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Transformers

This document serves as a foundational guide on transformers, covering their identification, anatomy, theory, and banking. It explains the construction and operation of transformers, including types, components, and functions, as well as the importance of understanding transformer theory for linemen. The content is structured into sections that detail various aspects of transformers, including their ratings, windings, and the principles of induction.

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Carlos Alonso
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14 views80 pages

Transformers

This document serves as a foundational guide on transformers, covering their identification, anatomy, theory, and banking. It explains the construction and operation of transformers, including types, components, and functions, as well as the importance of understanding transformer theory for linemen. The content is structured into sections that detail various aspects of transformers, including their ratings, windings, and the principles of induction.

Uploaded by

Carlos Alonso
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
[Link] ‘TRANSFORMER BASICS. Cop © 20002002 Norwest tama Coops Alsghis sewed. Ths book nay nce duped in ny way widok ‘hetxjress tion consent he aur. The fomatn conte hori forth alan orlerence use offi teade and may oi be lncrporated ny corer prs, oer bok, databases ray dof safwre witout itn onset fe aur, sing cope of {hs book ry prin foray purposes vlan of Uied Stes ‘copy a, lator le prose nits of Laity and islaimerof Warranty ‘The ator of i ook as use bes fos n preparing the bok ard ‘ho criont consid ni These eos inde the development ‘asearch andes ofthe subjects and to detrrine et fictvaness, “he autos rake po warany fay Kind, exressed oe wih rigare i tate safe rte documenta cone ashok. ‘To autor stat pot boll te event cf nda ecient consequntil damagos in comoston wor asin ato fe ‘uring, petomance or he use fe ring, assoc stuns, enor cis oa Trademarks ‘Trademariod names ay appear rough sock Rah tan st ‘names ad oe thal ov bs tademars crise. tadenark ‘jbl wn each mento fh wadonared nae, eau sis hat ‘ts using fe names for ecto purposes anand tte beeft oe ‘Taderark ner, wih ro inion of nfnghg upon hal acemar. Norwest Lineman Colge 7600 8 Moran Fé, Noida, 0 9842 aesaeser7 fax 208 8384775 NeBlnerancom — wwuinerancom Author ‘Alan Drew, Northwest Lineman College, Member IEEE Special Contributions ‘Aaron Howell, Northvest Lineman College Russ Powell, Northwest Lineman College T.J, Secord, Northwest Lineman College Jack Logan, idaho Power Co, (retired) Gordon Solee, Ottertall Power (relred) Table of Contents Preface. A Look Back... SECTION ONE: IDENTIFICATION & ANATOMY 1.1 Introduction .... 1.2 Construction. SECTION TWO: THEORY & NAMEPLATES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Tums Ratio..... 2.3 Polatity....... 2.4 Nameplates... SECTION THREE: WINDINGS & VECTORS 3.1 Primary Windings... 3.2 Secondary Winding 3.3 Vectors. : SECTION FOUR: TRANSFORMER BANKING 4.1 Introduction ict 4.2 Delta and Wye Connections. : 4.3 Determining the Proper Connections 4.4 Open Banks te 4.5 Wye-Wye Banks.... 4.6 Wye-Delta Banks... 4,7 Delta-Wye Banks .. 4.8 Delta-Delta Banks........ APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE ............ an 59 Preface This section is intended to provide a good foundational understanding of transformers. It begins with simple identification and then continues to anatomy, theory and nameplates. Experience has shown that many linemen have difficulty with transformer banking. Careful study and frequent review of the material in this section will provide you with a good understanding of transformer theory and banking, A Look Back In the 1930s, transformer manufacturers installed a device on distribution transformers known as the “thermotel.” This. device indicated the highest load on the transformer since its last reading. Early transformers had insulating materials made of cotton, silk, cambric, tape, or fabric. and these materials could not withstand a temperature above 221 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition, so many people were connecting to the power systems at the time that transformers could easily become overloaded, The lineman would simply read the dial, which would indicate the highest load since its last reading. The lineman would set the dial to zero before leaving. This 1990s fneman is reading the “tharmotoron this vanstormer. (Photo ‘courtesy MoGrawr Hil, Lineman’s Handbook 1" Eaton). Identification & Anatomy Objecti After completing this section, the reader will Identify a pole and pad mounted transformer. Identify the primary and secondary bushings. Explain where the KVA rating can be found. Describe the difference between a conventional and CSP transformer. ‘Identify the principle parts found in a transformer and explain their function. SAeNA 7 TRANSFORMERS tre nen ae K 1.1 Introduction A transformer is an electrical device that converts voltage from either high voltage to low voltage, or low voltage to high voltage. This process is called either stepping-down the voltage, or stepping-up the voltage, respectively. A transformer