ey = − 2 C sin x. cos y.e( jωt−γz) (1.111)
h a a b
Similarly,
γ ∂Hz jωϵ ∂Ez
Hx = − 2
+ 2 (1.112)
h ∂x h partialy
γ  mπ   mπ   nπ 
Hx = 2 C sin x. cos y.e( jωt−γz) (1.113)
h a a b
And,
γ ∂Hz jωϵ ∂Ez
Hy = − 2
− 2 (1.114)
h ∂y h ∂x
γ  nπ   mπ   nπ 
∴ Hy = − 2 C cos x. sin y.e( jωt−γz) (1.115)
h b a b
Equations (1.107), (1.111), (1.113) and (1.115) represents the field equations for TE
waves.

1.5.4 Various TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguide

The mode of the TEmn wave in rectangular waveguide depends on the values of
m and n. To check which mode of TEmn wave exists in the guide, different values
of m and n (varying from 0 to ∞ for both integers) in gield equations of TE waves.
Let us consider the different values of m and n.

1. TE00 mode (with m=0, n=0) : If we substitute these values of m and n, it is

observed that all field components inside the guide become zero. In other
words, TE00 mode cannot exist inside the rectangular waveguide.
2. TE01 mode (with m=0, n=1) : If we substitute these values of m and n, the
field components Ey and Hx inside the guide becomes zero. But the field
components Ex and Hy can exist inside the guide. Thus TE01 mode can exist
inside the rectangular waveguide.
3. TE10 mode (with m=1, n=0) : If we substitute these values of m and n, then
field components Ex and Hy inside the guide becomes zero. But the field
components Ey and Hx exist inside the guide. Thus TE10 mode can exist
inside the rectangular waveguide.
4. TE11 mode (with m=1, n=1) : It is clear from the second and third conditions
for either m and n non zero, the mode exists in the guide. Thus TE11 mode
and all higher modes can exist inside the rectangular guide.

The mode of the TEmn for which the value of λcmn is highest is known as the
dominant mode of the TMmn wave.
The cut-off wavelength is given as –
2ab
λcmn = √
m2 b2 + n2 a2

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

20 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

• For TE01 mode : m=0, n=1

2ab
λc01 = √ = 2b
0 + a2

• For TE10 mode : m=1, n=0

2ab
λc10 = √ = 2a
b2 + 0

• For TE11 mode : m=1, n=1

2ab
λc11 = √
b2 + a2

• For TE01 mode : m=1, n=2

2ab
λc12 = √
b2 + 4a2
From the above values of λcmn for different values of m and n, it is clear that
for the higher modes, the term in the denominator increases, which reduces
λcmn effectively. Hence clearly for the TE10 0 mode, the value of λcmn is
maximum i.e. 2a. Hence the TE10 mode is the dominant mode inside the
rectangular waveguide for the TE wave.

1.6 Rectangular Waveguide as High Pass Filter

For rectangular waveguide, we know that

h2 = γ2 + ω 2 µϵ = A2 + B2
 mπ 2  nπ 2
h2 = +
a b
mπ nπ
Where, A = a and B = b
 mπ 2  nπ 2
∴ γ2 + ω 2 µϵ = +
a b
 mπ 2  nπ 2
∴ γ2 = + − ω 2 µϵ
ra b
mπ 2  nπ 2
∴γ= + − ω 2 µϵ
a b

Also, γ = α + jβ
At lower frequencies,
 mπ 2  nπ 2
ω 2 µϵ < +
a b
γ becomes real and positive and equal to attenuation constant α i.e. the waves
are completely attenuated and there is no phase change. Hence the wave cannot
propagate.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.6. Rectangular Waveguide as High Pass Filter 21

However, at higher frequencies,

 mπ 2  nπ 2
ω 2 µϵ > +
a b

γ becomes imaginary, there will be phase change β and α = 0. Hence the wave
propagates. At lower frequencies the wave is attenuated and at higher frequencies
the wave propagates. Hence the rectangular waveguide acts as a high pass filter.

mπ 2

2
At transition when ω 2 µϵ > + nπ


a b , γ becomes zero and
propagation just starts. The frequency at which γ just becomes zero is defined as
cut-off frequency (or threshold frequency) and is represented by f c . i.e. at
f = f c , γ = 0 or ω = 2π f = 2π f c = ωc .
 mπ 2  nπ 2
∴0= + − ω 2 µϵ
a b
 mπ 2  nπ 2
∴ ω 2 µϵ = +
a r b
1  mπ 2  nπ 2

∴ ωc = √ +
µϵ a b
r
1 mπ 2  nπ 2

∴ fc = √ +
2π µϵ a b
r
c mπ 2  nπ 2
∴ fc = +
2π a b

r
c m 2  n 2
∴ fc = + (1.116)
2 a b
The cut-off wavelength λc is given by

c c
λc = = q
fc c m 2

n 2


2 a + b

2ab
∴ λc = √ (1.117)
m2 b2 + n2 a2
In general for different modes, the cut-off frequency and wavelength are
represented as –
r
c m 2  n 2
fc = + (1.118)
2 a b
2ab
& λc = √ (1.119)
m2 b2 + n2 a2

All wavelengths greater than λc are attenuated and those less than λc are allowed
to propagate inside the waveguide.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

22 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1.7 Guide Wavelength

Guide wavelength is defined as the distance travelled by the wave in order to

undergo a phase shift of 2π radians. It is related to phase constant by the relation
–
2π
λg = (1.120)
β
The wavelength in the waveguide is different from the wavelength in free space.
In fact, it is related to free space wavelength λo and cut-off wavelength λc by given
equation –
1 1 1
2
= 2− 2 (1.121)
λg λo λc

1 λ2c − λ2o
=
λ2g λ2o .λ2c
λ2o .λ2c
λ2g =
λ2c − λ2o
Dividing numerator and denominator of R.H.S. by λc , we get,
λo
λg = r
λ2c λ2o
λ2c
− λ2c

λo
λg = r  2 (1.122)
1 − λλoc

This equation is true for any mode in a waveguide of any cross section provided
λc corresponds to the mode and the cross section of the waveguide.

From equation 1.122, it is clear that, if λo ≪ λc , the denominator is

approximately equal to 1 and λ g = λo . As λo → λc , λ g increases and reaches to
infinity when λo = λc . When λo ≫ λc , it is evident that λ g is imaginary which is
nothing but no propagation in the waveguide.

1.8 Phase Velocity in Rectangular Waveguide

Wave propagates in the waveguide when guide wavelength λ g is greater than the
free space wavelength λo . Since the velocity of propagation is the product of λ and
f , it follows that in waveguide, VP = λ g × f , where VP is the phase velocity. But
the speed of light is equal to the product of λo and f . This VP is greater than the
speed of light since λ g ≫ λo . This is contradicting since no signal can travel faster
than the spped of light. However, the wavelength in the guide is the length of the
cycle and VP represents the velocity of the phase. In fact, phase velocity is defined
as the rate at which the wave changes its phase in terms of the guide wavelength.
λg
VP = = λg × f
Unit Time

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.8. Phase Velocity in Rectangular Waveguide 23

2π f λ g 2π f
∴ VP = = 2π
2π λ g

ω
∴ VP = (1.123)
β
Where, ω = 2π f and β = 2πλg
Since no intelligence or modulation travel at this velocity, VP is termed as phase
velocity.
We know that,
ω
VP =
β
Also,
 mπ 2  nπ 2
h2 = γ2 + ω 2 µϵ = A2 + B2 = +
a b
And γ = α + jβ.
For wave propagation, γ = jβ, since α = 0
 mπ 2  nπ 2
2 2
∴ γ = ( jβ) = + − ω 2 µϵ (1.124)
a b
At f = f c , ω = ωc , γ = 0
 mπ 2  nπ 2
ωc2 µϵ = +
a b
Putting this in equation 1.124
γ2 = ( jβ)2 = ωc2 µϵ − ω 2 µϵ
γ2 = − β2 = ωc2 µϵ − ω 2 µϵ
q
∴ β = ω 2 µϵ − ωc2 µϵ
√
q
∴ β = µϵ ω 2 − ωc2
As,
ω
VP =
β
ω
∴ VP = √ p
µϵ ω 2 − ωc2
1 1
∴ VP = √ q
2
µϵ
1 − ωωc
c
∴ VP = r  2
f
1 − fc
c c
We also know that, f = λo , where λo is free space wavelength and f c = λc .
c
∴ VP = r  2 (1.125)
1 − λλoc

Expression 1.125 represents the expression for phase velocity.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

24 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1.9 Group Velocity in Rectangular Waveguide

If there is a modulation in the carrier, the modulation envelop actually travels at a

velocity slower than that of carrier alone and of course slower than speed of light.
The velocity of modulation envelop is called group velocity and is represented as
Vg . This happens when the modulated signal travels in a waveguide, the
modulation goes on slipping backward with respect to the carrier.

It is defined as the rate at which the wave propagate through the

waveguide. It is given by –
dω
Vg = (1.126)
dβ
√ p p
But, β = µϵ ω 2 − ωc2 = µϵ(ω 2 − ωc2 ).
Now, differentiating equation of β with respect to ω, we get,

dβ 1
= p × 2ωµϵ
dω 2 µϵ(ω 2 − ωc2 )
√
dβ µϵ
∴ =q
dω
2
1 − ωωc
√
dβ µϵ
∴ =r
dω  2
f
1 − fc

Therefore,
dω
Vg =
dβ
r  2
f
1 − fc
Vg = √
µϵ

s
 2
λo
∴ Vg = c 1 − (1.127)
λc
Expression 1.127 represents the expression for group velocity in rectangular
waveguide.

1.10 Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide

Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of the strength of electric field in one
transverse direction to the strength of the magnetic field along the other
transverse direction to the propagation.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 25

The wave impedance is measured along the direction of propagation i.e.

Z-direction.

1.10.1 Wave Impedance for TE Waves

The wave impedance for the TE wave is denoted by ZTE and is given by–
q
Ex Ey Ex2 + Ey2
ZZ = ZTE = =− =q
Hy Hx Hx2 + Hy2

Substituting the expression for Ex and Hy of field equations, we get

Ex
ZTE =
Hy
jωµ ∂Hz
− hγ2 ∂E
∂x −
z
h2 ∂y
ZTE = jωϵ
− hγ2 ∂H ∂Ez
∂y − h2 ∂x
z

For a TE waves, Ez = 0 and γ = jβ for the wave to propagate.

− jωµ ∂Hz
h2 ∂y
ZTE =
− hγ2 ∂H
∂y
Z

jωµ ωµ
ZTE = =
jβ β
p
Putting β = ω 2 µϵ − ωc2 µϵ

ωµ
ZTE = p
ω 2 µϵ − ωc2 µϵ
ωµ
ZTE =√ p
µϵ ω 2 − ωc2
r
µ ω
ZTE = × q
ϵ ωc 2


ω 1− ω
1
ZTE = ηo × q
ωc 2


1− ω

ηo
ZTE = r  2 (1.128)
1 − λλoc

Here, ηo is free space impedance. For wave propagation, f > f c i.e. ω > ωc .
Hence, λo < λc . Therefore, ZTE > ηo . This shows that wave impedance for a TE
wave is always greater than free space impedance.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

26 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1.10.2 Wave Impedance for TM Waves

For TM wave, the wave impedance is represented by ZTM and is given by –

q
Ex Ey Ex2 + Ey2
ZZ = ZTM = =− =q
Hy Hx Hx2 + Hy2

Substituting the expression for Ex and Hy of field equations, we get

Ex
ZTM =
Hy
jωµ ∂Hz
− hγ2 ∂E
∂x −
z
h2 ∂y
ZTM = jωϵ
− hγ2 ∂H ∂Ez
∂y − h2 ∂x
z

For a TM waves, Hz = 0 and γ = jβ for the wave to propagate.

