Averages in Quantitative Aptitude
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Averages
Average is defined as the sum of the observations divided by the number of
observations.
Sum of the observations
Average
Number of observations
Q. The average age of a cricket team of eleven players is 27 years. If two more
players are included in the team the average becomes 26 years, then the
A. Average age of eleven players is = 27 years
⇒ Sum of age of 11 players = 27 × 11 = 297 years
⇒ If two players are included in the team, then average age of 13 players = 26 years
⇒ Sum of age of 13 players = 13 × 26 = 338 years
⇒ Sum of age of two players (included) = 338 - 297 = 41 years
∴ Average age of two players (included) = 41/2 = 20.5 years
Q. Ramu’s average daily expenditure is Rs. 12 during May, Rs. 14 during June and
Rs. 16 during July. His approximate daily expenditure for the 3 months is:
A. We know, Average of quantities = sum of all quantities/no. of quantities
Ramu’s average daily expenditure is Rs. 12 during May. So, his total expenditure in
May = Rs. 12 × 31 = Rs. 372
His average expenditure is Rs. 14 during June. So, his total expenditure in June =
Rs. 14 × 30 = Rs. 420
And his average expenditure is Rs. 16 during July. So, his total expenditure in July =
Rs. 16 × 31 = Rs. 496
His total expenditure in these 3 months (i.e. 31 + 30 + 31 = 92 days) = Rs. (372 +
420 + 496) = Rs. 1288
∴ His approximate daily expenditure for these 3 months will be = Rs. 1288/92 = Rs.
14
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Important Formulae
Points to Remember
n1
Average of first n natural numbers =
2
Average of squares of first n natural numbers =
n 1 2n 1
6
n n 1
2
Average of cubes of first n natural numbers =
4
Average of first n even numbers = n1
2 n 1 2n 1
Average of squares of first n even numbers =
3
= 2n n 1
2
Average of cube of first n even numbers
Average of first n odd numbers = n
Average of squares of first n odd numbers =
2n 1 2n 1
3
Average of cube of first n odd numbers = n 2n2 – 1
Q. The average of 3 consecutive even numbers is 10, then the third number is by
what percent more than the first number?
A. Let the first number be x.
So, the second and the third number will be (x + 2) and (x + 4) respectively.
According to the question
⇒ x + x + 2 + x + 4 = 10 × 3
⇒x=8
The first number be 8.
⇒ The second number be = 8 + 2 = 10
⇒ The third number be = 8 + 4 = 12
∴ Required percentage = [(12 – 8)/8] × 100 = 50%
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Testbook Trick
In the above question, following shortcut can be applied:
Average of any consecutive series is the middle term (median).
⇒ For example 8, 10, 12 in this series middle term is 10 which also average of the se-
ries.
∴ Required percentage = [(12 – 8)/8] × 100 = 50%
Q. The average of the first 15 odd numbers is by what percent less/more than the
average of the first 15 even numbers?
A. As we know,
⇒ Average of the first n odd numbers = n
⇒ Average of the first n even numbers = n + 1
⇒ Average of the first 15 odd numbers = 15
⇒ Average of the first 15 even numbers = 15 + 1 = 16
∴ Required percentage = [(16 – 15)/16] × 100 = 6.25%
Q. Find the average of cubes of the first 10 odd numbers.
2
A. The average of cubes of first n odd numbers = n (2n – 1)
∴ The average of cubes of first 10 odd numbers = 10(2 × (10)2 – 1) = 10 × 199 =
1990
Important Questions based on Real Life
Q. A cricketer had a certain average of runs for his 43 innings. In his 44th innings,
he is bowled out for no score on his part. This brings down his average by
three runs. Find his new average of runs.
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A. Concept:
Total runs = Number of wickets × Average
Total runs
Average of bowler
Number of wickets
Solution:
Let the average of runs be x
Total runs = Number of innings × Average
⇒ 43 × x = 44 × (x – 3)
⇒ x = 132
Q. The average age of a family of 6 members is 25 years. If the age of the
youngest member of the family is 8 years, then find the average age of the
members of the family just before the birth of the youngest member.
A. Total age of a family of 6 members = 6 × 25 = 150 years
⇒ Total age of a family of 6 members before 8 years = 150 – (8 × 6) = 102 years
∴ The average age of the family just before the birth of the youngest = 102/(6 – 1) =
20.4 years
Q. In a hostel, 52 students are living. If 18 students are joined in this hostel than
average expenditure will be 3 rupees less whenever total expenditure 510
rupees will be increased. Find the total expenditure of initially.