will work only on alternating current systems and will not work on direct current systems. A transformer has a source side known as the primary side. This is where the transformer connects to the source. The secondary side can be considered the load side or the customer's side. Itis essentially a machine with no moving parts and is considered a highly efficient device that is the most widely used apparatus in the electric utility industry A. Identification Transformers are either pole mounted (overhead) or pad mounted (underground) depending on the configuration of the circuit. A pole- mounted transformer is physically attached with bolts known as hanger bolts. This type of transformer has an overhead conductor for its primary source of feed (energization), A pad-mounted transformer is placed on either a concrete or fiberglass pad on the ground. Its primary source of feed is an underground conductor. Other types of underground transformers. include vault and submersible. _ ee ss z= el a ie es ‘Transformer sete Una Caee DENTIFICATION & ANATOMY B B. Overhead Transformers (On an overhead transformer, there are points of terminations where the conductors are attached. On the primary side, there are high voltage bushings designated the H1 and H2. The designation of the primary bushings is standardized by the industry. The H1 bushing is always the left bushing when facing the transformer, and the H2 is always on the right. On the secondary side there are low voltage bushings designated as the X1, X2, and X3. The labeling of these bushing changes based upon the polarity. This will be explained in the section on transformer polarity. The high voltage bushings have more insulation than the low voltage bushings. The high voltage primary bushings are located on the top of the transformer. The low voltage secondary bushings are located in the front of the transformer. a z 2 Ce Insulation jae HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE LOW VOLTAGE SIDE Q TRANSFORMERS ox amen cue C. Underground Transformers Ina pad-mounted transformer, the primary side is on the left and the secondary is on the right side. The primary bushings are designated H1A and H1B. The H1A bushing is always on the left when facing the transformer, and the H1B is on the right. The secondary bushings are designated as the X1, X2, and X3. As with the overhead transformers, the primary bushings have more insulation than the secondary bushings. HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE | Low voLTAGE SIDE waa! Pad mounted transformers are equipped with a “bayonet” fuse which Is located above the primary bushings. Bayonet fuses are used in pad mount transformers for both energizing and de-energizing the secondary or low voltage side of the transformer. tots tnonn cao ENTIFICATION & ANATOMY 1) D. Transformer Rating The KVA (kilo-volts-amperes) rating can usually be found stenciled ‘on the front of the transformer. This rating is also called the KW (kilo- watt) rating. Kilo stands for 1000; therefore, a 15KW transformer can deliver 15,000 watts of power. Generally, an average size home will raw 6,000 watts at peak load, and a large size home will draw 15,000 watts at peak load. ‘When transformers are banked together, the KVA rating of the bank is the sum of the KVA ratings of the individual transformers, 25KVA + 25KVA + 25KVA = 75KVA The KVA rating ofa transformer bank's equal othe sum ofthe Incvesuer VA ratings. 11 rransronmens sms: ierancatgs E. Types of Transformers There are two main types of overhead transformers: conventional and CSP (completely self protected). A conventional transformer needs an external protective fused device, known as a cutout or switch, to protect it from fault current. The cutout switch is also used to energize and de-energize the transformer. Lightning Arrestor External eutout fuse strtwetrenas Cane DENTIFICATION & ANATOMY 12 A CSP transformer is intemally protected by afurrent limiting fuse) and by a circuit breaker that can energize and de-energize the secondary side of the transformer. Externally, there is also a lightning arrestor Completely Self Protecting Lightning Arrestor. Internal Circuit Breaker and Primary Fuse 13 rRANsFORMERS tonvesitmenn cote 1.2 Construction Transformers are machines with no moving parts. Internally, they are made up of three main components: the core, the windings, and the insulating fluid. Transformers also come equipped with pressure relief valves. CSP transformers are equipped with internal fuses, which will also be discussed. A. The Core The transformer core is one of the key components as it provides a path for the magnetic coupling of the two windings. The core concentrates the magnet fiux lines, which substantially improves its efficiency, The core is made of thin laminations of grain-oriented silicon stee! rolled into layers with each side coated with an insulating material, ‘The construction of the core can have a significant impact on the watt losses of the transformer. The transformer core is normally constructed in one of two configurations: ‘Secondary Winding ‘Shell Type Gore ‘The wound core type is typically utilized for distribution transformers. Recently, a special type of steel, called amorphous steel, has been utilized