− hγ2 ∂E
∂x
z
ZTM =
− jωϵ ∂Ez
h2 ∂x
γ jβ
ZTM = =
jωϵ jωϵ
p
Putting β = ω 2 µϵ − ωc2 µϵ
p
ω 2 µϵ − ωc2 µϵ
ZTM =
ωϵ
√ p 2
µϵ ω − ωc2
ZTM =
ωϵ
r r  ω 2
µ c
ZTM = 1−
ϵ ω
r s  2
µ fc
ZTM = 1−
ϵ f
s
r  2
µ λo
or ZTM = 1−
ϵ λc

For air, ηo = 377Ω = Intrinsic impedance of free space

s
 2
λo
ZTM = ηo 1− (1.129)
λc

Since λo is always less than λc for wave propagation, ZTM < ηo . This shows that,
wave impedance for a TM wave is always less than free space impedance.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 27

Problem 4.1
A rectangular waveguide has cross sectional dimensions is (2 × 1) cm is used to
transmit a signal of 3 GHz, determine cut-off frequency, phase velocity, group
velocity and characteristics impedance for dominant mode.

Solution :
Given:

• Waveguide dimensions: a = 2 cm = 0.02 m, b = 1 cm = 0.01 m

• Operating frequency: f = 3 GHz = 3 × 109 Hz
• Speed of light: c = 3 × 108 m/s

1. Cut-off Frequency for TE10 Mode:

c 3 × 108 3 × 108
fc = = = = 7.5 × 109 Hz = 7.5 GHz
2a 2 × 0.02 0.04
2. Condition for Propagation:
Since the operating frequency is f = 3 GHz < f c = 7.5 GHz, the wave is below
cut-off and cannot propagate through the waveguide.

As the signal frequency is less than the cut-off frequency of the dominant
TE10 mode, the wave will attenuate and no valid values of phase velocity, group
velocity, or characteristic impedance exist.
Problem 4.2
A rectangular waveguide has cross-sectional dimensions 3 cm × 1.5 cm. It is
used to transmit a signal at frequency 10 GHz. Determine the cut-off frequency,
phase velocity, group velocity, and characteristic impedance for the dominant
mode.

Solution:
Given:
a = 3 cm = 0.03 m, b = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
9
f = 10 GHz = 10 × 10 Hz, c = 3 × 108 m/s
1. Cut-off Frequency for TE10 Mode:
c 3 × 108
fc = = = 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
2a 2 × 0.03
Since f > f c , wave propagates.

2. Wavelength in free space:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.03 m
f 10 × 109
3. Cut-off wavelength:
c 3 × 108
λc = = = 0.06 m
fc 5 × 109

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

28 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

4. Phase velocity:

c 3 × 108 3 × 108
vp = r = p = √ = 3.464 × 108 m/s
 2 1 − ( 0.5 ) 2 0.75
f
1 − fc

5. Group velocity:
s 2

fc √
vg = c 1− = 3 × 108 × 0.75 = 2.598 × 108 m/s
f

6. Characteristic impedance (for TE modes):

Z0 377
ZTE = r  2 = √0.75 = 435.5 Ω
f
1 − fc

Problem 4.3
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions 4 cm × 2 cm. It transmits a signal
at 5 GHz. Calculate the cut-off frequency, phase velocity, group velocity, and
characteristic impedance for the dominant mode.

Solution:
Given:
a = 4 cm = 0.04 m, b = 2 cm = 0.02 m
f = 5 GHz = 5 × 109 Hz, c = 3 × 108 m/s
1. Cut-off Frequency:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 3.75 × 109 Hz = 3.75 GHz
2a 2 × 0.04
Since f > f c , wave propagates.

2. Wavelength:
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.06 m
f 5 × 109
3. Cut-off wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λc = = = 0.08 m
fc 3.75 × 109

4. Phase velocity:

c 3 × 108 3 × 108 3 × 108

vp = r = p = √ = = 4.537 × 108 m/s
 2
f 1 − (0.75) 2 1 − 0.5625 0.6614
1 − fc

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 29

5. Group velocity:
s  2
fc
vg = c 1− = 3 × 108 × 0.6614 = 1.984 × 108 m/s
f
6. Characteristic impedance:
377 377
ZTE = p = = 570.1 Ω
1 − ( f c / f )2 0.6614

Problem 4.4
A rectangular waveguide has cross-sectional dimensions 1.5 cm × 0.75 cm. A
signal of frequency 20 GHz is transmitted. Find the cut-off frequency, phase
velocity, group velocity, and characteristic impedance for the dominant mode.

Solution:
Given:
a = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m, b = 0.75 cm = 0.0075 m
9
f = 20 GHz = 20 × 10 Hz, c = 3 × 108 m/s
1. Cut-off Frequency:
c 3 × 108
fc = = = 10 × 109 Hz = 10 GHz
2a 2 × 0.015
Since f > f c , wave propagates.

2. Wavelength:
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.015 m
f 20 × 109
3. Cut-off wavelength:
c 3 × 108
λc = = = 0.03 m
fc 10 × 109
4. Phase velocity:
c 3 × 108 3 × 108
vp = r = p = √ = 3.464 × 108 m/s
 2 1 − (0.5) 2 0.75
f
1 − fc

5. Group velocity:
s 2

fc √
vg = c 1− = 3 × 108 × 0.75 = 2.598 × 108 m/s
f
6. Characteristic impedance:
377 377
ZTE = r  2 = √0.75 = 435.5 Ω
f
1 − fc

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

30 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.5
In hollow rectangular waveguide 7 ×4 cm internally and a 9 GHz signal
propagating in it. Calculate cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength, phase
velocity, group velocity and characteristics impedance for the TE10 mode.

Solution : Given:

• Width a = 7 cm = 0.07 m

• Height b = 4 cm = 0.04 m

• Operating frequency f = 9 GHz = 9 × 109 Hz

• Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s

• Intrinsic impedance of free space η = 377 Ω

1. Cut-off Wavelength:
2a 2 × 0.07
λc = = = 0.14 m
m 1
2. Operating Wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.0333 m
f 9 × 109
3. Guide Wavelength:
λ 0.0333
λg = r  2 = q 0.0333

2 ≈ 0.0343 m
1 − λλc 1 − 0.14

4. Phase Velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0343 × 9 × 109 = 3.087 × 108 m/s

5. Group Velocity:

c2 (3 × 108 )2
vg = = ≈ 2.915 × 108 m/s
vp 3.087 × 108

6. Characteristic Impedance:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 2.143 × 109 Hz
2a 2 × 0.07
η 377
ZTE = r  2 = r  2 ≈ 388.3 Ω
fc 2.143
1− f 1− 9

Final Results:

• Cut-off wavelength λc = 0.14 m

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 31

• Guide wavelength λ g ≈ 0.0343 m

• Phase velocity v p ≈ 3.087 × 108 m/s

• Group velocity v g ≈ 2.915 × 108 m/s

• Characteristic impedance ZTE ≈ 388.3 Ω

Problem 4.6
A hollow rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions 5 × 3 cm. A 7 GHz
signal is propagating inside it. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, guide
wavelength, phase velocity, group velocity, and characteristic impedance for
the TE10 mode.

Solution :
Given:

• Width a = 5 cm = 0.05 m

• Height b = 3 cm = 0.03 m

• Operating frequency f = 7 GHz = 7 × 109 Hz

• Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s

• Intrinsic impedance of free space η = 377 Ω

1. Cut-off Wavelength:

2a 2 × 0.05
λc = = = 0.10 m
m 1
2. Operating Wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.04286 m
f 7 × 109

3. Guide Wavelength:

λ 0.04286
λg = r  2 = r  2 ≈ 0.04514 m
0.04286
1 − λc
λ
1 − 0.10

4. Phase Velocity:

v p = λ g × f = 0.04514 × 7 × 109 = 3.16 × 108 m/s

5. Group Velocity:

c2 (3 × 108 )2
vg = = ≈ 2.85 × 108 m/s
vp 3.16 × 108

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

32 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

6. Characteristic Impedance:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 3 × 109 Hz
2a 2 × 0.05
η 377
ZTE = r  2 = q
3

2 ≈ 408.7 Ω
f 1− 7
1 − fc

Final Results:

• Cut-off wavelength λc = 0.10 m

• Guide wavelength λ g ≈ 0.04514 m

• Phase velocity v p ≈ 3.16 × 108 m/s

• Group velocity v g ≈ 2.85 × 108 m/s

• Characteristic impedance ZTE ≈ 408.7 Ω

Problem 4.7
A hollow rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions 6 × 2.5 cm. A
10 GHz signal is propagating inside it. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, guide
wavelength, phase velocity, group velocity, and characteristic impedance for
the TE10 mode.

Solution : Given:

• Width a = 6 cm = 0.06 m

• Height b = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m

• Operating frequency f = 10 GHz = 1 × 1010 Hz

• Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s

• Intrinsic impedance of free space η = 377 Ω

1. Cut-off Wavelength:
2a 2 × 0.06
λc = = = 0.12 m
m 1
2. Operating Wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.03 m
f 1 × 1010
3. Guide Wavelength:
λ 0.03
λg = r  2 = q 0.03

2 ≈ 0.0308 m
1 − λλc 1 − 0.12

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 33

4. Phase Velocity:

v p = λ g × f = 0.0308 × 1 × 1010 = 3.08 × 108 m/s

5. Group Velocity:

c2 (3 × 108 )2
vg = = ≈ 2.92 × 108 m/s
vp 3.08 × 108

6. Characteristic Impedance:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 2.5 × 109 Hz
2a 2 × 0.06
η 377
ZTE = r  2 = q
≈ 388.1 Ω
2.5 2
fc 1 − 10
1− f

Final Results:

• Cut-off wavelength λc = 0.12 m

• Guide wavelength λ g ≈ 0.0308 m

• Phase velocity v p ≈ 3.08 × 108 m/s

• Group velocity v g ≈ 2.92 × 108 m/s

• Characteristic impedance ZTE ≈ 388.1 Ω

Problem 4.8
Design a rectangular waveguide to operate in the dominant TE10 mode at a
frequency of 10 GHz, such that the cut-off frequency is 25% below the operating
frequency. Determine the required width a of the waveguide.

Solution:
Given :

• Operating frequency f = 10 GHz = 10 × 109 Hz

• Let cut-off frequency f c = 0.75 f = 0.75 × 10 × 109 = 7.5 × 109 Hz

• Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s

For TE10 mode:

c c 3 × 108
fc = ⇒a= = = 0.02 m = 2 cm
2a 2 fc 2 × 7.5 × 109

Answer: The required waveguide width a = 2 cm

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

34 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.9
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 3 cm, b = 1.5 cm. It operates at
f = 12 GHz. Find:

(i) Cut-off frequency for TE10

(ii) Guide wavelength

(iii) Phase velocity

Solution:
Given

• a = 3 cm = 0.03 m, f = 12 × 109 Hz, c = 3 × 108 m/s

(i) Cut-off frequency:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 5 × 109 Hz
2a 2 × 0.03
(ii) Operating wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.025 m
f 12 × 109

Cut-off wavelength:
2a
λc = = 2 × 0.03 = 0.06 m
1
Guide wavelength:

λ 0.025
λg = r  2 = q 0.025

2 ≈ 0.0262 m
1 − λλc 1 − 0.06

(iii) Phase velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0262 × 12 × 109 = 3.144 × 108 m/s

Answer:

• Cut-off frequency: f c = 5 GHz

• Guide wavelength: λ g ≈ 0.0262 m

• Phase velocity: v p ≈ 3.144 × 108 m/s

Problem 4.10
Design a rectangular waveguide to operate in dominant TE10 mode at an
operating frequency of 15 GHz, such that the cut-off frequency is 20% below
the operating frequency. Find the required width a.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 35

Solution :
Given:
f = 15 GHz, f c = 0.8 f = 0.8 × 15 = 12 GHz
Formula:
c c 3 × 108
fc = ⇒a= = = 0.0125 m = 1.25 cm
2a 2 fc 2 × 12 × 109
Answer: a = 1.25 cm
Problem 4.11
A rectangular waveguide has width a = 2.5 cm. What is the maximum
frequency for which the waveguide operates in the dominant mode without
exciting higher modes?