A. Let the average expenditure of initially students be x,
⇒ 52x + 510 = (52 + 18) × (x – 3)
⇒ 18x = 720
⇒ x = 40
∴ Total expenditure of 52 students = 52 × 40 = 2080
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Algebra
Algebra is the branch of mathematics in which we perform mathematical operations with
the help of numbers (constants) and alphabets (variables).
Algebraic Expression
The combination of constants, variables and elementary arithmetic operations (+, -, ×, ÷) is called
algebraic expression.
On the basis of Degree of Polynomial
Linear Polynomial Quadratic Polynomial Cubic Polynomial Quartic Polynomial
The polynomial in which
the highest power of the The polynomial of degree The polynomial of The polynomial of degree
variables is one or, the two is called quadratic degree three is called four is called quartic
polynomial of degree one is polynomial cubic polynomial equation
called linear polynomial.
Eg: Eg:
Eg: 2x + 3 Eg: x2 – 4x + 5, x2 – 5 etc. x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 4, x3 – 4x – 5x4 – 4x + 2, 5x4 + 4x3 – 3x
3 etc etc.
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On the basis of number of terms
Monomial Binomial Trinomial Polynomial
The algebraic expression
that consists of two or
more than two terms is
called polynomial.
The algebraic
The algebraic expression The algebraic expression The general form of
expression that consists
that consists of only one that consists of two terms polynomial is given by P(x)
of three terms is called
term is called monomial is called binomial. = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + an xn
trinomial
Where, a0, a1, a2, a3 … and
an, are real numbers and n
is a whole number (none
negative integer).
Eg:
2 2
Eg: 4x, 4y/3, -6.33z etc Eg: 2x + 3y, 4x + x etc. Eg: 4xy + 3x + 5y 1 + 2x – 3x2 + 5x4, 6x3 – 2x2
+ 4 etc.
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Important Algebraic Identities
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
(a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
Quadratic Identities
a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
Cubic Identities a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b)
a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b)
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac) = ½(a + b + c)[(a – b)2 + (b
– c)2 + (c – a)2]
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc If (a + b + c) = 0
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Quartic Polynomial a4 + b4 + a2b2 = (a2 – ab + b2)(a2 + ab + b2)
Table-1 : Algebraic Identities ( Important Formulae are highlighted in Grey)
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Important Special Cases
Important Special Cases
Type 1 If x2 + y2 + z2 = 0, then x = y = z = 0
Type 2 If a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc Then (a + b + c) = 0
Shortcuts which might come handy while solving questions:
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Additional information
For the two forms mentioned below, if the difference between the factors of x is 1, then
the factor which is greater in value will be the answer of the given question
Additional information
Important Examples
A.
Given: (a – 2)2 + (b + 3)2 + (c – 5)2 = 0
So, a – 2 = 0
⇒a=2
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And, b + 3 = 0
⇒ b = -3
And, c – 5 = 0
⇒ c=5
Therefore, a – b – c = 2 – (-3) – 5 = 0
Q. If (2x + 3)3 + (x - 8)3 + (x + 13)3 = (2x + 3) (3x - 24) (x + 13), then what is the valueof x?
A. As we know,
If x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 0, then x + y + z = 0
⇒ (2x + 3)3 + (x - 8)3 + (x + 13)3 = (2x + 3) (3x - 24) (x + 13)
⇒ (2x + 3)3 + (x - 8)3 + (x + 13)3 - 3 (2x + 3) (x - 8) (x + 13) = 0
⇒ (2x + 3) + (x - 8) + (x + 13) = 0
⇒ 4x + 8 = 0
⇒ 4x = -8
⇒ x = -8/4 = -2
x=1
x=–1
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x6 = – 1
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Data
Interpretation (DI)
Data interpretation refers to the process of reviewing provided data and to use these
data for calculating the required value. The data can be provided in various forms like
in table format, pie chart, line graph, bar graph, caselet or a combination of these.
Points to Remember
Read the entire question carefully – Read the complete data given in the form of
values, graph etc.
Analyze the data – Take a look and analyze the data carefully. Don’t get diverted
or afraid due to lot of information and avoid skipping the information before giving a
glance to it.
