6.

PROJECT REPORT WRITING FORMAT

The writing of the preliminary report (proposal) and final report should adhere to the
following format.

6.1 Preliminary/Final Report Outline

The report consists of many parts arranged in a certain order. It is recommended
that the contents be arranged in the following order:
a) Title Page
b) Certification (only applicable for final report)
c) Abstract
d) Acknowledgements (only applicable for final report)
e) Table of Contents
f) List of Figures
g) List of Tables
h) Nomenclatures
i) Chapter 1: Introduction
- Background
- Problem Statement
- Objectives
• General Objective
• Specific Objectives
- Scope of the Project
- Significance of the Project
j) Chapter 2: Literature Review and/or Theory
k) Chapter 3: Methodology/Project Work
l) Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
m) Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
n) References
o) Appendices
Students may write more than five chapters in their proposal/final report
depending on the extent of the project (Complexity of the system).
6.2 General Writing Format
Students must follow specific guidelines for writing the reports as indicated in
Section 6.
a) Language
The report must be written in acceptable and formal English. Use
the active voice.
b) Font and Spacing
All text should be 1.5 spacing between lines and 3 spacing between
paragraphs (Times New Roman regular font-style, size 12) written on a
white A4 paper on one side of each sheet.
The following however should be single spaced:
 Tables and figures
 Computer programs/source codes (must be reduced to font size 8)
c) Length
The maximum length of the report, excluding appendices is as follows:
Preliminary Report - 7 pages
Final report - 50 pages

Students are encouraged to use brief and straightforward wordings and

avoid jargon and passive voice as much as possible.
d) Pagination
All pages must be numbered in proper sequence from introduction to the
end of the report including pages on figures, tables, computer programs
and appendices. All front materials are numbered in small

Roman numerals (e.g. i, ii, iii). Page numbers appear by themselves and
are not to be enclosed in parenthesis, hyphens or other decorative
symbols. Page number must be positioned at the bottom and centered.
Please refer to Appendix 6-1.
e) Margin
The top, bottom and right margins are 1.0" except the left margin, which
 is 1.5". Please refer to Appendix 6-1. All paragraphs should start from
the left margin.
f) Mathematical Equations
Mathematical equations must be spaced out; superscript and subscript
must be clearly shown and numbered.

𝑎2 + 𝑏0 = √𝑥 (1)
g) Heading
The report should not have more than three levels of numbered headings
as follows:

1 FIRST-LEVEL HEAD
1.1 Second-Level Head
1.1.1 Third-Level Head
All headings should be in Times New Roman and bold. Chapter and
major headings should be in capitals and in 14 font size and 12 font size,
respectively. Secondary and tertiary headings should be in title case and
in 12 font size. If there are more than three levels of headings, please use
italised bold font. Also see Appendix 6-1.
h) Tables and Figures
Tables and figures are considered part of the report if it is within the main
text. If they have the size that less than a page, they should be inserted
into the text near the point of reference with a 3 spacing from the text.
Tables should be on the same page. Margin limits of figures and tables
should be the same as the full-page text. All tables and figures should be
titled and numbered consecutively. Table heading should be positioned at
the top middle of each table. The numbers for figure should be positioned
at the bottom middle of each figure. Refer to each table or figure clearly
in the text before placing it on the page. (For example, “Figure 1 below
shows ….)
i) Documenting Sources
Students are required to cite the sources from which ideas are used.
 Please refer to Appendix 6-2. The documentation system to be used is
American Psychological Association (APA).
j) References
The method of writing references must follow the standard format. The
sample reference format is in Appendix 6-3. This sample is using the
APA system.
k) Title Page
The title page of preliminary report (initial proposal) and final report
should be set out in accordance with the attached specimen sheet in
Appendix 6-4 and should include the following:
 The title of the report.
 The name of the candidate in FULL (Including Grandfather name and
ID Number).
 The degree for which he/she is submitting the final report.
 The month and year in which the final report is submitted.
 The Jimma Institute of Technology address.