Solution :
Given: a = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
c
To prevent higher modes, max frequency = just below f 20 = a

Dominant cut-off frequency:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 6 GHz
2a 2 × 0.025
c
Next mode cut-off: f 20 = a = 12 GHz

Answer: To ensure only dominant mode, maximum operating frequency

< 12 GHz
Problem 4.12
A waveguide has internal dimensions a = 4 cm, b = 2 cm. A 10 GHz signal is
propagating through it. Determine:

(a) Cut-off frequency

(b) Guide wavelength

(c) Phase velocity

Solution :
Given: a = 4 cm = 0.04 m, f = 10 GHz

(a) Cut-off frequency:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 3.75 GHz
2a 2 × 0.04
(b) Guide wavelength:

Operating wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.03 m
f 10 × 109

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

36 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Cut-off wavelength:
2a
λc = = 0.08 m
1
λ 0.03
λg = r  2 = q
0.03

2 ≈ 0.0317 m
1 − λλc 1 − 0.08

(c) Phase velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0317 × 10 × 109 = 3.17 × 108 m/s

Answer: f c = 3.75 GHz, λ g ≈ 0.0317 m, v p ≈ 3.17 × 108 m/s

Problem 4.13
Find the minimum dimension a for a rectangular waveguide that will support
only the dominant TE10 mode up to 18 GHz.

Solution :
Condition: Only dominant mode up to f = 18 GHz

To avoid TE20 , its cut-off must be above 18 GHz:

c c 3 × 108
f 20 = > 18 GHz ⇒ a < = = 0.01667 m = 1.667 cm
a 18 × 109 18 × 109
Answer: a < 1.667 cm

Problem 4.14
A signal of 6 GHz is to propagate in a waveguide such that the group velocity
is 2.5 × 108 m/s. Calculate:

(a) Phase velocity

(b) Guide wavelength

(c) Waveguide width a

Solution :
Given:
f = 6 GHz, v g = 2.5 × 108 m/s
(a) Phase velocity:

c2 (3 × 108 )2
vp = = = 3.6 × 108 m/s
vg 2.5 × 108

(b) Guide wavelength:

vp 3.6 × 108
λg = = = 0.06 m
f 6 × 109

(c) To find waveguide width a:

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 37

First find free-space wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.05 m
f 6 × 109

Now, use:
λ 0.05
λg = r  2 ⇒ 0.06 = r  2 ⇒ λc ≈ 0.087 m
0.05
1 − λc
λ
1 − λc

Now,
λc 0.087
λc = 2a ⇒ a = = ≈ 0.0435 m = 4.35 cm
2 2
Answer:

• v p = 3.6 × 108 m/s

• λ g = 0.06 m

• a ≈ 4.35 cm

Problem 4.15
A rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions 3.5 cm × 2 cm and operates
at a frequency of 10 GHz. Calculate the cut-off frequency, guide wavelength,
phase velocity, group velocity, and wave impedance for the TE10 mode.

Solution :
Given:

a = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m, b = 2 cm = 0.02 m, f = 10 GHz, c = 3 × 108 m/s, η = 377 Ω

Cut-off frequency (TE10 ):

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 4.286 GHz
2a 2 × 0.035
Cut-off wavelength:

2a
λc = = 2a = 2 × 0.035 = 0.07 m
m
Free-space wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.03 m
f 10 × 109

Guide wavelength:

λ 0.03
λg = r  2 = p1 − (0.03/0.07)2 ≈ 0.0313 m
1 − λλc

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

38 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Phase velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0313 × 10 × 109 = 3.13 × 108 m/s

Group velocity:
c2 (3 × 108 )2
vg = = = 2.87 × 108 m/s
vp 3.13 × 108
Wave impedance for TE mode:
η 377
ZTE = r = p ≈ 407.5 Ω
 2
fc 1 − (4.286/10)2
1− f

Problem 4.16
A rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions 6 cm × 3 cm carries a 15 GHz
signal. Compute cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase velocity, group
velocity, and wave impedance for the TE10 mode.

Solution :
Given:
a = 0.06 m, f = 15 × 109 Hz
Cut-off frequency:

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 2.5 × 109 Hz
2a 2 × 0.06
Free-space wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.02 m
f 15 × 109
Cut-off wavelength:
λc = 2a = 0.12 m
Guide wavelength:
0.02
λg = p ≈ 0.0203 m
1 − (0.02/0.12)2
Phase velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0203 · 15 × 109 = 3.045 × 108 m/s

Group velocity:

c2 9 × 1016
vg = = = 2.954 × 108 m/s
vp 3.045 × 108

Wave impedance:
377 377
ZTE = p =p ≈ 381.3 Ω
1 − ( fc / f )2 1 − (2.5/15)2

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 39

Problem 4.17
A rectangular waveguide with internal dimensions 4.5 cm × 2.2 cm is used to
transmit a 12 GHz signal. Find the cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase
velocity, group velocity, and wave impedance for TE10 mode.

Solution :
Given:

a = 4.5 cm = 0.045 m, f = 12 GHz, c = 3 × 108 m/s, η = 377 Ω

Cut-off frequency:
c 3 × 108
fc = = = 3.33 GHz
2a 2 × 0.045
Free-space wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.025 m
f 12 × 109
Cut-off wavelength:
λc = 2a = 0.09 m
Guide wavelength:
λ 0.025
λg = r = p ≈ 0.0254 m
 2 1 − ( 0.025/0.09 ) 2
1 − λλc

Phase velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0254 · 12 × 109 = 3.048 × 108 m/s

Group velocity:

c2 (3 × 108 )2
vg = = = 2.951 × 108 m/s
vp 3.048 × 108

Wave impedance:
377 377
ZTE = p =p ≈ 384.6 Ω
1 − ( f c / f )2 1 − (3.33/12)2

Problem 4.18
A rectangular waveguide with dimensions 2.8 cm × 1.4 cm is operating at 8
GHz. Calculate the cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase velocity, group
velocity, and wave impedance for TE10 mode.

Solution :
Given:
a = 2.8 cm = 0.028 m, f = 8 GHz
Cut-off frequency:
c 3 × 108
fc = = = 5.357 GHz
2a 2 × 0.028

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

40 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Free-space wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.0375 m
f 8 × 109
Cut-off wavelength:
λc = 2a = 0.056 m
Guide wavelength:
0.0375
λg = p ≈ 0.0404 m
1 − (0.0375/0.056)2
Phase velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0404 · 8 × 109 = 3.232 × 108 m/s

Group velocity:

c2 9 × 1016
vg = = ≈ 2.785 × 108 m/s
vp 3.232 × 108

Wave impedance:
377 377
ZTE = p =p ≈ 424.6 Ω
1 − ( f c / f )2 1 − (5.357/8)2

Problem 4.19
For a rectangular waveguide with internal dimensions 5 cm × 2.5 cm and
operating at 14 GHz, calculate cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase
velocity, group velocity, and wave impedance for TE10 mode.

Solution :
Given:
a = 5 cm = 0.05 m, f = 14 GHz
Cut-off frequency:
c 3 × 108
fc = = = 3.0 GHz
2a 2 × 0.05
Free-space wavelength:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.0214 m
f 14 × 109
Cut-off wavelength:
λc = 2a = 0.1 m
Guide wavelength:
0.0214
λg = p ≈ 0.0217 m
1 − (0.0214/0.1)2
Phase velocity:

v p = λ g · f = 0.0217 · 14 × 109 = 3.038 × 108 m/s

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 41

Group velocity:

c2 9 × 1016
vg = = = 2.961 × 108 m/s
vp 3.038 × 108

Wave impedance:

377 377
ZTE = p =p ≈ 383.9 Ω
1 − ( fc / f )2 1 − (3/14)2

Problem 4.20
A rectangular waveguide with dimensions 5 cm × 2 cm is operating at 6 GHz.
Determine whether the TE10 , TE01 , and TE11 modes can propagate. If yes, find
their cut-off frequencies.

Solution :
Given:

a = 0.05 m, b = 0.02 m, f = 6 × 109 Hz, c = 3 × 108 m/s

Cut-off frequency formula:

r
c m 2  n 2
fc = +
2 a b
For TE10 :

3 × 108
f c10 = = 3 GHz ⇒ Can propagate since f > f c
2 × 0.05
For TE01 :

3 × 108
f c01 = = 7.5 GHz ⇒ Cannot propagate since f < f c
2 × 0.02
For TE11 :
s
3 × 108 1 2 1 2
  
f c11 = +
2 0.05 0.02
√
= 1.5 × 108 × 400 + 2500
√
= 1.5 × 108 × 2900 ≈ 8.08 GHz

⇒ Cannot propagate since f < f c

Conclusion: Only the TE10 mode can propagate at 6 GHz.
Problem 4.21
A rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions 4 cm × 1.5 cm and is
operating at 10 GHz. Determine whether TE10 , TE20 , and TE01 modes can
propagate. Also, calculate their cut-off frequencies.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

42 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Solution :
Given:
a = 0.04 m, b = 0.015 m, f = 10 × 109 Hz
Cut-off frequency formula:
r
c m 2  n 2
fc = +
2 a b
For TE10 :
3 × 108
f c10 = = 3.75 GHz ⇒ Can propagate
2 × 0.04
For TE20 :
3 × 108 2 3 × 108 × 2
f c20 = × = = 7.5 GHz ⇒ Can propagate
2 0.04 2 × 0.04
For TE01 :
3 × 108
f c01 = = 10 GHz ⇒ At the edge of propagation
2 × 0.015
Conclusion: TE10 and TE20 modes can propagate. TE01 is at threshold.
Problem 4.22
A rectangular waveguide with dimensions 2.5 cm × 1 cm is excited at 12 GHz.
Check whether TE10 , TE01 , and TE11 modes can propagate. Also, determine the
respective cut-off frequencies.

Solution :
Given:
a = 0.025 m, b = 0.01 m, f = 12 × 109 Hz
Cut-off frequency formula:
r
c m 2  n 2
fc = +
2 a b
For TE10 :
3 × 108
f c10 = = 6 GHz ⇒ Can propagate
2 × 0.025
For TE01 :
3 × 108
f c01 = = 15 GHz ⇒ Cannot propagate
2 × 0.01
For TE11 :
s
2 2
3 × 108
 
1 1
f c11 = +
2 0.025 0.01
√
= 1.5 × 108 1600 + 10000
√
= 1.5 × 108 11600 ≈ 1.615 × 109 Hz
f c11 ≈ 16.15 GHz ⇒ Cannot propagate
Conclusion: Only TE10 mode can propagate at 12 GHz.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 43

Problem 4.23
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 2.286 cm, b = 1.016 cm and
operates in TE10 mode at 8 GHz. Calculate:
1. Cut-off frequency 2. Guide wavelength 3. Maximum power that can be
transmitted if the maximum electric field is Emax = 30 kV/m

Solution :
Given:
a = 2.286 cm = 0.02286 m, b = 1.016 cm = 0.01016 m, f = 8 GHz, Emax = 30 × 103 V/m
c = 3 × 108 m/s, η = 377 Ω
1. Cut-off frequency (TE10 ):
c 3 × 108
fc = = = 6.56 GHz
2a 2 × 0.02286
2. Free-space wavelength:
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.0375 m
f 8 × 109
Cut-off wavelength:
λc = 2a = 2 × 0.02286 = 0.04572 m
Guide wavelength:
λ 0.0375
λg = r  2 = q
≈ 0.0634 m
0.0375 2
1 − λc
λ 1 − 0.04572

3. Maximum Transmitted Power (TE10 mode):

2
ab Emax λ
Pmax = · ·
4 η λg

0.02286 · 0.01016 (30 × 103 )2 0.0375

= · ·
4 377 0.0634
First compute step-by-step:
ab 0.00023227
= = 5.8068 × 10−5
4 4
2
Emax = 9 × 108
2
Emax 9 × 108
= ≈ 2.387 × 106
η 377
λ 0.0375
= ≈ 0.5914
λg 0.0634
Final Power:
Pmax = 5.8068 × 10−5 · 2.387 × 106 · 0.5914 ≈ 82.07 W
Answer: Maximum transmitted power is approximately 82.07 W

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

44 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.24
In an air-filled rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is propagated at a
frequency of 10 GHz. If the guide wavelength λ g is 5 cm, calculate the breadth
a of the waveguide.