Pay attention to the units – Many a times, different units are used are used in
one question. For example speed is given in km/h and time is to be calculated in
seconds.
Use of approximation – If the options are adequately far apart then you can
approximate values, fractions and percentages to nearby numbers which can ease
our calculations.
Use of last Digit – Check if all options have different last digits then to find the
correct option we can just calculate the last digit of our answer (but then
approximation is not at all allowed).
Mental calculations – Try to do mental calculations as frequently as possible
while practicing. It will help in minimizing the time to solve the question.
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Types of Data Interpretation
1. Tabular DI
2. Pie chart
3. Bar graph
4. Line graph
5. Caselet DI
6. Miscellaneous
Tabular DI
In it data is provided in horizontal rows and vertical columns called tabular form. We
need to understand the given information and thereafter answer the given questions.
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer the given questions
based on it.
Table shows the number of trees planted by government in 6 different years.
Banyan Neem Teak
2013 30000 25000 15000
2014 35000 30000 5000
2015 35000 45000 10000
2016 40000 40000 25000
2017 45000 55000 35000
2018 55000 50000 40000
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Q. Find the respective ratio between the number of neem trees planted in the
year 2015 and the number of banyan trees planted in the year 2014
A. Number of neem trees planted in 2015 = 45000
Number of banyan trees planted in 2014 = 35000
∴ Required ratio = 45000 ∶ 35000 = 9 ∶ 7
Q. What was the approximate average number of neem trees planted in all the
years together?
A. Total number of neem trees planted in all the years = 25000 + 30000 + 45000 +
40000 + 55000 + 50000 = 245000
∴ Required average = 245000/6 = 40833.33 ≈ 40830 (approx. depends on options
given in question)
Testbook Trick
Here, we can take 1000 from each term and do our calculation on remaining data to
ease our calculation part.
Total number of neem trees planted in all the years = (25 + 30 + 45 + 40 + 55 + 50) ×
1000 = 245 × 1000
∴ Required average = (245/6) × 1000 ≈ 41 × 1000 ≈ 41000 (approx. value depends on
options given in question otherwise we have to calculate exact value)
Q. How much percent more teak trees planted by government in the year 2017 as
compared to 2016?
A. Total teak trees planted in year 2017 = 35000
Total teak tree planted in year 2016 = 25000
∴ Percentage increase = (35000 - 25000)/25000 × 100 = 40%.
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Testbook Trick
Here, we can neglect 1000 from each term to ease our calculation as 1000 will be
cancelled out.
Total teak trees planted in year 2017 = 35
Total teak tree planted in year 2016 = 25
∴ Percentage increase = (35 - 25)/25 × 100 = 40%.
Q. In the year 2017, the amount spent on planting one teak tree was Rs. 120, then
what was the total expenditure of government in planting all teak trees in the
year 2017?
A. Total teak tree planted in the year 2017 = 35000
Amount spent on planting one tree = Rs. 120
∴ Required expenditure = 120 × 35000 = Rs. 4200000.
Q. Out of total number of banyan trees planted by government in all the years
25% are dead, then find the number of banyan trees which are alive after 2018?
A. Number of banyan tree planted by government overall years = (30000 + 35000 +
35000 + 40000 + 45000 + 55000) = 240000
∵ 25% trees are dead
Hence, Percentage of trees alive = (100 – 25)% = 75%
∴ Number of trees alive = (2,40,000/100) × 75 = 1,80,000.
Pie Chart
It is a circular chart divided in various sectors. The sectors of the circle are constructed
in such a way that the area of each sector is proportional to the corresponding values
of information provided. In pie charts total quantity is distributed over a total angle of
360° or 100%.
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Points to Remember
Value of sector = (Angle of sector/360°) × Total Value
Value of sector = (Percentage of sector/100) × Total value
Directions: The following Pie chart shows the percentage of students who like
five different subjects of engineering from college x. Percentage of students who like 5
different subjects of engineering. Total number of students in college x is 1000.
Q. What is the difference between the number of students who like Analogue
Electronics and VLSI Design.
A. Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240.
Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
∴ Required difference = 240 – 180 = 60.
Testbook Trick
Difference in percentages of both subjects = 24 – 18 = 6%
∴ Required difference = 6% of 1000 = 60.
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Q. Find the total number of students who like Analogue Electronics, VLSI Design
and Wireless Communication.
A. Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240.
Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
Number of students liking Wireless Communication = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
∴ Total number of students = 240 + 180 + 180 = 600.
Testbook Trick
Total percentage of students who like VLSI Design, Analogue Electronics and Wireless
Communication = 18 + 24 + 18 = 60%
∴ Total number of students = 60% of 1000 = 600.
Q. The number of students who like VLSI Design are how much percent less than
the number of students who like Analogue Electronics?
A. Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240.
Difference of students = 240 – 180 = 60
∴ Required percentage = (60/240) × 100 = 25%.
Testbook Trick
Percentage of students who like VLSI Design = 18%
Percentage of student who like Analogue Electronics = 24%
Difference in percentage = 24 – 18 = 6%
∴ Required percentage = (6/24) × 100 = 25%.
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Q. Find the average number of students who like Analogue Electronics, VLSI
Design and Wireless Communication
A. Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240
Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180
Number of students liking Wireless Communication = (1000/100) × 18 = 180
Total number of students = 240 + 180 + 180 = 600
∴ Required average = 600/3 = 200.
Testbook Trick
Total percentage of students who like Analogue Electronics, VLSI Design and Wireless
Communications = 24% + 18% + 18% = 60%
Average of total percentage = 60%/3 = 20%
∴ Required average = 20% of 1000 = 200.
Q. Ratio of number of students who like analogue electronic and digital
electronics together to number of students who like signals and systems and
VLSI design together.
A. Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240
Number of students liking Digital Electronics = (1000/100) × 20 = 200
Number of students liking Signals and Systems = (1000/100) × 20 = 200
Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180
∴ Required ratio = (240 + 200)/(200 + 180) = 440/380 = 22/19
Testbook Trick
Percentage of students who like Analogue Electronics & Digital Electronics = 24 + 20 =
44%
Percentage of students who like Signals and System and VLSI Design = 20 + 18 = 38%
∴ Required ratio = 44%/38% = 22/19.
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Bar Graph
In this section, data is represented as horizontal or vertical bars. One of the parameters
is given on x-axis and other on y-axis. Here we need to understand the given
information and thereafter answer the given questions.
Directions: Study the
given graph and answer the
question that follows.
Q. What is the ratio of the total daily sales of newspaper P in cities A and C to the
total daily sales of newspaper Q in cities B and D?
A. Total sales of newspaper P in cities A and C = 640 + 480 = 1120
Total sales of newspaper Q in cities B and D = 600 + 680 = 1280
∴ Required ratio = 1120:1280 = 7:8.
Q. The total daily sales of newspaper P in cities, B, D and E is what percentage
less than that of newspaper Q in cities A, C, D and E?
A. Total sales of newspaper P in cities B, D and E = 560 + 750 + 550 = 1860
Total sales of newspaper Q in cities A, C, D and E = 450 + 650 + 680 + 620 = 2400
∴ Required percentage = [(2400 – 1860)/2400] × 100 = 22.5%.
Q. In which city the daily sales of newspaper P is 1.25 times the average daily
sales of newspaper Q in cities A, B, C, D and E?
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A. Total sales of newspaper Q = 450 + 600 + 650 + 680 + 620 = 3000
Average sales of newspaper Q = 3000/5 = 600
1.25 times of average sales of newspaper Q = 600 × 1.25 = 750
Hence, sale of newspaper P in D city is 1.25 times of average sales of the
newspaper.
Line Graph
A line graph shows the quantitative information or a relationship between two chang-
ing quantities with a line or curve. We are required to understand the given information
and thereafter answer the given questions.
Directions: Read the following line graph carefully and answer the given
questions below:
Following line graph shows the number of red and blue colored candies (in lakhs)
produced in 6 different years.
Q. Candies produced of red color in 2018 are what percentage less/more than
candies produced of red color in 2017?
A. Candies produced of red color in 2018 = 40 lakhs
Candies produced of red color in 2017 = 50 lakhs
∴ Required percentage = (50 – 40)/50 × 100 = 20%.
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Q. Total candies produced in years 2014 and 2015 are how much more/less than
total candies produced in years 2017 and 2018 together?
A. Total candies produced in years 2014 and 2015 = 25 + 40 + 35 + 25 = 125 lakhs
Total candies produced in years 2017 and 2018 = 50 + 35 + 40 + 20 = 145 lakhs
∴ Required difference = 145 – 125 = 20 lakhs.