to further reduce the losses within the core, sow tnnancabye IDENTIFICATION & ANATOMY 14 B. The Windings Copper is the most popular material for the windings because of its ow resistance and superb conduetivity. The primary windings typically k have smaller sized wire than the secondary windings. The winding wire may either be round in shape or in rectangular ribbon form. The winding conductors are coated with insulation to prevent the turns. from shorting out. The ends of the windings are brought out of the core and coil assembly and attached fo the primary and secondary terminals. The secondary winding ends are tagged with the letters A-B-C-D. The secondary winding ends can clearly be seen below. Winding Ends 15 rranstoRMEns sosnvs then cece C. Insulating Fluid ‘The insulating fluid plays a critical role in cooling and insulating the core and coil assembly. It facilitates the cooling by transferring the heat generated in the coil and core assembly to the tank or radiators, where it will be dissipated to the outside atmosphere. As the core heats the oil, the oil rises. The oil is then forced against the case of the transformer where it radiates heat into the atmosphere and cools. As it cools, it circulates down to the bottom of the core. This circulation of the oil by heat is called convection and is similar to hot wax circulating near the burning wick of a candle, a #z 2 z= > Transformer Banking Objectives After completing this section, the reader will 1. 2 3. 4. Explain the advantage of installing three inter-connected single-phase transformers, rather than one three-phase transformer. Identify both Wye and Delta connections. Identify the six common transformer banks. Explain how to connect transformer banks to provide the proper service voltage required by the customer. 41 TRANSFORMERS nstwttiwnas Cong Banking three single-phase units is the most common method utilized by utility companies. 4.1 Introduction A three-phase service can be supplied by one three-phase transformer unit or by interconnecting three single-phase transformer units. It is easier to install one three-phase unit because the proper polarity and interconnections between the phases are fixed inside the tank, A three-phase transformer unit is basically three single-phase transformers inside a single tank. OR phase ‘nee Three-phase Three Interconnected Transformer Single-phase Transformers Interconnecting (banking) three single-phase units is the most ‘common method utilized by utility companies. Banking three single- phase transformers has proven more economical because it is less expensive to replace one transformer of a bank in case of trouble. In addition, single-phase transformers offer greater flexibility because they can be installed as individual units for single-phase services, or banked for three-phase services. By contrast, three phase transformers have only one application: three-phase services. The focus of this section will be the banking of single-phase transformers to provide three-phase services. This requires the lineworker to understand how to make the proper connections. ‘tes thenen Gate TRANSFORMER BANKINGA.Z, 4.2 Delta and Wye Connections In order to supply customers with three-phase power, transformer coils need to be inter-connected into a configuration that will involve all three phases, and so that there is a proper phase rotation where phase A, phase B, and phase C will be in sequence. Each connection must create a potential difference across a transformer coil. This can be done in two ways: 1. Aphase-to-phase connection, (Delta) or 2. A phase-to-neutral connection (Wye). A. Delta ‘When the three coils are each connected phase-to-phase, then the three phases are connected in series. This connection is known as a Delta connection (interconnection is schematically drawn as a triangle or like the Greek letter Delta A), Notice that each transformer is connected phase-to-phase. To complete a circuit, electricity must return to the source. In a Delta circuit the retum flow is through the ‘opposing phase conductors. There is no return flow through the earth Ht connect to alte way around” 4 correct x3 “lth way around” a 43 rransronMERs nssnoinasn cae OnaWye system, if the load on each of the three phases were balanced, there would be no current flow in the neutral, B. Wye When three coils are each connected as phase-to-neutral, then the three coils are connected in parallel which is known as a Wye (interconnection is schematically drawn as a capital letter ‘Y') or star connection. Notice that each transformer is connected phase-to- neutral. Secondary t's fo phases and H's comect ogee and 1 fftlogs and x's connect geo and ay or may ol be rounded ‘ae gounded The neutral is the common point of each transformer winding on a Wye system. If the load on each of the three phases were balanced, there would be no current flow in the neutral. The system voltage is 1.73 times higher than the coil voltage in a Wye system. Voltage In A Wye System | | cot otage seat Systom vollage = Coit Voltage x 1.722 Aeon Co TRANSFORMER BANKINGE 4.3 Determining The Proper Connections {tis important to understand how to determine the proper primary and secondary connections. Experience has shown that lineworkers, who