6.3 General Content

This section will elaborate more about the general content needed in each part for
each report format.
a) Title Page
The title of the report should reflect the focus on core issues of the
project work or related to it.
b) Certification
This section is divided into two: certification of approval and certification
of originality, as in Appendix 6-6 and 6-7. The certification of approval
should be signed by Supervisor after he/she is satisfied with the
corrections or amendments done by the student.
c) Abstract
An abstract is a short version of a report. It covers the report’s purpose,
scope, methodology, results and conclusion. Abstract should be not more
 than one page as in Appendix 6-8.
d) Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements should include the names of the contributors to the
project work including the supervisors and the members of the group,
preferably not more than one page.
e) Table of Contents
Table of Contents lists all headings and sub-headings, tables, figures,
appendices, bibliography with the page numbers. It also includes the
certification, abstract and acknowledgement (if applicable). Please refer
to the sample in Appendix 6-9.
f) Introduction
Introduction must include the background of the project, the problem
statement, the objective(s) and scope of the study. Problem statement
needs to focus on the situation of the problem and research question
which lead to the objective(s) of the study. Students are required to clarify
the boundary project work to ensure the feasibility within the given time
frame.
g) Literature Review and/or Theory
Literature Review is the analytical, critical and objective review of written
materials on the chosen topic and area. It provides the background
information on the research question and to identify what others have said
and/or discovered about the question. It contains all relevant theories,
hypotheses, facts and data which are relevant to the objective and the
findings of the project.
h) Methodology/Project Work
Methodology refers to methods/procedure used by the student to achieve
the objective(s) of the project. The methods/procedure must be relevant
and acceptable.
i) Results and Discussion
This section presents the finding or outcome of project work. All the
gathered data from the project work must be presented in the form of
 tables and figures such as graph, diagram or others. The data need to be
analysed, and the results need to be discussed.
j) Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion highlights the most significant findings in relation to the
objective(s) of the project. This section should also include
recommendations for future project work.
k) References
This section is the list of references used in the project. The method of
writing references must follow the standard format. Please refer to the
sample of reference format in Appendix 6-3.
l) Appendices
Lengthy calculations, figures, raw data, computer programs/source codes,
outputs, detailed drawings (2D – Multiview (front, top/side) & 3D
Drawings (isometric) of each components with appropriate
dimensioning, Section views, Exploded Views, Assembly Drawings with
table contains columns for Part Numbers and Part names, All must
include Title Blocks) etc. are to be enclosed as appendices. They should
be titled and numbered in chronological order and capital letters. The
appendices and their titles need to be listed in the Table of Contents.
Provide title for each appendix, like “Appendix 1. Questionnaire
Sample”.
7. PLAGIARISM

a) Plagiarism is the act of obtaining or attempting to obtain credit for academic work
by representing the work of another as one's own without the necessary and
appropriate acknowledgment. More specifically, plagiarism is:

i. The act of incorporating the ideas, words of sentences, paragraphs, or

parts thereof without appropriate acknowledgment and representing the
product as one's own work; and

ii. The act of representing another's intellectual work such as musical

composition, computer program, photographs, painting, drawing,
sculpture, or research or the like as one's own.

Source: [Link]/uaffairs/policies/[Link]

b) If a student is in doubt about the nature of plagiarism, he/she should discuss the
matter with the supervisor. If a student is caught committing plagiarism, stern
action will be taken against the student
 APPENDIX 6-1

SAMPLE OF PAGE SETUP

Top margin

1.0"

2.0"
1.5 spacing,
Times New
Roman,
capital,
bold and CHAPTER 1: TITLE OF THE CHAPTER
14 font size

Double spacing,
Times New
Roman

1. 1. Secondary Heading

The main objective of this program is to prepare all

1.5 spacing,
Times New students….
Roman, 12
font size In order to fulfill the need of ….

1.1 .1 Tertiary Heading 1.0"

Right
The main objective of this program is to prepare all Margin

students….
1.5"

Left
margin

The main objective of this program is to prepare all

students….

1.0" 2

Bottom Margin Page number at center of

the footer section
 APPENDIX 6-2

SAMPLE OF DOCUMENTING SOURCES

The followings are the variations of APA Citations. For further reference, please refer
to the internet under Documenting Sources.