Q. For how many years candies produced of blue color are more or equal to
average candies produced of blue color for all the years?
A. Average number of blue color candies = (30 + 40 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 20)/6 = 180/6 = 30
lakhs.
Hence, required years = 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017.
∴ Number of years = 4.
Q. Find the difference between total number of red color candies and total
number of blue color candies produced throughout the 6 years.
A. Total number of red color candies = 20 + 25 + 35 + 20 + 50 + 40 = 190 lakhs
Total number of blue color candies = 30 + 40 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 20 = 180 lakhs
∴ Required difference = 190 – 180 = 10 lakhs.
Q. Find the ratio of the number of candies of red color produced in years 2013,
2014 and 2015 together to the number of candies of blue color produced in
years 2016, 2017 and 2018 together.
A. The number of candies of red color produced in years 2013, 2014 and 2015 together
= 20 + 25 + 35 = 80 lakhs
The number of candies of blue color produced in years 2016, 2017 and 2018 together
= 30 + 35 + 20 = 85 lakhs
∴ Required ratio = 80/85 = 16 : 17.
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Caselet DI
In Caselet DI, a long paragraph is provided and with that as the basis, some set of
questions are asked. We need to understand the given information and then answer
the given questions.
Comprehension:
Three friends A, B and C went to a shopping mall to buy laptop (individually), they
all are having same amount of money equal to the value of MRP of a Laptop (i.e.
Rs. 60000) but each one of them got different discounts from the exclusive
showroom. If A paid Rs. 51000, B has paid Rs. 3000 more than what A has paid
while C has paid the amount equal to the average value of amount paid by A and B
together. Find the answer of the following questions based on the given
information:
Q. What is the ratio of the total amount paid by A, B and C together to the sum of
MRP of all the three laptops?
A. The MRP of each laptop = Rs. 60000;
∴ The sum of MRP of 3 laptops = 60000 × 3 = Rs. 1,80,000
Now, amount paid by A = Rs. 51000
Amount paid by B = Rs. 51000 + 3000 = Rs. 54000
Amount paid by C = (51000 + 54000)/2 = Rs. 52500
∴ The total amount paid by A, B and C together = 51000 + 54000 + 52500 = Rs.
1,57,500
The ratio of the total amount paid by A, B and C together to the sum of MRP of all the
three laptops = 157500:180000 = 7:8
Q. The amount paid by C is approximately what percent of the value of amount
paid by A, B and C together?
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A. The MRP of each laptop = Rs. 60000;
The sum of MRP of 3 laptops = 60000 × 3 = Rs. 1,80,000
Now, amount paid by A = Rs. 51000
Amount paid by B = Rs. 51000 + 3000 = Rs. 54000
Amount paid by C = (51000 + 54000)/2 = Rs. 52500
∴ The total amount paid by A, B and C together = 51000 + 54000 + 52500 = Rs.
1,57,500
Average of the total amount paid by A, B and C together = 157500/3 = Rs. 52500
The percentage of amount paid by C to the value of amount paid by A, B and C
together = (52500/157500) × 100 = 33.33 ≈ 33%.
Miscellaneous
In it two or more types of charts are added to provide different information. We need to
understand the given information and thereafter answer the given questions.
Directions: Read the following pie chart and table carefully and answer the given
questions below:
Following pie chart shows the percentage of students and table shows ratio of male
students to female students in 6 colleges named A, B, C, D, E and F.
Total number of students = 24000.
Colleges Male : Female
A 1:1
B 1:2
C 2:1
D 5:4
E 3:4
F 4:5
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Q. Find the difference between the number of female students of college F and
the number of male students of same college.
A. Number of female students of college F = [(24000/100) × 15] × 5/9 = 2000.
Number of male students of college F = [(24000/100) × 15] × 4/9 = 1600.
∴ Required difference = 2000 – 1600 = 400.
Q. Number of students of college F is what percentage more than the number of
students in college A?
A. Here we need not to calculate the number of students and we can reach to answer by
using values in percentages.
Percentage of students of college F = 15%
Percentage of students of college A = 10%
∴ Required percentage = [(15% – 10%) /10%] × 100 = 50%.
Q. If the value of Y is 3 times the value of X, then find the number of female
students in college B.
A. According to the question,
(10 + X + 20 + Y + 35 + 15)% = 100%
⇒ X + Y = 20%
⇒ X + 3X = 20%
⇒ X = 5%.