understand transformer banking well, know that determining the primary connection is a separate consideration than determining the secondary connection, The primary of a three-phase transformer bank can be interconnected as Wye or Delta. Similarly, the secondary can also be interconnected as Wye or Delta. The secondary however, does not need to be the same as the primary connection. A three-phase transformer bank, therefore, can be connected in four different combinations: E -We 2. Wye~ Delta 3. Delta — Delta 4. Delta—Wye bia ca tia) = A. Primary Connections The primary connection is determined by comparing the primary coil voltage rating of the transformers, as printed on the nameplate, with the system voltage. Remember that there are only two possible connections for the primary: Delta or Wye. Follow these simple rules when trying to determine the proper primary connection’ a3 Ele 45 rransroRMERs wtwesitinran cae ifthe transformer has only one number for a primary coil voltage rating, it should be used for Delta connections only. Wye Primary Connection Rule: If the primary coil voltage ratings of the transformers match the phase- to-neutral voltage of the system, connect Wye. som |S IF the primary coil MATCH the phase to voltage ratings of neutral voltage of 3 connect wre the transformers... tho system... Exception: If the transformer has only one number for a primary coil voltage rating, it should be used for Delta connections only. Delta Primary Connection Rule: If the primary coil voltage ratings of the transformers match the phase- to-phase voltage of the system, connect Delta. 4 _y ae 2 if A, ES : ST | ao IF the primary coll MATCH the phase to 1 voltage ratings of phase voltage of connec DELTA the transformers... the system... ‘Note: The transformers must have two primary bushings—Delta connections cannot be derived from single bushing transformers. Practice strane Goze TRANSFORMER BANKING4 Apply the Wye and Delta primary connection rules to the following problems: ae Wye Primary Voltage Rating Connection Rule: Ifthe primary coil voltage ratings of the transformers match the phase- to-neutral voltage of the system, connect Wye. Delta Primary Connection Rul ifthe primary coil voltage ratings of the transformers match the phase- to-phase voltage of the system, connect Delta. Coc system CO 47 TRANSFORMERS tir tners Cae Parallel the secondary coils when making Wye secondary connections, B. Secondary Connections ‘The service voltage of the customer determines the secondary connection. As with the primary, there are only two possible connections for the secondary: Delta or Wye. Follow these simple rules when trying to determine the proper secondary connection: Wye Secondary Connection Ru If the phase-to-phase voltage of the service needed is 1.73 times the phase-to-neutral voltage of the service needed, connect Wye. IF the phase-to-phase 4.13 times the phase- voltage of th to-neutral voltage needed is of the service needed ... Examples of customer three-phase services that would require Wye secondary connections: 120/208; 277/480; 240/416; and 347/600. Note: Parallel the secondary coils when making Wye secondary connections, In the example above, the secondary coil voltage ratings of the transformers would be 120/240 (as printed on the nameplate). Connecting the secondaries in a Wye configuration will yield a 120/208 three-phase service. Delta Secondary Connection Rule If the phase-to-phase voitage of the service needed is 2 times the phase-to-neutral voltage of the service needed, connect Delta. Phasotonetal Praseto-pase ologeat sein oa) IF tho phaseto-phase 2times the phase- 3 voltage ofthe service tomnoutral voltage ‘Connect DELTA needed is... ofthe service needed... Examples of customer three-phase services that would require Delta secondary connections: 120/240; 240/480. ees nan sage TRANSFORMER BANKING Practice Apply the Wye and Delta secondary connection rules to the following problems: ecco cg Pee cat ‘Answers: ema? ane 0K 7 OT 49 rrAansFORMERS txtwentienan cage 4.4 Open Banks ‘Three-phase power can be supplied to customers utilizing either two single-phase transformers in a bank, or three single-phase transformers in a bank. The previous examples and discussions focused on banks utilizing three transformers. The term open bank is used because when two transformers are banked together, they do not complete the entire Delta or Wye configuration. One leg of the Delta or Wye is gone, or “open.” Coa Open banks are approximately 57.7 percent as efficient as closed banks. As a general rule, if the customer load is a combination of three phase and single phase, with the single-phase load being larger than the three-phase load, an open bank may be used. The connection rules, as described previously, also apply to open banks with one exception: Three-phase power cannot be derived from an open bank if the secondary is connected open-Wye. ‘Therefore, if three-phase power is to be delivered when open banks are used, the secondary connection will be open Delta. The primary connection will be either open Delta or open Wye depending upon the system voltage and the primary coil voltage rating of the transformers. If one transformer of a three-transformer bank with a Delta secondary goes bad, the bank can be temporarily re-wired to an open bank. This can be useful in emergency situations. ‘ste UneorGaloge TRANSFORMER BANKING O A. Open Delta - Open Delta Banks Open Delta — open Delta banks are used when the single-phase load is greater than the three-phase load. Open banks are approximately 57.7 percent as efficient as closed banks. 