1. The author’s name appears as part of the introduction to the quotation or paraphrase.

Gilster (1993) is very definite: “Simply put, the Internet is changing so rapidly, with
so many new databases, services, addresses, and projects, that it can’t be neatly
encapsulated in any one set of commands or maxims” (p.2).

2. The author is not named in the introduction to the quotation or paraphrase.

What is entirely clear is that the Internet “can’t be neatly encapsulated in any one set
of commands or maxims” (Gilster, 1993, p.2).

3. The author has several works listed in the References. If they have different dates, no
special treatment is necessary; if an author has two works dated the same year,
differentiate them in the text and in the References with a lower-case letter after each
date (1993a,1993b).

Gilster (1993a) points out that the Internet “ can‟t be encapsulated in any one set of
commands or maxims” (p.2).

4. Paraphrases are handled like quotations. Give the author‟s last name, the date, and
the appropriate page numbers.

Gilster (1993) says that the Internet changes so fast that you must come to see your
experience with it as daily learning process.
5. When citing block quotations, the period is placed before the page parentheses.
Do not place quotation marks before and after a block quotation. Indent the left
margin 5 spaces and double-space. Do not indent the right margin.

According to Gilster (1993)

There can be no complete printed directory of the Internet. Those who write
about this globe-spanning network are destined to labor forever behind the
technological wave. Simply put, the Internet is changing so rapidly, with so
many new databases, services, addresses, and projects, that it can‟t be neatly
encapsulated in any one set of commands or maxims. The more you use the
Internet, the more you will realize that each day is itself a learning
process.(p. 2)

It is possible to use Harvard or Vancouver Style, the above examples are in

Harvard style. In Vancouver style numbers in brackets ([1]) are used to cite,
later these numbers are used to give full description in the reference.
 APPENDIX 6-3
SAMPLE OF REFERENCE FORMATS

The format of references for the respective sources is as follows:

1. journal refer to Meguid and Zhu (1995)
2. book refer to Glister P. (1993)
3. book in series refer to Ochoa, O.O and Reddy, J.N. (1989)
4. article in book/conference proceedings refer to Eskey, D and Grabe, W.
(1988)
5. thesis refer to Mohd Shariff, A. (1995)
6. interview refer to Abu Bakar, R (2003)
7. technical report refer to Wawrznek, P.A. and Ingraffea, A.R. (1991)
8. website refer to Duncan, Donna. (1998)

Duncan, Donna. 6 Sept 1998 <[Link]

Klein-Smith, Sarah. 6 Sept 1998 [Link]

Eskey, D and Grabe, W. 1988, "Interactive models for second language reading" in
P. Carrell, J. Devine and D. Eskey (Eds) Interactive approaches to Second Language
Reading , Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.

Glister P. 1993, The Internet Navigator, New York, John Wiley & Sons.

Abu Bakar, R. Manager of Technical Services. Intel, Penang. Personal Interview.

Dec. 14. 2003.

Meguid, S.A. and Zhu, Z.H., 1995, "A novel finite element for treating inhomogeneous
solids", International Journal Numerical Methods Engineering, 38 (2): 1579-1592.

Mohd Shariff, A. 1995, Steam Regeneration of A Fixed Bed Adsorption System, Ph.D.
Thesis, Leeds University, United Kingdom.

Ochoa, O.O and Reddy, J.N. 1989. Finite Element Analysis of Composite Laminates,
(7), New York, Pergamon Press.

Wawrznek, P.A. and Ingraffea, A.R. 1991. Discrete modeling of crack propagation:
theoretical aspects and implementation issues in two and three dimensions. Report
Number 91-5, Cornell University, New York, USA.
 APPENDIX 6-4
SAMPLE OF TITLE PAGE

JU-LOGO (RECENT)

JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CFD Simulation of Viscoelastic Fluids in Vertical Flow Pipes

by

Ararsa Tola Bari (List of team members – in the hidden boarder table)

A final year project report submitted in partial Replace this statement for
fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree CBTP Projects
Or Internship Report, Like…
of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical
CBTP PHASE III/IV PROJECT
Engineering

NOVEMBER, 2023
 APPENDIX 6-6
SAMPLE OF CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

Design of Heat Exchanger Network

by

Temesgen Limore Oluma (List of team members – in the hidden boarder table)

A final year project report submitted in partial Replace this statement for
fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree CBTP Projects

of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical

CBTP PHASE III/IV PROJECT
Engineering

Approved by,

(Name of Main Supervisor)

(Signature)

Examined by,

(Name of Main Supervisor)

(Signature)

November, 2023
 APPENDIX 6-7

SAMPLE OF CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY (DECLARATION)

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the

original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements,

and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by

unspecified sources or persons.