Solution :
Given:

• Frequency: f = 10 GHz = 10 × 109 Hz

• Guide wavelength: λ g = 5 cm = 0.05 m

• Medium: Air (v = c = 3 × 108 m/s)

Step 1: Calculate free space wavelength λ

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.03 m
f 10 × 109
Step 2: Use relation between guide wavelength, free space wavelength, and
cutoff wavelength:
1 1 1
= −
λ2g λ2 λ2c
1 1 1
⇒ 2
= 2− 2
λc λ λg
Substitute values:
1 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
− 2
= − = 1111.11 − 400 = 711.11
λc (0.03) (0.05) 0.0009 0.0025
1 1
λc = √ ≈ ≈ 0.0375 m
711.11 26.65
Step 3: For dominant mode (TE10 ) in rectangular waveguide:
2a
λc = for m = 1 ⇒ λc = 2a
m
λc 0.0375
a= = = 0.01875 m = 1.875 cm
2 2
Final Answer:
a = 1.875 cm

Problem 4.25
A rectangular waveguide has a breadth of a = 6 cm. Determine the cut-off
wavelength for the dominant mode. For a 4 GHz signal propagating in this
waveguide in the dominant mode, calculate the guide wavelength λ g , phase
velocity v p , and group velocity v g .

Solution :
Given:

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 45

• Breadth of waveguide: a = 6 cm = 0.06 m

• Frequency: f = 4 GHz = 4 × 109 Hz
• Speed of light: c = 3 × 108 m/s

(a) Cut-off wavelength λc :

For dominant mode (TE10 ), the cutoff wavelength is:

λc = 2a = 2 × 0.06 = 0.12 m

(b) Free space wavelength λ:

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.075 m
f 4 × 109
(c) Guide wavelength λ g :
1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λg λ λc
1 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
− 2
= −
λg (0.075) (0.12) 0.005625 0.0144
1
⇒ = 177.78 − 69.44 = 108.34
λ2g
1
λg = √ ≈ 0.096 m
108.34
λ g ≈ 9.6 cm
(d) Phase velocity v p :

c 3 × 108
vp = r  2 = q
2
1 − λλc 1 − 0.075
0.12

3 × 108 3 × 108
vp = √ =√ ≈ 3.83 × 108 m/s
1 − 0.3906 0.6094
(e) Group velocity v g :
s
 2 √
λ
vg = c 1− = 3 × 108 × 0.6094 ≈ 2.38 × 108 m/s
λc

Problem 4.26
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 3 cm and b = 1 cm. The
operating frequency is f = 10 GHz. Find the following: (a) The possible
TE modes below the operating frequency, (b) The cut-off frequencies of these
modes, (c) The guide wavelength λ g for the dominant mode.

Solution :
Given:

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

46 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

• Waveguide dimensions: a = 3 cm = 0.03 m, b = 1 cm = 0.01 m

• Operating frequency: f = 10 GHz = 10 × 109 Hz
• Speed of light: c = 3 × 108 m/s

(a) Possible TE modes below 10 GHz:

Cutoff frequency for TEmn mode is:

r
c  m 2  n 2
f c(mn) = +
2 a b
We calculate f c for first few TE modes:
3 × 108 1 3 × 108
f c(10) = · = = 5 GHz
2 a 2 · 0.03
3 × 108 2 3 × 108 · 2
f c(20) = · = = 10 GHz
2 a 2 · 0.03
3 × 108 1 3 × 108
f c(01) = · = = 15 GHz
2 b
s 2 · 0.01 s
 2  2
3 × 108 3 × 108 1 2 1 2
   
1 1
f c(11) = · + = · +
2 a b 2 0.03 0.01
√ √
= 1.5 × 108 · 1111.11 + 10000 = 1.5 × 108 · 11111.11 ≈ 15.8 GHz
So, modes below 10 GHz: TE10 and TE20

(b) Cut-off frequencies:

f c(10) = 5 GHz
f c(20) = 10 GHz
f c(01) = 15 GHz

(c) Guide wavelength λ g for TE10 :

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.03 m = 3 cm
f 10 × 109
c 3 × 108
λc =
= = 0.06 m = 6 cm
fc 5 × 109
1 1 1 1 1
2
= 2− 2 = 2
− = 1111.1 − 277.8 = 833.3
λg λ λc (0.03) (0.06)2
1
λg = √ ≈ 0.0346 m = 3.46 cm
833.3

Problem 4.27
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 4 cm and b = 3 cm. Find all the
modes which will propagate at 5000 MHz.

Solution :
Given:

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 47

• Waveguide dimensions: a = 4 cm = 0.04 m, b = 3 cm = 0.03 m

• Operating frequency: f = 5000 MHz = 5000 × 106 Hz

• Speed of light: c = 3 × 108 m/s

Step 1: Find the cutoff frequencies for TEmn modes.

The cutoff frequency for the TEmn mode is given by the formula:
r
c  m 2  n 2
f c(mn) = +
2 a b
Substituting a = 0.04 m, b = 0.03 m, and c = 3 × 108 m/s, we calculate the cutoff
frequencies for several values of m and n.

Step 2: Calculate cutoff frequencies.

1. For TE10 mode:

3 × 108 1 3 × 108
f c(10) = · = = 3.75 × 109 Hz = 3750 MHz
2 0.04 0.08
2. For TE01 mode:

3 × 108 1 3 × 108
f c(01) = · = = 5 × 109 Hz = 5000 MHz
2 0.03 0.06
3. For TE11 mode:
s
3 × 108 1 2 1 2 3 × 108 √ 3 × 108 √
   
f c(11) = · + = · 625 + 1111.11 = · 1736.11 ≈ 5
2 0.04 0.03 2 2

4. For TE20 mode:

3 × 108 2 3 × 108 · 2
f c(20) = · = = 7.5 × 109 Hz = 7500 MHz
2 0.04 0.08
Step 3: Identify the propagating modes.

Since the operating frequency is f = 5000 MHz, the modes that will
propagate are those with cutoff frequencies less than or equal to the operating
frequency:

- TE10 : f c(10) = 3750 MHz - TE01 : f c(01) = 5000 MHz

Thus, the modes that will propagate at 5000 MHz are **TE10 ** and **TE01 **.
Problem 4.28
The TE10 mode is propagated in a rectangular waveguide with dimensions
a = 6 cm and b = 4 cm. A traveling detector finds the distance between a
maximum and a minimum to be 4.55 cm. Calculate the frequency of the wave.

Solution :
Given:

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

48 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

• Width of waveguide: a = 6 cm = 0.06 m

• Height: b = 4 cm = 0.04 m (not used in TE10 )

• Distance between a maximum and minimum: λ g /2 = 4.55 cm ⇒ λ g =

2 × 4.55 = 9.1 cm = 0.091 m

• Mode: TE10

• Speed of light: c = 3 × 108 m/s

Step 1: Cutoff wavelength λc for TE10

2a 2 × 0.06
λc = = = 0.12 m
m 1
Step 2: Use the relation between guide wavelength λ g , cutoff wavelength λc ,
and actual wavelength λ:
1 1 1
2
= 2+ 2
λ λ g λc
Substitute values:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
+ 2
= + = 120.75 + 69.44 = 190.19 ⇒ λ = √ ≈ 0.0726 m
λ (0.091) (0.12) 0.008281 0.0144 190.19
Step 3: Find frequency

c 3 × 108
f = = ≈ 4.13 × 109 Hz = 4130 MHz
λ 0.0726

Final Answer: The frequency of the wave is 4130 MHz .

Problem 4.29
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions 6 cm × 3 cm. The cut-off
wavelengths for various modes are: TE10 = 12 cm, TE11 = 5.6 cm, and
TM21 = 4.5 cm. Determine which of these modes will propagate at a free-
space wavelength of (i) 7 cm, and (ii) 4 cm.

Solution :
Given:

• Dimensions of waveguide: a = 6 cm, b = 3 cm

• λc,TE10 = 12 cm

• λc,TE11 = 5.6 cm

• λc,TM21 = 4.5 cm

Theory: A mode propagates in a waveguide if:

λ < λc or equivalently f > fc

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 49

Case (i): Free-space wavelength λ = 7 cm

Check propagation condition:

λ = 7 cm < λc,TE10 = 12 cm ⇒TE10 propagates

λ = 7 cm > λc,TE11 = 5.6 cm ⇒TE11 does NOT propagate
λ = 7 cm > λc,TM21 = 4.5 cm ⇒TM21 does NOT propagate

At λ = 7 cm, only mode TE10 will propagate.

Case (ii): Free-space wavelength λ = 4 cm

λ = 4 cm < λc,TE10 = 12 cm ⇒TE10 propagates

λ = 4 cm < λc,TE11 = 5.6 cm ⇒TE11 propagates
λ = 4 cm < λc,TM21 = 4.5 cm ⇒TM21 propagates

At λ = 4 cm, all three modes (TE10 , TE11 , TM21 ) will propagate.

Problem 4.30
A rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 4 cm, b = 2 cm operates in the
TM11 mode at f = 12 GHz. Determine the **characteristic wave impedance**
ZTM .

Solution :
Step 1: Given Data

a = 4 cm = 0.04 m
b = 2 cm = 0.02 m
f = 12 GHz = 12 × 109 Hz
1
µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H/m, ε0 = × 10−9 F/m
36π
1
c= √ = 3 × 108 m/s
µ0 ε 0

Step 2: Calculate Cutoff Frequency for TM11 mode

r
c  m 2  n 2
f cmn = +
2 a b
For TM11 : m = 1, n = 1
s
3 × 108 1 2 1 2 √ √
   
fc = + = 1.5 × 108 625 + 2500 = 1.5 × 108 3125
2 0.04 0.02

f c = 1.5 × 108 × 55.9 = 8.39 GHz

Step 3: Characteristic Wave Impedance for TM Mode

"  2 #−1/2
fc
ZTM = η 1 −
f

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

50 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

where η = 377 Ω (intrinsic impedance of free space)

 2
fc 8.39 fc
= = 0.699 ⇒ = 0.489
f 12 f

ZTM = 377 · (1 − 0.489)−1/2 = 377 · (0.511)−1/2 = 377 · 1.398 = 527.8 Ω

Problem 4.31
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 6 cm, b = 3 cm. Determine
the **guide wavelength** λ g , phase constant β, and phase velocity Vp at a free-
space wavelength λ = 5 cm for the dominant mode.

Solution :
Step 1: Given Data

a = 6 cm = 0.06 m, b = 3 cm = 0.03 m
λ = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Dominant mode: TE10

Step 2: Cutoff Wavelength and Frequency for TE10

λc = 2a = 2 × 0.06 = 0.12 m

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 2.5 GHz
λc 0.12
c 3 × 108
f = = = 6 GHz
λ 0.05
Step 3: Guide Wavelength λ g

λ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

λg = r  2 = q =√ =√ = = 0.0551 m (5.51 cm)
0.05

2 1 − 0.1736 0.8264 0.908
1 − λc
λ 1 − 0.12

Step 4: Phase Constant β

2π 2π
β= = = 114 rad/m
λg 0.0551

Step 5: Phase Velocity Vp

ω 2π f 2π × 6 × 109 37.7 × 109

Vp = = = = = 330.7 × 106 m/s (330.7 Mm/s)
β β 114 114

Problem 4.32
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 6 cm, b = 3 cm. Can the
TE20 mode propagate at 4.5 GHz? Justify your answer with calculations.
Also compute the wave impedance for the dominant mode at this frequency,
assuming the guide is air-filled.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 51

Solution :
Step 1: Given Data

a = 6 cm = 0.06 m, b = 3 cm = 0.03 m
f = 4.5 GHz = 4.5 × 109 Hz,
Medium: Air, so µ = µ0 , ε = ε 0 , c = 3 × 108 m/s

Step 2: Cutoff Frequency for TE20

For a rectangular waveguide:

r
c m 2  n 2
f c(mn) = +
2 a b
For TE20 , m = 2, n = 0:

3 × 108 2 3 × 108 3 × 108 · 2

f c(20) = · = ·2 = = 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
2 a 2 · 0.06 0.12
Since f = 4.5 GHz < f c(20) = 5 GHz, the TE20 mode **cannot propagate**.

