Section 3.

5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions

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Derivative of the Sine Function
The derivative of the sine function is the cosine function:

d
( sin x ) = cos x.
dx

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Derivative of the Cosine Function
The derivative of the cosine function is the negative of
the sine function:
d
( cos x ) = − sin x
dx

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Figure 3.21
The curve y = − sin x as the graph of the slopes of the
tangents to the curve y = cos x.

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Derivatives of the Other Basic
Trigonometric Functions
The derivatives of the other trigonometric functions:

d d
( tan x ) = sec2 x ( cot x ) = − csc2 x
dx dx

d d
( sec x ) = sec x tan x ( csc x ) = − csc x cot x
dx dx

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Exercise: Find the derivative of the following:

• 1) 2)

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Section 3.6 The Chain Rule

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Figure 3.25
Rates of change multiply: The derivative of f g
at x is the derivative of f at g ( x ) times the derivative of g at x.

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Theorem 2—The Chain Rule
If f ( u ) is differentiable at the point u = g ( x ) and g ( x ) is
differentiable at x, then the composite function
(f g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) is differentiable at x, and

(f g ) ( x ) = f  ( g ( x ) )  g  ( x ) .

In Leibniz’s notation, if y = f ( u ) and u = g ( x ) , then

dy dy du
=  ,
dx du dx
dy
where is evaluated at u = g ( x ) .
du
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Exercise: Find the derivative of the following:

1)

2)

3)

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Section 3.7 Implicit Differentiation

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Figure 3.27
The curve x 3 + y 3 − 9 xy = 0 is not the graph of any one function
of x. The curve can, however, be divided into separate arcs that
are the graphs of functions of x. This particular curve, called a
folium, dates to Descartes in 1638.

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Figure 3.28
The equation y − x = 0, or y = x as it is usually written, defines
2 2

two differentiable functions of x on the interval x > 0. Example 1

shows how to find the derivatives of these functions without
solving the equation y = x for y.
2

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Figure 3.29
The circle combines the graphs of two functions. The graph
of y2 is the lower semicircle and passes through (3, − 4).

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Implicit Differentiation
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x,
treating y as a differentiable function of x.
2. Collect the terms with dy on one side of the equation
dx
and solve for dy .
dx

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© 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide - 51
© 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide - 52
A normal line to a curve at a point P is the line through P that is
perpendicular to the tangent line of the curve at P.

Example 5) Find equations for the tangent and normal to the

folium of Descartes at (2,4).

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Example:

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Section 3.9 Linearization and
Differentials

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Figure 3.39
The more we magnify the graph of a function near a point where the function is
differentiable, the flatter the graph becomes and the more it resembles its tangent
line.

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Definitions
If f is differentiable at x = a, then the approximating function

L ( x ) = f ( a ) + f  ( a )( x − a )

is the linearization of f at a. The approximation

f ( x)  L( x)
of f by L is the standard linear approximation of f at a.
The point x = a is the center of the approximation.

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Figure 3.40
The tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) at x = a is the line
L ( x ) = f ( a ) + f  ( a )( x − a ) .

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Figure 3.41
The graph of y = 1 + x and its linearizations at x = 0 and
x = 3. Figure 3.42 shows a magnified view of the small
window about 1 on the y-axis.

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Figure 3.42
Magnified view of the window in Figure 3.41.

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Linearization of the Square root of (1 + x)
Approximation True value True value − approximation
the absolute value of start expression true value minus approximation end expression.

0.005
1.005  1 + = 1.00250
the square root of 1.005 approximately equals 1 + start fraction 0.005 over 2 end fraction = 1.00250.

1.002497 0.000003  10−5 0.000003 is less than 10 to the negative fifth power

2
0.05
1.05  1 + = 1.025 0.000305  10−3
2
the square root of 1.05 approximately equals 1 + start fraction 0.05 over 2 end fraction = 1.025.

1.024695 0.000305 is less than 10 to the negative third power

0.2 0.004555  10−2

1.2  1 + = 1.10 1.095445
2
radical 1.2 approximately equals 1 + start fraction 0.2 over 2 end fraction = 1.10. 0.004555 is less than 10 to the negative the second power.

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Definition 6
Let y = f ( x ) be a differentiable function. The differential dx
is an independent variable. The differential dy is

dy = f  ( x ) dx.

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Figure 3.44
Geometrically, the differential dy is the change L in the
linearization of f when x = a changes by an amount dx = x.

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