GIRMA HAYALOM AHMAD (List of team members – in the hidden boarder table)

DATE
 APPENDIX 6-8

SAMPLE OF ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT
A high-brightness, high-yield chemin mechanical pulp was obtained from Eucalyptus
globulus using low-environmental-impact chemical reagents. The pulping chemicals
were nitric acid and sodium hydroxide, and bleaching chemical was hydrogen
peroxide. Chips were impregnated for 24 h in nitric acid, cooked under variable
conditions, washed, impregnated with soda for 24 h, cooked again, rewashed,
defibrated, refined, screened, and finally bleached under variable conditions. Under
the optimal pulping conditions identified in this study, pulp strength was not especially
high (tensile strength 2.04 km, tea strength 3.9 mN m2/g), but the ease of bleaching
and final pulp brightness were impressive enough (light-scattering coefficient 49.3
m2kg, brightness 81.3% Elrepho) to warrant further research.
Keywords: Eucalyptus globulus, Pulp strength, Light-scattering coefficient, brightness, Variable conditions,

*The above abstract is taken from Ramos, Juan, Florentina Davalos, and Jorge
Sandoval. High-brightness CMP from Eucalyptus globulus using a nitric acid
pretreatment. TAPPI Journal 79 (12 December 1996): 169-177. Copyright TAPPI
1996.
 APPENDIX 6-9

SAMPLE OF TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . ii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . . . . 1
1.1 Background of Study . . . 1
1.2 Problem Statement . . . 2
1.3 Objectives . 3

CHAPTER 2: THEORY . . . . . 4
2.1 Leaching . . . . 4

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY . . . . 5
3.1 Elements Determination . . 5
3.2 Sample Preparation . . . 7
3.3 Sample Testing . . . 9

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . 11

4.1 Data Gathering & Analysis . . 11
4.2 Results and Discussion . . 16

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 23

5.1 Conclusion . . . . 23
5.2 Recommendations . . . 24

REFERENCES . . . . . . . 25

APPENDICES . . . . . . . 27
 APPENDIX 6-9

SAMPLE OF LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Rhyolite stone used for the study 3

Figure 1.2 Porphyritic-Rhyolite 5
Figure 1.3 Porphyritic texture 6
Figure 3.1 Process of leaching in the pores of stone 10
Figure 4.1 Concentration of elements extracted from the mineral stone 16
Figure 4.2 Concentration of elements against time in pH 5 solution 17
Figure 4.3 Concentration of elements against time in pH 6 solution 18
Figure 4.4 Concentration of elements against time in pH 8 solution 18
Figure 4.5 Concentration of elements against time in 30 0 C solution 19
Figure 4.6 Concentration of elements against time in 35 0 C solution 21
0
Figure 4.7 Concentration of elements against time in 40 C solution 22
SAMPLE OF LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Essential mineral elements for human consumption 2

Table 2.1 Recommended intake of elements by US RDA 4
Table 3.1 Range of standard solutions use for AAS testing 7
Table 4.1 Conditions for optimum amount of elements leached from the stone 8
Table 4.2 Concentration of elements adsorbed by the glass container 9
Table 4.3 Concentration of elements in the container after 4 hours 12
Table 4.4 Impurities in different materials 14
SAMPLE OF NOMENCLATURES

NOMENCLATURES

List of abbreviations
CAD Computer Aided Design
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

Greek letters
𝜎 Stress
𝜀 Strain

List of symbols
P Pressure
A Area
𝐹⃗ Force

Subscripts
in inlet
out outlet
m Model
p Prototype
SAMPLE OF APPENDICES

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Physical/Thermal Properties

Appendix B: Component/Machine Selection - Standard Tables

Appendix C: Detailed Drawings

Appendix D: Programming Code