Step 3: Dominant Mode and Its Cutoff Frequency

The dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide is TE10 , for which:

c 3 × 108
f c(10) = = = 2.5 GHz
2a 2 · 0.06
Since f = 4.5 GHz > 2.5 GHz, TE10 mode will propagate.

Step 4: Wave Impedance for TE Mode

Wave impedance for TE mode:

η
ZTE = r  2 , where η = 377 Ω
f
1 − fc

377 377 377 377

ZTE10 = q =√ =√ = = 453.4 Ω
2.5 2

1 − 0.3086 0.6914 0.8314
1 − 4.5

Problem 4.33
Design a rectangular waveguide such that no mode higher than TE20
propagates, if the operating frequency is f = 300 MHz. The broader dimension
a is twice the narrow dimension b. Find appropriate dimensions a and b.

Solution :
Step 1: Given
f = 300 MHz = 3 × 108 Hz, a = 2b
Step 2: Cutoff frequency formula for mode TEmn
r
c  m 2  n 2
fc = +
2 a b

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

52 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

We want only modes with cutoff frequency **less than** 300 MHz to propagate.

We aim to block TE21 and all higher modes.

Step 3: Compute cutoff frequency of TE21

Let’s find the maximum value of b such that f c(21) > 300 MHz

For TE21 , m = 2, n = 1, a = 2b
s
 2  2 8
s
 2  2 √
c 2 1 3 × 10 1 1 3 × 108 2
f c(21) = + = + = ·
2 2b b 2 b b 2 b
√
1.5 × 108 · 2
f c(21) =
b
Set this > 300 × 106 :
√ √ √
1.5 × 108 · 2 8 2 2
> 3 × 10 ⇒ >2 ⇒ b< = 0.7071 m
b b 2
Thus, choose b = 0.7 m ⇒ a = 2b = 1.4 m

Step 4: Final Dimensions

b = 0.7 m
a = 1.4 m

With these dimensions, only lower-order modes (like TE10 , TE01 , etc.) can
propagate at 300 MHz. All modes TE21 and above are cutoff.
Problem 4.34
A rectangular waveguide is filled with a dielectric material having relative
permittivity ϵr = 4 and internal dimensions a = 5 cm, b = 2.5 cm. For the
dominant mode TE10 , find:

1. The cut-off frequency f c .

2. The phase velocity Vp at operating frequency f = 3 GHz.

3. The guided wavelength λ g at 3 GHz.

Solution :
Step 1: Given Data
a = 5 cm = 0.05 m, b = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
ϵr = 4, f = 3 GHz = 3 × 109 Hz
Speed of light in free space:
c = 3 × 108 m/s
Speed of electromagnetic wave in dielectric:
c 3 × 108
v= √ = = 1.5 × 108 m/s
ϵr 2

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 53

Step 2: Calculate cut-off frequency f c for TE10

For dominant mode TE10 ,

m = 1, n=0

Cutoff frequency:

v 1.5 × 108 1.5 × 108

fc = = = = 1.5 × 109 Hz = 1.5 GHz
2a 2 × 0.05 0.1
Step 3: Calculate phase velocity Vp

Phase velocity in waveguide is

v 1.5 × 108 1.5 × 108 1.5 × 108

Vp = r = r = p = √
 2
fc

1.5×109
2 1 − (0.5)2 0.75
1− f 1 − 3×109

1.5 × 108
Vp = ≈ 1.732 × 108 m/s
0.866
Step 4: Calculate guided wavelength λ g

Free space wavelength in dielectric:

v 1.5 × 108
λ= = = 0.05 m = 5 cm
f 3 × 109

Guided wavelength:

λ 0.05
λg = r  2 = 0.866 = 0.0577 m = 5.77 cm
f
1 − fc

Final answers:
f c = 1.5 GHz
Vp = 1.732 × 108 m/s
λ g = 5.77 cm

Problem 4.35
A standard X-band rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions of
2.286 cm × 1.016 cm. Calculate the cut-off frequency for the TE01 mode in this
waveguide.

Solution :
We are given the dimensions of an X-band rectangular waveguide:

• a = 2.286 cm = 0.02286 m (longer dimension)

• b = 1.016 cm = 0.01016 m (shorter dimension)

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

54 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

We need to calculate the cut-off frequency ( f c ) for the TE01 mode.

The cut-off wavelength (λc ) for a TEmn or TMmn mode in a rectangular

waveguide is given by:
2
λc = q

m 2 n 2


a + b

For the TE01 mode, we have m = 0 and n = 1. Substituting these values

into the formula:
2 2
λc = r = r  = 2b
2 2
0 2
 
1 1


a + b b

Now, substitute the value of b:

λc = 2 × 0.01016 m = 0.02032 m

The cut-off frequency ( f c ) is related to the cut-off wavelength by the speed

of light (c = 3 × 108 m/s):
c
fc =
λc
3 × 108 m/s
fc =
0.02032 m
f c ≈ 14.76 × 109 Hz
f c ≈ 14.76 GHz

Therefore, the cut-off frequency for the TE01 mode in this waveguide is
approximately 14.76 GHz.
Problem 4.36
An air-filled rectangular waveguide is required to operate at a frequency of
15 GHz such that the operating frequency is 1.5 times the cut-off frequency of
the dominant mode. Assuming the standard aspect ratio for the waveguide
dimensions, determine the internal dimensions (a and b) of the waveguide to
ensure only the dominant mode propagates.

Solution :
We are given:

• Operating frequency, f = 15 GHz = 15 × 109 Hz

• Operating frequency is 1.5 times the cut-off frequency of the dominant mode
(TE10 ): f = 1.5 × f c,10

The cut-off frequency for the dominant TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide
with longer dimension a is given by:
c
f c,10 =
2a

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 55

From the given condition, we can determine the desired cut-off frequency for the
dominant mode:

f 15 × 109 Hz
f c,10 = = = 10 × 109 Hz = 10 GHz
1.5 1.5

Now, we can find the dimension a using the speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s:

c 3 × 108 m/s 3
a= = 9
= m = 0.015 m = 1.5 cm
2 f c,10 2 × 10 × 10 Hz 200

For single-mode operation, we typically design the waveguide such that the
operating frequency is above the dominant mode’s cut-off frequency but below
the cut-off frequencies of the next higher-order modes. A common aspect ratio
for rectangular waveguides is a ≈ 2b.

Using this aspect ratio:

a 1.5 cm
b≈ = = 0.75 cm
2 2

Let’s verify that only the dominant mode will propagate with these
dimensions:

• Cut-off frequency for TE10 mode ( f c,10 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
f c,10 = = = 10 × 109 Hz = 10 GHz
2a 2 × 0.015 m

(This matches our design target: 10 GHz < 15 GHz)

• Cut-off frequency for TE20 mode ( f c,20 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
f c,20 = = = 20 × 109 Hz = 20 GHz
a 0.015 m
(Since 15 GHz < 20 GHz, TE20 mode will be cut off)

• Cut-off frequency for TE01 mode ( f c,01 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
f c,01 = = = 20 × 109 Hz = 20 GHz
2b 2 × 0.0075 m

(Since 15 GHz < 20 GHz, TE01 mode will be cut off)

Since f c,10 < f operating < min( f c,20 , f c,01 ), the waveguide will indeed propagate
only the dominant TE10 mode.

Thus, the internal dimensions of the rectangular waveguide are

approximately a = 1.5 cm and b = 0.75 cm.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

56 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.37
An air-filled rectangular waveguide has a larger internal dimension (a) of
2.5 cm. A microwave signal with a frequency of 8 GHz is propagated through
it. Calculate:

1. The cut-off frequency for the dominant mode.

2. The phase constant (β) in the waveguide for the dominant mode.

3. The characteristic wave impedance of the dominant mode.

Solution :
We are given:

• Larger internal dimension of the rectangular waveguide,

a = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m.

• Operating frequency, f = 8 GHz = 8 × 109 Hz.

• Speed of light in free space, c = 3 × 108 m/s.

1. The cut-off frequency for the dominant mode ( f c ): For a rectangular

waveguide, the dominant mode is TE10 . The cut-off frequency for this mode
is given by:
c
fc =
2a
Substituting the given values:

3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108

fc = = Hz = 6 × 109 Hz = 6 GHz
2 × 0.025 m 0.05
The cut-off frequency for the dominant mode is 6 GHz.

2. The phase constant (β) in the waveguide for the dominant mode: First, we
need to calculate the angular frequency (ω) and the free-space propagation
constant (β 0 or k):
ω = 2π f = 2π × 8 × 109 rad/s

The phase constant in the waveguide (β) for an air-filled rectangular

waveguide is given by:
r
ω 2  π 2
β= −
c a
where ωc is the free-space propagation constant and π
a is the cut-off wave
number for the TE10 mode.
Substituting the values:
s
2
2π × 8 × 109 Hz
  π 2
β= −
3 × 108 m/s 0.025 m

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 57
s
 2
160π
β= − (40π )2
3
p √ √
β= 2844.44π 2 − 1600π 2 = 1244.44π 2 = π 1244.44
β ≈ 3.14159 × 35.276 ≈ 110.8 rad/m
The phase constant in the waveguide is approximately 110.8 rad/m.

3. The characteristic wave impedance of the dominant mode (ZTE ): For TE

modes in an air-filled waveguide, the wave impedance is given by:
η
ZTE = r  2
f
1 − fc
q
µ0
where η = ϵ0 ≈ 377Ω is the intrinsic impedance of free space.

377 377
ZTE = r 2 = q
1 − (0.75)2

6 GHz
1− 8 GHz

377 377 377

ZTE = √ =√ = ≈ 570.0Ω
1 − 0.5625 0.4375 0.6614
The characteristic wave impedance of the dominant mode is approximately
570.0Ω.

Problem 4.38
A rectangular waveguide has a larger internal dimension (a) of 2.286 cm
(standard X-band dimension). If it is operating at a frequency of 10 GHz in
the dominant mode, calculate its characteristic wave impedance.

Solution :
We are given:

• Larger internal dimension of the rectangular waveguide, a = 2.286 cm =

0.02286 m.

• Operating frequency, f = 10 GHz = 10 × 109 Hz.

We assume the waveguide is air-filled, so:

• Speed of light in free space, c = 3 × 108 m/s.

• Intrinsic impedance of free space, η0 ≈ 377Ω.

Step 1: Calculate the cut-off frequency ( f c ) for the dominant mode. For a
rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is TE10 . The cut-off frequency for
this mode is given by:
c
fc =
2a

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

58 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Substituting the given values:

3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108

fc = = Hz ≈ 6.5617 × 109 Hz = 6.5617 GHz
2 × 0.02286 m 0.04572
The cut-off frequency for the dominant mode is approximately 6.5617 GHz.

Step 2: Calculate the characteristic wave impedance (ZTE ) for the

dominant mode. For TE modes in an air-filled waveguide, the characteristic
wave impedance is given by:
η0
ZTE = r  2
f
1 − fc

Substituting the calculated f c and the given operating frequency f :

377Ω
ZTE = r  2
6.5617 GHz
1− 10 GHz

377
ZTE = q
1 − (0.65617)2
377
ZTE = √
1 − 0.43056
377
ZTE = √
0.56944
377
ZTE =
0.75461
ZTE ≈ 499.6Ω
The characteristic wave impedance of the dominant mode in this waveguide is
approximately 499.6Ω.
Problem 4.39
An air-filled rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions of 3.5 cm ×
1.5 cm.