7180 The voltage output is the same as with a Delta secondary utilizing three transformers. When an open bank is utilized, one of the transformers must supply half of the three-phase load as well as the majority ofthe single-phase load. Therefore, the transformer that is connected to ground at the x2 must be sized larger than the other transformer. 57 rRAnsFORMERS sss innsn tps B. Open Wye — Open Delta Banks ‘Open Wye — Open Delta banks require only two primary phases and a system neutral The primary bushings are connected together (H2 to H2) and grounded, while the “opposite” secondary bushings are connected together (x1 to x3) just as with a closed delta bank. However only the lighter transformer is connected to ground at the x2 bushing and only ‘one connection is made between the transformers on the secondary side. Same (H2 to H2) Opposite (x1 tox3) “Ahr Nameplate Rating 2a - Although 240/480 volts is listed in the table, open banks almost exclusively serve 120/240-volt three-phase loads. If a customer has a 480-volt motor, the load is usually substantial enough to require three units. ‘we near Cogs TRANSFORMER BANKING 2, Practice Apply the Wye and Delta primary connection rules to the following problems; rood Ree) (Answers: _ofnved p mraquedo © uy vedo ¢ erequedd + 53 rRansFORMERS titre tien cae 4.5 Wye - Wye Banks With a Wye - We bank, each transformer is connected to the system between a phase and a grounded neutral. In addition, each of the three transformers provides one hot leg on the secondary side to deliver 3-phase power. For this reason, three-phase power can only be supplied with three transformers. An open bank would not provide three phase power if the secondary were connected open-Wye. Nameplate Ratin late Rating a 2 27 The secondary coils are paralleled, leaving the x3 lug idle. It is. strongly recommended that paralleling be done between the x1 and x2 rather than the x1 and x3. The x2 bushing is considered the neutral position, and should be treated as such. Wye connected banks have two main advantages: 1. Alltthree transformers can share the single-phase load equally. 2, They can be built using single or dual primary bushing transformers, ‘The disadvantage is that if one transformer fails, the customer is down to one phase until the defective transformer is fixed or replaced. The floating Wye point canbea hazard to line workers because it will have a high potential on it. A power leg only exists on Delta and Open Delta secondaries whena ground is attached to the winding midpoint of one of the transformers. ‘eta nes Cage TRANSFORMER BANKING D4 4.6 Wye - Delta Banks ‘With a Wye - Delta bank, each transformer is connected to the system and the Wye point is floated (not grounded). Because the Wye point is floated, transformers with two primary bushings must be used. Grounding the Wye point would create a ground source for the primary system. This could subject the transformer to severe overloading during a primary system disturbance or load imbalance. Because the Wye point is floated, this connection can be used on both three wire and four wire systems. ‘With one unit out of service, a bank of single phase units can be reconnected as an open Wye - open Delta, which may temporarily supply power to the customer until permanent repairs are made. The secondary coils are connected in series. The voltage between the neutral and the power leg (designated as ‘p’ above) is 1.73 times greater than the neutral to hot leg voltage. The power leg has many slang terms, such as high leg, wild leg, stinger leg, etc. The power leg has no use electrically and is simply a by-product of a Delta secondary. Three-phase motors only see the h ~h voltage and do not “notice” the power leg. Itis very important to avoid confusing the power leg with hot legs when connecting to 120-volt lighting loads. 55 rransFORMERS sucmethenancaee Delta secondaries do not allow all three transformers to share the single-phase load equally; therefore, one transformer of the bank must provide the majority of the lighting load. It will always be the transformer with the x2 grounded serving as a neutral. Because this transformer must provide the majority of the single-phase load, it must be sized larger than the other two transformers in the bank, and is referred to as the lighter transformer because it handles the “lighting” load. The other transformers share somewhat equal portions of single-phase and three-phase load and are referred to as power transformers, 4.7 Delta - Wye Banks With a Delta - Wye bank, the H2s are connected to the H1s, creating a symmetrical pattern, and then connected to each phase of the system. The primary Delta connection is suitable for both three wire and four wire systems. Nameplate Rating | _n-hvollage | h-h voltage] 1D. a ae 20) 208 2 27 480 ‘The secondary Wye connection of a Delta - Wye is the same as with the Wye ~ We bank and as shown