1. Calculate the cut-off frequency for the dominant mode (TE10 ).

2. Determine if a 7 GHz signal will propagate through this waveguide in

the TE10 mode.

3. If the 7 GHz signal propagates, find its group velocity within the
waveguide.

Solution :
We are given:

• Waveguide dimensions: a = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m (longer side), b = 1.5 cm =

0.015 m (shorter side).

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 59

• Operating frequency, f = 7 GHz = 7 × 109 Hz.

• Assume air-filled waveguide, so c = 3 × 108 m/s.

1. Calculate the cut-off frequency for the dominant mode (TE10 ). For the TE10
mode, the cut-off wavelength is λc = 2a. So, λc (TE10 ) = 2 × 0.035 m =
0.07 m.
The cut-off frequency ( f c ) is given by:
c
f c (TE10 ) =
λc (TE10 )

3 × 108 m/s
f c (TE10 ) = ≈ 4.2857 × 109 Hz = 4.2857 GHz
0.07 m
The cut-off frequency for the dominant mode (TE10 ) is approximately
4.2857 GHz.

2. Determine if a 7 GHz signal will propagate through this waveguide in

the TE10 mode. For a signal to propagate in a specific mode, its operating
frequency ( f ) must be greater than the cut-off frequency ( f c ) for that mode.
Here, f = 7 GHz and f c (TE10 ) ≈ 4.2857 GHz. Since f > f c (TE10 ) (7 GHz >
4.2857 GHz), the 7 GHz signal will propagate through this waveguide in the
TE10 mode.

3. If the 7 GHz signal propagates, find its group velocity (v g ) within the
waveguide. The group velocity in a waveguide is given by:
s  2
fc
vg = c 1−
f

Substituting the values:

s
 2
8 4.2857 GHz
v g = (3 × 10 m/s) 1−
7 GHz
q
v g = (3 × 10 )8
1 − (0.61224)2
√
v g = (3 × 108 ) 1 − 0.37484
√
v g = (3 × 108 ) 0.62516

v g = (3 × 108 ) × 0.79067

v g ≈ 2.372 × 108 m/s

The group velocity of the 7 GHz signal within the waveguide is
approximately 2.372 × 108 m/s.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

60 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.40
An air-filled rectangular waveguide has a larger internal dimension (a) of 4 cm.
A signal of 6 GHz is propagated through it. Compute the following for the TE10
mode:

1. Cut-off frequency

2. Guide Wavelength

3. Phase constant

4. Phase velocity

5. Group Velocity

6. Wave impedance

Solution :
We are given:

• Larger internal dimension of the rectangular waveguide, a = 4 cm = 0.04 m.

• Operating frequency, f = 6 GHz = 6 × 109 Hz.

We assume the waveguide is air-filled, so:

• Speed of light in free space, c = 3 × 108 m/s.

• Intrinsic impedance of free space, η0 ≈ 377Ω.

1. Cut-off frequency ( f c ): For the dominant TE10 mode in a rectangular

waveguide, the cut-off frequency is given by:
c
fc =
2a
Substituting the given values:

3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108

fc = = Hz = 3.75 × 109 Hz = 3.75 GHz
2 × 0.04 m 0.08
The cut-off frequency for the TE10 mode is 3.75 GHz.

2. Guide Wavelength (λ g ): First, calculate the free-space wavelength (λ0 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
λ0 = = = 0.05 m = 5 cm
f 6 × 109 Hz

Now, calculate the guide wavelength:

λ0
λg = r  2
f
1 − fc

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 61

0.05 m
λg = r  2
3.75 GHz
1 − 6 GHz

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

λg = q =√ =√ =
1 − 0.390625 0.609375 0.78062
1 − (0.625)2

λ g ≈ 0.06405 m = 6.405 cm
The guide wavelength is approximately 6.405 cm.

3. Phase constant (β): The phase constant is related to the guide wavelength
by:
2π
β=
λg
2π
β= ≈ 98.09 rad/m
0.06405 m
The phase constant is approximately 98.09 rad/m.

4. Phase velocity (v p ): The phase velocity in the waveguide is given by:

c
vp = r  2
f
1 − fc

3 × 108 m/s
vp = ≈ 3.843 × 108 m/s
0.78062
The phase velocity is approximately 3.843 × 108 m/s.

5. Group Velocity (v g ): The group velocity in the waveguide is given by:

s  2
fc
vg = c 1−
f

v g = (3 × 108 m/s) × 0.78062 ≈ 2.342 × 108 m/s

The group velocity is approximately 2.342 × 108 m/s.

6. Wave impedance (ZTE ): For TE modes in an air-filled waveguide, the wave

impedance is given by:
η0
ZTE = r  2
f
1 − fc

where η0 ≈ 377Ω.
377Ω
ZTE = ≈ 482.95Ω
0.78062
The wave impedance for the TE10 mode is approximately 482.95Ω.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

62 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.41
An air-filled rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions of 5 cm × 2.5 cm.
It operates in the dominant TE10 mode with a signal frequency of 4.5 GHz.
Find:

1. The cut-off frequency.

2. The group velocity of the wave in the guide.

3. The guided wavelength.

Solution :
We are given:

• Waveguide dimensions: a = 5 cm = 0.05 m (longer side), b = 2.5 cm =

0.025 m (shorter side).

• Operating frequency, f = 4.5 GHz = 4.5 × 109 Hz.

• Dominant mode: TE10 .

• Assume air-filled waveguide, so c = 3 × 108 m/s.

1. Find the cut-off frequency ( f c ): For the dominant TE10 mode in a rectangular
waveguide, the cut-off frequency is given by:
c
fc =
2a
Substituting the given values:

3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108

fc = = Hz = 3 × 109 Hz = 3 GHz
2 × 0.05 m 0.1
The cut-off frequency for the dominant mode is 3 GHz.

2. Determine the group velocity of the wave in the guide (v g ): First, verify
if the signal propagates: f = 4.5 GHz > f c = 3 GHz, so the signal will
propagate. The group velocity in a waveguide is given by:
s  2
fc
vg = c 1 −
f

Substituting the values:

s
 2
8 3 GHz
v g = (3 × 10 m/s) 1−
4.5 GHz
s
 2
8 2
v g = (3 × 10 ) 1 −
3
r
4
v g = (3 × 108 ) 1 −
9

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 63
r
5
v g = (3 × 108 )
9
√
5
v g = (3 × 108 ) ×
3
√
vg = 5 × 108 m/s ≈ 2.236 × 108 m/s
The group velocity of the wave in the guide is approximately
2.236 × 108 m/s.

3. Determine the guided wavelength (λ g ) at the same frequency: The free-

space wavelength (λ0 ) at 4.5 GHz is:

c 3 × 108 m/s 3 1
λ0 = = = m = m ≈ 0.06667 m
f 4.5 × 109 Hz 45 15

The guided wavelength is related to the free-space wavelength and the cut-
off frequency by:
λ0
λg = r  2
f
1 − fc
√
r  
fc 2
5
From part (2), we already calculated 1− f = 3 .

0.06667 m 3
λg = √ = 0.06667 × √ m
5 5
3

0.2
λ g = √ m ≈ 0.08944 m = 8.944 cm
5
The guided wavelength is approximately 8.944 cm.

Problem 4.42
An air-filled rectangular waveguide has internal dimensions of 6 cm × 3 cm.
Determine how many TE modes will propagate when a signal with a frequency
of 5 GHz is applied. List these modes and their respective cut-off frequencies.

Solution :
We are given:

• Waveguide dimensions: a = 6 cm = 0.06 m (longer side), b = 3 cm = 0.03 m

(shorter side).

• Operating frequency, f op = 5 GHz = 5 × 109 Hz.

• Assume air-filled waveguide, so c = 3 × 108 m/s.

The cut-off frequency ( f c ) for TEmn modes in a rectangular waveguide is

given by: r
c  m 2  n 2
fc = +
2 a b

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

64 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

A mode will propagate if its cut-off frequency ( f c ) is less than or equal to the
operating frequency ( f op ). We will list the modes and their cut-off frequencies,
checking against f op = 5 GHz.

Let’s calculate the cut-off frequencies for various TE modes systematically:

1. TE10 mode (m = 1, n = 0):

s
2 2
3 × 108
 
m/s 1 0
f c (TE10 ) = +
2 0.06 m 0.03 m

1
= 2.5 × 109 Hz = 2.5 GHz
f c (TE10 ) = 1.5 × 108 ×
0.06
Since 2.5 GHz < 5 GHz, TE10 mode propagates.

2. TE01 mode (m = 0, n = 1):

s
2 2
3 × 108
 
m/s 0 1
f c (TE01 ) = +
2 0.06 m 0.03 m

1
= 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
f c (TE01 ) = 1.5 × 108 ×
0.03
Since 5 GHz ≤ 5 GHz, TE01 mode propagates.

3. TE11 mode (m = 1, n = 1):

s
2  2
3 × 108 m/s

1 1
f c (TE11 ) = +
2 0.06 m 0.03 m
q
f c (TE11 ) = 1.5 × 108 (16.6667)2 + (33.3333)2
√ √
f c (TE11 ) = 1.5 × 108 277.77 + 1111.11 = 1.5 × 108 1388.88
f c (TE11 ) = 1.5 × 108 × 37.267 ≈ 5.59 × 109 Hz = 5.59 GHz
Since 5.59 GHz > 5 GHz, TE11 mode will NOT propagate.

4. TE20 mode (m = 2, n = 0):

s
2 2
3 × 108 m/s
 
2 0
f c (TE20 ) = +
2 0.06 m 0.03 m

2
= 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
f c (TE20 ) = 1.5 × 108 ×
0.06
Since 5 GHz ≤ 5 GHz, TE20 mode propagates.

5. Any higher-order modes (e.g., TE21 , TE02 , TE30 ) will have cut-off frequencies
greater than 5 GHz. For instance, TE02 would have f c = 10 GHz.

Summary of Propagating TE Modes and their Cut-off Frequencies:

The TE modes that will propagate at or below 5 GHz are:

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 65

• TE10 : f c = 2.5 GHz

• TE01 : f c = 5 GHz
• TE20 : f c = 5 GHz

Thus, a total of 3 TE modes will propagate at or below 5 GHz.

Problem 4.43
The larger dimension of the cross-section of a rectangular waveguide is 2 cm.
Find the cutoff frequency and wavelength for the dominant mode.

Solution :
The larger dimension of the rectangular waveguide is given as a = 2 cm = 0.02 m.
For a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is the TE10 mode. The cutoff
c
frequency for the dominant mode is given by: f c = 2a where c is the speed of light
8
in vacuum (3 × 10 m/s).
3×108 m/s 3×108
Substituting the given value: f c = 2×0.02 m = 0.04 Hz = 7.5 × 109 Hz =
7.5 GHz
c
The cutoff wavelength is given by: λc = fc = 2a

Substituting the value of a: λc = 2 × 0.02 m = 0.04 m = 4 cm

Problem 4.44
A rectangular waveguide has a cutoff frequency of 10 GHz for its dominant
mode. If the ratio of its dimensions a/b is 2, find the dimensions a and b of the
waveguide.

Solution :
For the dominant mode (TE10 ) in a rectangular waveguide, the cutoff frequency is
c
given by: f c = 2a Given f c = 10 GHz = 10 × 109 Hz and c = 3 × 108 m/s.

c 3×108 m/s 3×108

We can find the larger dimension a: a = 2 fc a= 2×10×109 Hz
a= 20×109
m
3
a= 200 m a = 0.015 m = 1.5 cm

We are also given that the ratio of the dimensions a/b = 2. So, we can find
the smaller dimension b: b = 2a b = 1.52cm b = 0.75 cm

Thus, the dimensions of the rectangular waveguide are a = 1.5 cm and

b = 0.75 cm.
Problem 4.45
A standard air filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 8.5 cm and
b = 4.3 cm is fed by a 4 GHz carrier from co-axial cable. Determine if a TE11
mode will be propagated. If so calculate phase velocity and group velocity.

Solution : Given dimensions of the rectangular waveguide: a = 8.5 cm = 0.085 m

b = 4.3 cm = 0.043 m

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

66 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Carrier frequency: f = 4 GHz = 4 × 109 Hz

Speed of light in air (approximately vacuum): c = 3 × 108 m/s

For the TE11 mode, the mode indices are m = 1 and n = 1.

1. Determine the cutoff frequency ( f c ) for the TE11 mode: The cutoff
frequency for a TEmn or TMmn mode in a rectangular waveguide is given
by the formula: r
c  m 2  n 2
fc = +
2 a b
Substitute the values for m = 1, n = 1, a = 0.085 m, and b = 0.043 m:
s
8 2  2
3 × 10

1 1
fc = +
2 0.085 0.043
q
8
f c = 1.5 × 10 (11.7647)2 + (23.2558)2
√
f c = 1.5 × 108 138.41 + 540.83
√
f c = 1.5 × 108 679.24
f c = 1.5 × 108 × 26.062
f c = 3.9093 × 109 Hz = 3.9093 GHz

2. Check for propagation: A mode will propagate if the operating frequency

( f ) is greater than its cutoff frequency ( f c ). Here, f = 4 GHz and
f c = 3.9093 GHz. Since f > f c (4 GHz > 3.9093 GHz), the TE11 mode will
be propagated.

3. Calculate phase velocity (v p ): The phase velocity is given by:

c
vp = r  2
f
1 − fc

fc
First, calculate the ratio f :

fc 3.9093 GHz
= = 0.977325
f 4 GHz
r  2
fc
Then, calculate 1− f :
q √ √
1 − (0.977325)2 = 1 − 0.955164 = 0.044836 = 0.21175

Now, calculate v p :

3 × 108 m/s
vp = = 1.4167 × 109 m/s
0.21175

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 67

4. Calculate group velocity (v g ): The group velocity is given by:

s  2
fc
vg = c 1−
f

Using the value calculated above:

v g = 3 × 108 m/s × 0.21175 = 0.63525 × 108 m/s = 6.3525 × 107 m/s

Problem 4.46
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 6 cm and b = 3 cm. An
electromagnetic wave of frequency 6 GHz is introduced into the waveguide.

1. Determine the cutoff frequency for the TE01 mode.

2. Will this mode propagate?

3. If it propagates, calculate the phase velocity and group velocity for this
mode.

Solution :
Given dimensions of the rectangular waveguide: a = 6 cm = 0.06 m
b = 3 cm = 0.03 m

Operating frequency: f = 6 GHz = 6 × 109 Hz

Speed of light in air: c = 3 × 108 m/s

For the TE01 mode, the mode indices are m = 0 and n = 1.

1. Determine the cutoff frequency ( f c ) for the TE01 mode: The cutoff
frequency is given by:
r
c m 2  n 2
fc = +
2 a b
For m = 0, n = 1: s
 2  2
c 0 1 c
fc = + =
2 a b 2b

Substitute the values:

3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108

fc = = Hz = 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
2 × 0.03 m 0.06

2. Will this mode propagate? Compare the operating frequency ( f ) with the
cutoff frequency ( f c ). f = 6 GHz and f c = 5 GHz. Since f > f c (6 GHz >
5 GHz), the TE01 mode will propagate.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

68 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

3. Calculate phase velocity (v p ) and group velocity (v g ): Phase velocity (v p ):

c
vp = r  2
f
1 − fc

fc
First, calculate the ratio f :

fc 5 GHz
= ≈ 0.8333
f 6 GHz

r  2
fc
Then, calculate 1− f :

q √ √
1 − (0.8333)2 = 1 − 0.6944 = 0.3056 = 0.5528

Now, calculate v p :

3 × 108 m/s
vp = ≈ 5.427 × 108 m/s
0.5528

Group velocity (v g ):
s  2
fc
vg = c 1−
f

Using the value calculated above:

v g = 3 × 108 m/s × 0.5528 ≈ 1.6584 × 108 m/s

Problem 4.47
When the dominant mode is propagated through a waveguide at a frequency
of 12 GHz, the wavelength in the guide is found to be 3 cm. Find the dimension
of the breadth a of the guide.

Solution :
Given: Operating frequency, f = 12 GHz = 12 × 109 Hz
Wavelength in waveguide, λ g = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Speed of light in free space, c = 3 × 108 m/s

For a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is the TE10 mode. For
the TE10 mode, the cutoff wavelength is λc = 2a, where a is the larger dimension
(breadth) of the waveguide.

First, calculate the free-space wavelength, λ0 :

c 3 × 108 m/s 1
λ0 = = 9
= m = 0.025 m
f 12 × 10 Hz 40

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 69

The relationship between the wavelength in the waveguide (λ g ), free-space

wavelength (λ0 ), and cutoff wavelength (λc ) is given by:

1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λg λ0 λ c

1
Rearrange to find λ2c
:
1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λc λ0 λ g

Substitute the values for λ0 and λ g :

1 1 1
2
= 2
−
λc (0.025) (0.03)2

1 1 1
2
= −
λc 0.000625 0.0009
1
= 1600 − 1111.1111
λ2c
1
= 488.8889
λ2c
Now, calculate λc :
1
λ2c =
488.8889
r
1
λc = ≈ 0.04523 m = 4.523 cm
488.8889

For the dominant TE10 mode, the cutoff wavelength is related to the
dimension a by:
λc = 2a
Therefore, the dimension a of the guide is:

λc 0.04523 m
a= = = 0.022615 m = 2.2615 cm
2 2

Problem 4.48
The cut-off wavelengths of a rectangular waveguide are measured to be 12
cm and 7.5 cm for TE10 and TE11 modes respectively. Determine waveguide
dimensions.

Solution :
Given: Cutoff wavelength for TE10 mode, λc10 = 12 cm = 0.12 m
Cutoff wavelength for TE11 mode, λc11 = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m

The general formula for the cutoff wavelength in a rectangular waveguide

is:  m 2  n 2
1
= +
λ2c 2a 2b

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

70 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1. Using the TE10 mode cutoff wavelength: For the TE10 mode, m = 1 and
n = 0.  2
1 1
2
=
λc10 2a
This implies λc10 = 2a. So, the dimension a is:

λc10 12 cm
a= = = 6 cm
2 2
Thus, a = 0.06 m.

2. Using the TE11 mode cutoff wavelength: For the TE11 mode, m = 1 and
n = 1.  2  2
1 1 1
2
= +
λc11 2a 2b
Rearrange to solve for b:
 2  2
1 1 1
= −
2b λ2c11 2a

1 1 1
2
= 2 − 2
4b λc11 λc10
Substitute the given values:
1 1 1
2
= 2
−
4b (0.075 m) (0.12 m)2
1 1 1
2
= −
4b 0.005625 0.0144
1
= 177.7778 − 69.4444
4b2
1
= 108.3334
4b2
Now, solve for b:
1
4b2 =
108.3334
1 1
b2 = =
4 × 108.3334 433.3336
r
1
b= ≈ 0.04807 m
433.3336
So, b ≈ 4.81 cm.

Therefore, the dimensions of the waveguide are a = 6 cm and b ≈ 4.81 cm.

Problem 4.49
When a TE10 mode is propagated through a rectangular waveguide, the guide
wavelength measured is 4.25 cm and when TE11 mode is propagated, the guide
wavelength increases to 8.03 cm. If operating frequency for both modes is 8

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 71

GHz, Calculate a and b for the guide.

Solution :
Given: Operating frequency, f = 8 GHz = 8 × 109 Hz Guide wavelength for
TE10 mode, λ g10 = 4.25 cm = 0.0425 m Guide wavelength for TE11 mode, λ g11 =
8.03 cm = 0.0803 m Speed of light in free space, c = 3 × 108 m/s

1. Calculate Free-Space Wavelength (λ0 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
λ0 = = = 0.0375 m = 3.75 cm
f 8 × 109 Hz

2. Calculate Cutoff Wavelength for TE10 mode (λc10 ):

1 1 1 1 1
= − = −
λ2c10 λ20 λ2g10 (0.0375)2 (0.0425)2

1 1 1
= − = 711.1111 − 553.6269 = 157.4842
λ2c10 0.00140625 0.00180625
r
1
λc10 = ≈ 0.0796 m = 7.96 cm
157.4842

3. Determine Dimension a from λc10 : For the TE10 mode, λc10 = 2a.

λc10 0.0796 m
a= = ≈ 0.0398 m = 3.98 cm
2 2

4. Calculate Cutoff Wavelength for TE11 mode (λc11 ):

1 1 1 1 1
= − 2 = −
λ2c11 2
λ0 λ g11 (0.0375) 2 (0.0803)2

1 1 1
= − = 711.1111 − 155.0858 = 556.0253
λ2c11 0.00140625 0.00644809
r
1
λc11 = ≈ 0.04245 m = 4.245 cm
556.0253

5. Determine Dimension b from λc11 and a: For the TE11 mode:

1 1 1
2
= 2 − 2
4b λc11 λc10

Substitute the calculated cutoff wavelengths:

1 1 1
2
= 2
−
4b (0.04245) (0.0796)2
1
= 554.8611 − 157.4842 = 397.3769
4b2

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

72 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1
4b2 =
397.3769
1 1
b2 = =
4 × 397.3769 1589.5076
r
1
b= ≈ 0.02509 m = 2.509 cm
1589.5076

Therefore, the dimensions of the guide are a ≈ 3.98 cm and b ≈ 2.51 cm.
Problem 4.50
A hollow rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 3 cm, b = 1.5 cm.
Calculate the amount of attenuation if the frequency is 4 GHz.

Solution :
Given: Waveguide dimensions: a = 3 cm = 0.03 m, b = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
Operating frequency: f = 4 GHz = 4 × 109 Hz
Speed of light in free space: c = 3 × 108 m/s

1. Determine the dominant mode and its cutoff frequency ( f c ): The dominant
mode for a > b is TE10 . The cutoff frequency for the TE10 mode is:
c
fc =
2a
Substitute the values:
3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108
fc = = = 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
2 × 0.03 m 0.06

2. Compare operating frequency ( f ) with cutoff frequency ( f c ): Given f =

4 GHz and calculated f c = 5 GHz. Since f < f c (4 GHz < 5 GHz), the wave
will be attenuated.

3. Calculate the Attenuation Constant (α): The attenuation constant is given

by:
2π
q
α= f c2 − f 2
c
Substitute the values:
2π
q
α= (5 × 109 )2 − (4 × 109 )2
3 × 108
2π
q
α= (25 × 1018 ) − (16 × 1018 )
3 × 108
2π p
α= 9 × 1018
3 × 108
2π
α= × (3 × 109 )
3 × 108
3
α = 2π × = 2π
3
α ≈ 2 × 3.14159 ≈ 6.283 Np/m

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 73

4. Convert to dB/m:
Attenuation (dB/m) = α (Np/m) × 8.686
Attenuation (dB/m) = 6.283 × 8.686 ≈ 54.58 dB/m

Problem 4.51
Calculate the values of critical and guide wavelength in an air filled rectangular
waveguide with internal dimensions of 5 cm × 2 cm for the normal H10 mode
at a frequency of 4 GHz.

Solution :
Given: Waveguide dimensions: a = 5 cm = 0.05 m, b = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Mode: H10 (equivalent to TE10 )
Operating frequency: f = 4 GHz = 4 × 109 Hz
Medium: Air-filled (Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s)

1. Calculate the Free-Space Wavelength (λ0 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
λ0 = = = 0.075 m
f 4 × 109 Hz
So, λ0 = 7.5 cm.
2. Calculate the Critical (Cutoff) Wavelength (λc ): For the H10 mode, λc = 2a.
λc = 2 × 0.05 m = 0.1 m
So, λc = 10 cm.
3. Check Propagation Condition: Here, λ0 = 7.5 cm and λc = 10 cm. Since
7.5 cm < 10 cm, the H10 mode will propagate.
4. Calculate the Guide Wavelength (λ g ):
1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λg λ0 λ c
1 1 1
2
= 2
−
λg (0.075 m) (0.1 m)2
1 1 1
= −
λ2g 0.005625 0.01
1
= 177.7778 − 100
λ2g
1
= 77.7778
λ2g
1
λ2g = ≈ 0.012857
√77.7778
λ g = 0.012857 ≈ 0.1134 m
So, λ g ≈ 11.34 cm.