previously. ‘tas oman tga TRANSFORMER BANKINGO 6 4.8 Delta - Delta Banks ‘With a Delta - Delta bank, the primary connection is suitable for either three wire or four wire systems. With one unit out of service, a bank of single phase units can be reconnected as an open Delta, open Delta bank. With one of three identical units out of service, the rating of the bank when supplying three-phase load only is about 57.7 percent of the bank rating when all three units are in service. ‘As mentioned before, Delta secondaries do not allow all three transformers to share the single-phase load equally; therefore, one transformer of the bank must provide the lighting load, It will always be the transformer with the x2 grounded serving as a neutral. Because this transformer must provide the majority of the single- phase load, it must be sized larger than the other two transformers in the bank and is referred to as the lighter transformer. Transformers APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE 59 rRAnsrORMERS tctwesttnanan cen Key Terms The following key terms may appear in the evaluation for this section, ‘Study these terms and identify where they are first mentioned in the text. Transformer Page__ A transformer is an electrical device that converts voltage from either high voltage to low valtage or low voltage to high voltage. A transformer works only on Alternating Current systems and will not ‘work on Direct Current systems. Primary Page The primary side of a transformer is also known as the source side. ‘The voltage of the primary side will be less than the voltage of the secondary side if the transformer is stepping the voltage up. Inversely, the voltage of the primary side will be more than the voltage of the secondary side if the transformer is stepping the voltage down. Secondary Page. The secondary side of a transformer is also known as the load side H1 & H2 Bushings Page. The primary bushings of an overhead distribution transformer are labeled H1 & H2. The H1 bushing is always on the left if facing the transformer. X41, X2, & X3 Page__ ‘The secondary bushings of an overhead distribution transformer are labeled X1, X2, and X3. The X2 is, by industry standards, the neutral bushing. KVA Page___ KVA stands for Kilo-Volt-Amperes and is the wattage rating of the transformer. The rating of a transformer is usually stenciled on the front of the transformer. A transformer with a “15” stenciled on the front would be rated for 15,000 watts. Conventional Transformer Page__ An overhead transformer that needs an external protective device (cutout switch) for protection. The lighting arrestor is typically located with the switch. Conventional transformers do not have any internal protection. CSP Transformer Page__ CSP stands for Completely Seif Protected. CSP transformers have an internal primary fuse and intemal secondary breakers. When installed, a CSP does not need to attach to a cutout switch, The lightning arrestor is typically attached to the tank of the transformer. ‘wenn te APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE OQ Transformer Core Page__ The transformer core provides a path for the magnetic coupling of the transformer windings. Without the core, a transformer would be very inefficient. The core gives the transformer the bulk of its weight. Convection Page__ Convection in transformers occurs with the insulating oil. As the oil heats near the core, it rises and is forced to the outside against the tank where it cools. As it cools, it falls to the bottom of the tank. This continuous circulation caused by heat is called convection, and is how transformers are cooled. PCBs Page__ PCB stands for Polychlorinated Biphenyl and was a part of the insulating fluid in transformers in the past. PCB is harmful to the ‘environment and is prohibited in new transformers. Induction Page__ Induction is the energizing of a coll of wire by placing it near a coil that is energized with an AC current. Induction is the basic principle that allows a transformer to work. Turns Ratio Page__ The tums ratio is a comparison of the number of turns of wire in each coil. Turns ratio can be calculated by dividing the primary voltage rating of a transformer by the secondary voltage rating. Nameplate Page__ The transformer nameplate provides specific information relating to the transformer such as voltage rating, size, impedance, etc, All transformers have a nameplate. Delta Page__ ‘When the three coils are each connected phase-to-phase, then the three phases are connected in series. This connection is known as a Delta connection (interconnection is schematically drawn as a triangle or like the Greek letter Delta A). Lighter Transformer Page The term lighter transformer refers to the transformer of a Delta or Open Delta secondary that serves the majority of the single phase, or “lighting” load. This transformer is usually sized larger than the other transformers in the bank and always has a neutral connected to the x2 61 rransrORMERS nestnnn cote Open Banks Page__ The term Open Banks refers to those transformer banks composed of only two transformers. The vectorial diagrams of these banks lack a third vector giving the appearance of a broken, or “open”, vectorial diagram. Power Leg Page__ Also referred to as high leg, stinger leg, etc., the power leg has no use electrically and is a by product of a Delta or Open Delta secondary. The voltage between the neutral and the power leg is 1.73 times greater than the neutral to hot leg voltage. A power leg can only be found if the x2 of one of the transformers in the bank is grounded, and the power leg will aways be 1% coils from that neutral. If the neutral is moved to the x2 of another transformer in the bank, the power leg will also move. if the neutral is altogether removed, the power leg will not be present. Its position and voltage are always in reference to the neutral Power Transformers Page__ ‘The term power transformer refers to the transformers of a Delta or ‘Open Delta secondary that share somewhat equal portions of single- phase and three-phase load. Power transformers are sized smaller than the lighter transformer, and their x2 lug is idle. Vectors Page__ Vectors are lines that have magnitude (some numeric quantity) and direction. They are associated with the coils of each transformer in a bank to graphically depict the connections and voltages. Wye Page__ When three coils are each connected as phase-to-neutral, then the three coils are connected in parallel which is known as a Wye (interconnection is schematically drawn as a capital letter ‘Y") or star connection. Key ‘xtwesnensiGdbae APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE 62 Points The following key points may appear in the evaluation for this section, Study these points and refer to the text for more information. 1. cd Primary Transformer Bushings ‘The primary bushings are labeled Hi & H2 on overhead transformers and H1A & H1B on underground transformers. ‘The primary bushings are always connected to the source. Secondary Transformer Bushings The secondary bushings are labeled X1, X2, & X3 on overhead and underground transformers. The secondary bushings are always connected to the load, Transformer Ratings Transformers are rated in Kilo-Volt-Amperes or Kilo Watts. Kilo stands for 1,000; therefore, a 15 KVA transformer is capable of delivering 15,000 watts. An average size home will draw 6,000 watts. Transformer Anatomy A transformer is a very simple machine with no moving parts. It is made of windings that are wrapped around an iron core. The tank is then filled with insulating and cooling oil. Transformers also have pressure relief valves. Transformer Theory The coils of a transformer are very close together but do not touch. When one coil is energized with AC current, a current is induced in the other coil. The coils are wrapped around an iron core, which increases the flux lines and improves the ‘efficiency of the transformer. The secondary voltage will be less than the primary voltage if there are fewer turns in the secondary coil than there are in the primary coil. The secondary voltage will be more than the primary voltage if there are more tums in the secondary coil than in the primary coil Nameplates Always check the nameplate before loading a transformer for the work site. Check the voltage ratings with the job print. If transformers are to be banked or paralleled, be sure that the impedance of the transformers does not differ more than 10 percent and that they all have the same voltage ratings, Delta Primary Connection Rule If the primary coil voltage ratings of the transformers match the phase-to-phase voltage of the system, connect Delta. 63 rransroRMERS wvusinnu conn 8. Delta Secondary Connection Rule If the phase-to-phase voltage of the service needed is 2 times the phase-to-neutral voltage of the service needed, connect Delta. The most common Delta secondary voltages are 120/240 three phase and 240/480 three phase. 9. Open Banks ‘As a general rule, if the customer load is a combination of three phase and single phase, with the single-phase load being larger than the three-phase load, an open bank may be the best application, Open banks are only 57.7 percent as efficient as closed banks. In addition, when open banks are used to deliver three-phase power, the secondary connection must be open Delta. Open Wye secondaries do not provide three-phase power. 10. Transformer Loading Knowing the amount of current that a given transformer can handle is important for fuse selection on the primary side, and conductor bus wire selection on the secondary side. The higher the KVA rating of a transformer, the more current it will handle. Fuses and bus wires are installed to withstand the maximum currents plus various over-currents. Simple calculations can be made to determine transformer loading. 11. Vectors It can be very helpful for anyone involved in the installation of transformer banks to have a working knowledge of vectors and vectorial diagrams. Vectors can be used by the lineworker to determine the proper connections of a particular transformer bank, ensuring crew safety and customer reliability Occasional drawing of vectorial diagrams is highly recommended. adwetthern ge APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE 64. 