The critical wavelength λc = 10 cm.

The guide wavelength λ g = 11.34 cm.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

74 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.52
Calculate the phase velocity and the group velocity for the dominant mode in a
rectangular waveguide of dimensions 3.0 cm × 1.5 cm at a frequency of 7 GHz.

Solution :
Given: Waveguide dimensions: a = 3.0 cm = 0.03 m, b = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
Operating frequency: f = 7 GHz = 7 × 109 Hz
Medium: Air-filled (c = 3 × 108 m/s)

1. Identify the Dominant Mode: Since a > b, the dominant mode is TE10 .

2. Calculate the Cutoff Frequency ( f c ) for the Dominant Mode (TE10 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108

fc = = = = 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
2a 2 × 0.03 m 0.06

3. Check Propagation Condition: Since f = 7 GHz and f c = 5 GHz, we have

f > f c , so the mode propagates.

4. Calculate the Phase Velocity (v p ):

fc 5 GHz 5
= = ≈ 0.714286
f 7 GHz 7
 2  2
fc 5 25
= = ≈ 0.510204
f 7 49
c 3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108 m/s
vp = r = √ = √ = ≈ 4.2866 × 108 m/s
 2
f 1 − 0.510204 0.489796 0.69985
1 − fc

5. Calculate the Group Velocity (v g ):

s  2
fc
vg = c 1− = (3 × 108 m/s) × 0.69985 ≈ 2.09955 × 108 m/s
f

The phase velocity v p ≈ 4.2866 × 108 m/s.

The group velocity v g ≈ 2.0996 × 108 m/s.

Problem 4.53
A rectangular waveguide has dimensions of 4 cm and 2 cm. Determine β and
phase velocity at a free-space wavelength of 3 cm for the dominant mode.

Solution :
iven: Waveguide dimensions: a = 4 cm = 0.04 m, b = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Free-space wavelength: λ0 = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Mode: Dominant mode (TE10 )
Medium: Air-filled (c = 3 × 108 m/s)

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 75

1. Calculate the Free-Space Frequency ( f ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
f = = = 10 × 109 Hz = 10 GHz
λ0 0.03 m

2. Calculate the Cutoff Wavelength (λc ) for the Dominant Mode (TE10 ):
λc = 2a = 2 × 0.04 m = 0.08 m = 8 cm

3. Calculate the Cutoff Frequency ( f c ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
fc = = = 3.75 × 109 Hz = 3.75 GHz
λc 0.08 m

4. Check Propagation Condition: Since f = 10 GHz and f c = 3.75 GHz, we

have f > f c , so the dominant mode will propagate.
5. Calculate the Phase Velocity (v p ):
c
vp = r  2
f
1 − fc

fc 3.75 GHz
= = 0.375
f 10 GHz
3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108 m/s 3 × 108 m/s
vp = p =√ = √
1 − (0.375)2 1 − 0.140625 0.859375
3 × 108 m/s
vp = ≈ 3.2361 × 108 m/s
0.92702
6. Calculate the Phase Constant (β): First, calculate the guide wavelength (λ g ):
1 1 1
= −
λ2g λ20 λ2c
1 1 1
= −
λ2g (0.03 m)2 (0.08 m)2
1 1 1
2
= − = 1111.1111 − 156.25 = 954.8611
λg 0.0009 0.0064
r
1
λg = ≈ 0.0323 m = 3.23 cm
954.8611
Now, calculate the phase constant β:
2π
β=
λg
2π
β= ≈ 194.5 rad/m
0.0323 m

The phase velocity (v p ) ≈ 3.2361 × 108 m/s.

The phase constant (β) ≈ 194.5 rad/m.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

76 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.54
A rectangular waveguide carries an electromagnetic wave is having a
frequency of 5000 MHz. A standing wave indicator shows that the wavelength
of the wave in the guide is 8 cm. What is the cut-off wavelength of the
waveguide and the velocity at which energy is propagated along the guide?

Solution :
Given: Operating frequency: f = 5000 MHz = 5 × 109 Hz = 5 GHz
Guide wavelength: λ g = 8 cm = 0.08 m
Medium: Air-filled (Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s)

1. Calculate the Free-Space Wavelength (λ0 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
λ0 = = = 0.06 m = 6 cm
f 5 × 109 Hz

2. Calculate the Cutoff Wavelength (λc ):

1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λc λ0 λ g

1 1 1
2
= 2
−
λc (0.06 m) (0.08 m)2
1 1 1
= − = 277.7778 − 156.25 = 121.5278
λ2c 0.0036 0.0064
1
λ2c = ≈ 0.0082285
121.5278
√
λc = 0.0082285 ≈ 0.09071 m = 9.071 cm

3. Calculate the Velocity at which Energy is Propagated (Group Velocity, v g ):

s
 2
λ0
vg = c 1−
λc

λ0 0.06 m
= ≈ 0.6614
λc 0.09071 m
q
8
v g = (3 × 10 m/s) 1 − (0.6614)2
√
v g = (3 × 108 m/s) 1 − 0.43745
√
v g = (3 × 108 m/s) 0.56255
v g = (3 × 108 m/s) × 0.7499 ≈ 2.2497 × 108 m/s

The cutoff wavelength of the waveguide λc ≈ 9.07 cm.

The velocity at which energy is propagated along the guide (group velocity) v g ≈
2.2497 × 108 m/s.

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 77

Problem 4.55
A rectangular waveguide measures 2 × 3 cm internally and has a 12 GHz signal
propagated in it. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength and
the characteristic impedance for the TE10 mode.

Solution :
Given: Waveguide dimensions: a = 3 cm = 0.03 m, b = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Signal frequency: f = 12 GHz = 12 × 109 Hz
Mode: TE10
Medium: Air-filled (Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s, Intrinsic impedance η0 ≈
377Ω)

1. Calculate the Cut-off Wavelength (λc ):

λc = 2a = 2 × 0.03 m = 0.06 m = 6 cm

2. Calculate the Free-Space Wavelength (λ0 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
λ0 = = = 0.025 m = 2.5 cm
f 12 × 109 Hz

3. Check Propagation Condition: Here, λ0 = 2.5 cm and λc = 6 cm. Since

2.5 cm < 6 cm, the TE10 mode will propagate.
4. Calculate the Guide Wavelength (λ g ):
1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λg λ0 λ c
1 1 1
2
= 2
−
λg (0.025 m) (0.06 m)2
1 1 1
2
= − = 1600 − 277.7778 = 1322.2222
λg 0.000625 0.0036
1
λ2g = ≈ 0.0007563
1322.2222
√
λ g = 0.0007563 ≈ 0.0275 m = 2.75 cm
5. Calculate the Characteristic Impedance (ZTE ) for the TE10 Mode:
λ0 0.025 m 5
= =
λc 0.06 m 12
η0 377Ω 377Ω 377Ω
ZTE = r  2 = q =q =q
5 2 25
1 − 144 119


1 − λλ0c 1 − 12 144

377Ω 377 × 12 4524

ZTE = √ = √ ≈ ≈ 414.72Ω
119 119 10.9087
12

The cut-off wavelength λc = 6 cm.

The guide wavelength λ g ≈ 2.75 cm.
The characteristic impedance for the TE10 mode ZTE ≈ 414.72Ω.

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

78 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

Problem 4.56
A hollow rectangular waveguide has a = 5 cm and b = 3 cm. The frequency of
the impressed signal is 4 GHz. Compute for the TE10 mode -

1. Cut-off wavelength

2. The guide wavelength

3. The phase constant

4. The intrinsic wave impedance.

Solution :
Given: Waveguide dimensions: a = 5 cm = 0.05 m, b = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Impressed signal frequency: f = 4 GHz = 4 × 109 Hz
Mode: TE10
Medium: Air-filled (Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s, Intrinsic impedance η0 ≈
377Ω)

1. Calculate the Cut-off Wavelength (λc ):

λc = 2a = 2 × 0.05 m = 0.1 m = 10 cm

2. Calculate the Free-Space Wavelength (λ0 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
λ0 = = = 0.075 m = 7.5 cm
f 4 × 109 Hz

3. Check Propagation Condition: Here, 7.5 cm < 10 cm, so the TE10 mode will
propagate.

4. Calculate the Guide Wavelength (λ g ):

1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λg λ0 λ c

1 1 1
2
= 2
−
λg (0.075 m) (0.1 m)2
1 1 1
2
= − = 177.7778 − 100 = 77.7778
λg 0.005625 0.01

1
λ2g = ≈ 0.012857
77.7778
√
λg = 0.012857 ≈ 0.1134 m = 11.34 cm

5. Calculate the Phase Constant (β):

2π 2π
β= = ≈ 55.40 rad/m
λg 0.1134 m

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur

1.10. Wave Impedance in Rectangular Waveguide 79

6. Calculate the Intrinsic Wave Impedance (ZTE ):

λ0 0.075 m 3
= =
λc 0.1 m 4
η0 377Ω 377Ω 377Ω
ZTE = r  2 = q =q = q
2 9 7
1 − 43 1 − 16


1 − λλ0c 16

377Ω 377 × 4 1508

ZTE = √ = √ ≈ ≈ 569.9Ω
7 7 2.6457
4

1. Cut-off wavelength λc = 10 cm.

2. The guide wavelength λ g ≈ 11.34 cm.
3. The phase constant β ≈ 55.40 rad/m.
4. The intrinsic wave impedance ZTE ≈ 569.9Ω.
Problem 4.57
A hollow rectangular waveguide has dimensions 5 cm × 3 cm. A frequency of
4 GHz is impressed on it. Compute for the TE10 mode -

1. Cut-off wavelength

2. Guide wavelength

3. Phase velocity

4. Wave impedance.

Solution :
Given: Waveguide dimensions: a = 5 cm = 0.05 m, b = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Impressed signal frequency: f = 4 GHz = 4 × 109 Hz
Mode: TE10
Medium: Air-filled (c = 3 × 108 m/s, η0 ≈ 377Ω)

1. Calculate the Cut-off Wavelength (λc ):

λc = 2a = 2 × 0.05 m = 0.1 m = 10 cm

2. Calculate the Free-Space Wavelength (λ0 ):

c 3 × 108 m/s
λ0 = = = 0.075 m = 7.5 cm
f 4 × 109 Hz

3. Check Propagation Condition: Here, 7.5 cm < 10 cm, so the TE10 mode will
propagate.

4. Calculate the Guide Wavelength (λ g ):

1 1 1
2
= 2− 2
λg λ0 λ c

PBCOE, Nagpur Dr. Pramod R. Bokde

80 Chapter 1. Rectangular Waveguide

1 1 1
2
= 2
−
λg (0.075 m) (0.1 m)2
1 1 1
= − = 177.7778 − 100 = 77.7778
λ2g 0.005625 0.01
1
λ2g = ≈ 0.012857
77.7778
√
λ g = 0.012857 ≈ 0.1134 m = 11.34 cm

5. Calculate the Phase Velocity (v p ):

λ0 0.075 m 3
= =
λc 0.1 m 4
s
 2
s
 2 r r √
λ0 3 9 7 7
1− = 1− = 1− = = ≈ 0.66144
λc 4 16 16 4
c 3 × 108 m/s
vp = r = ≈ 4.5354 × 108 m/s
 2 0.66144
1 − λλ0c

6. Calculate the Wave Impedance (ZTE ):

η0
ZTE = r  2
1 − λλ0c

377Ω
ZTE = ≈ 569.97Ω
0.66144

Dr. Pramod R. Bokde PBCOE, Nagpur