12. Winding Voltage Ratings Transformer manufacturers most commonly comply with ANSI standard C57.12.00 when designating winding voltage ratings. a. Transformers with a single number (printed on the nameplate) as the primary coil voltage rating are designed only for phase-to-phase connections b. Transformers with the primary coil voltage rating, followed by the system voltage (example: 7200/12470Y) can be used for either phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground connections. ¢. Transformers with the system voltage, followed by the primary coil voltage rating (example 12470Y/7200) can be used for only phase-to-ground connections. 43. Wye Primary Connection Rule if the primary coil voltage ratings of the transformers match the phase-to-neutral voltage of the system, connect Wye. 414,.Wye Secondary Connection Rule If the phase-to-phase voltage of the service needed is 1.73 times the phase-to-neutral voltage of the service needed, connect Wye. The most common Wye secondary voltages are 120/208 three phase and 277/480 three phase. 65 rransroRMERS sven cine Key Ques! The following questions are provided to help you study for the evaluation of this section. Similar questions may appear in the evaluation for this section. 1. Whatis a transformer (definition)? 2. Is the primary side always the high voltage side? Explain. 3. Whatis a bayonet fuse? 4, Explain what KVA means and how itis used. 5. What are the differences between conventional and CSP transformers? 6. Whats the purpose of a transformer core? 7. What is the purpose of the insulating fluid? 8. Explain induction within a transformer. 9. Whats turns ratio and how is it calculated? 10. "4 12. 13, 14, 15, toh tien Cator APPLYING YOUR KNowLEDGE 66 Explain the difference between additive and subtractive polarity List five items that can be found on a nameplate. ‘What is the difference between transformers with the following primary winding voltage ratings? a. 7200 b. 7200/12470Y c. 12470 Grd ¥ / 7200 Why is it preferable to bank three single-phase units together, over a three-phase transformer on overhead circuits? Why do transformer banks with Delta connected secondaries, serving combination single and three-phase loads, usually have one transformer of greater size? By industry standards, transformers rated KVA and smaller, with a primary coil voltage rating of volts and below, will be additive. All other transformers will be subtractive. 67 reanstoRMERs yecmwesinmnnconge 16. 17, 18. 19. 20, 2 22. 23. 24, Delta conneetions are phase-to . while Wye, connections are phase-to- Why is it important to parallel the secondary coils of a transformer for Wye secondary connections? What does the riddle, “Alley-Cat, Bad-Dog’ help a lineworker with? Open banks are approximately, percent as efficient as closed banks. ‘When would an open bank be used? True / False. Three-phase power cannot be derived from and open bank if the secondary is connected open Wye. Which connection requires the primary Wye-point to be floated (ungrounded)? What is a power leg? Does it have any use electrically? Explain the difference between a lighter transformer and @ power transformer, both of which are found in banks with Delta secondaries. ‘xe then Gye APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE OS Practice Review the transformer bank problems; answer the questions and using a pencil make all connections, including the secondary coils. Check your answers in the back. Lc Questions: ees Pima Comecion ny: BETA WHE 7200112470 ‘Secondary Connection: DTA WE Seconda Cos senes Polat: aa Vetage Ratings ‘Secondary Voltages: 7200 / 12470 Y 120/240 Servic Needed 120 / 208 39 eke Questions: peep Friary Connection co; OLTA 416077200 Secondary Coen: ea Secondary Cli: SERIES Party: 100. Votage Ratings ‘Secondary Voltages: 7200 / 12470 Y oat 120/240 nto2 Service Needed 120/208 36 69 rransroRMens nmwextrenen cats i ed Questions: Prima Connection (cl): DELTA ‘Secondary Connection: ELTA Secondary Cots SERIES Polity Votage Ratings ‘Secondary Voltages: 12000 / 20800 Y 1201240 Service Hooded 1201240 30 i Questions: System Voage Prlnary Coonecton cca ELTA 2400 1 4160 Secondary Comectn: DELTA ‘Secondary Cols: seRES Polat: Secondary Vllages tage Ratiogs 4160/7200 Y 120/240 Service Needed 120/208 39 seta hena see APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE 7 Q aed Questions: ‘System Voltage PrieryComecton de DELTA 49900 / 34500 StcendryComecion: DELTA ‘Secondary Cols: SERIES Pela, a Voltage Ratiegs ‘Secondary Voges: 19900 / 34500 Y 1201240 Service Headed 120/240 39 gem Questions: mary Connection ciclei DELTA. WE system vetage 14400 / 24900 ‘Seeondary Conecton: DeLTA ‘Secondary Call: wa Potty oltage Ratings ‘Stcondary Voltages: 14000 / 24900 Y 2771480 Serie Needed 277 1480 39 771 rRansFORMERS watinan cin Connect the transformers banks, including the coils, based on the vectorial diagrams. Problem 7 Problem 8 ‘ete inane APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE 72 bd) ee 73 TRANSFORMERS Kstwentronen cite Answers To Connection Problems =e eer tt oe cance a se Eo Seley ae wtine ihe rehte Teas ies rhe ase ciaee 2 oan eee eet =e aaa et a ae a a - = kes SN a TE tee we, wees Pero ereuccemec tenasy rebane <— seapebiomes rehtos 1t02 240" “Seamrcenerc tt02 208 iar eho ae ro) ee Sees eee Peat fare = oe = ty eae wefan ei ne neeate tabdots <— tees reine tw? 24dv eee ‘ie? 4800 iia: har re) bv relat

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