∴ Number of female students in college B = [(24000/100) × 5] × 2/3 = 800.
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Geometry is the branch of mathematics in which we study about different kinds of figure
(dimensionless, one dimensional and two dimensional) and their properties.
Lines and Angles
Definition
Point: a point is an exact location on a plane surface.
Types of Lines
Straight Line
A figure formed by joining two or more collinear points is
called a straight line.
The length of straight line is not finite.
Line Segment
When we join two fixed points by a straight line, then the figure
so formed is called a line segment.
The length of line segment is finite i.e. Can be measured.
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Ray
A straight line originates from one point is called a ray.
Intersecting Lines
C B
When two straight line meet at a point then these lines are O
called intersecting lines.
Here, AB and CD are intersecting lines and o is called the
point of intersection of these lines. A D
Transversal Lines
A line is said to be transversal if it intersects
two or more lines.
Here, N is a transversal line.
Parallel Lines
Two or more lines are said to be parallel lines if they do
not intersect each other.
Here, L and M are parallel lines.
Perpendicular Lines
Two lines are said to be perpendicular lines if the angle
between them is 90°.
Here, AB and CD are perpendicular lines.
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Concurrent Lines
Two or more lines are said to be concurrent if they all pass
through a fixed point.
Here, L, M and N are concurrent lines.
Angles and types of Angles
When two rays originate from a fixed point, then the amount of
rotation from one ray to another ray is called angle between
the rays or angle between lines.
The rays are called arms of angle.
Acute Angle
An angle whose measurement is in between 0° to 90° is
called acute angle.
Here, 0° <∠AOB< 90°
Right Angle
An angle whose measurement is 90° is called right angle.
Here, ∠AOB = 90°
Obtuse Angle
An angle whose measurement is in between 90° to 180° is
called obtuse angle.
Here, 90° <∠AOB< 180°
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Straight Angle
An angle whose measurement is equal to 180° is called
straight angle.
Here, ∠AOB = 180°
Reflex Angle
An angle whose measurement is in between 180° to 360°
is called reflex angle.
Here, 180° <∠AOB< 360°
Complete Angle
An angle whose measurement is 360° is called complete angle.
Here, ∠AOB = 360°
Properties of angles
Complementary Angles
Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum is 90°
(π/2 radian).
Here, ∠AOC + ∠COB = 90°
So, we can say that ∠AOC and ∠COB are called complementary
angles.
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Supplementary Angles
Two angles are said to be supplementary if their sum is
180° (π radian).
Here, ∠AOC + ∠COB = 180°
So, we can say that ∠AOC and ∠COB are called supplementary
angles.
Vertically Opposite Angles
Here, (∠AOC, ∠BOD) and (∠AOD, ∠BOC) are the pairs of
vertically opposite angles.
Corresponding Angles
When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal then
the pair of angles which occupy the same position at the
intersection point are called corresponding lines.
Here, (∠BOE, ∠DOiO) is a pair of corresponding angles.
Alternate Interior Angles
When two parallel lines are intersected by transversal then
pair of angles that lie on opposite sides of the transversal
line and on opposite relative sides of the other lines are
called alternate interior angles.
Here, (∠BOOi, ∠COiO) and (∠AOiO, ∠DOiO) are the pairs of
alternate interior angles.
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Alternate Exterior Angles
When two parallel lines are intersected by transversal then pair
of angles that lie on opposite sides of the transversal line and
outside the parallel lines are called alternate exterior angles.
Here, (∠BOE, ∠COiF) and (∠AOE, ∠DOiF) are the pairs of
alternate exterior angles.
Consecutive Interior Angles
When two parallel lines are intersected by transversal then
pair of angles lie on the same side of transversal line is called
consecutive interior angle.
Here, (∠BOOi, ∠DOiO) and (∠AOOi, ∠COiO) are called the
pairs of consecutive interior angles
Points to Remember
Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
Corresponding angles are always equal.
Alternate interior angles are always equal.
Alternate exterior angles are always equal.
Pairs of consecutive interior angles sum up to 180 0
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Triangles
On the basis of sides of Triangle
Equilateral Triangle
A triangle whose all the sides are equal is called an equilateral
triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle because AB = BC = CA,
And also, all the angles of an equilateral triangle are equal
i.e.∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°.
Isosceles Triangle
A triangle whose two sides are equal is called an isosceles
triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle because AB = AC
Also, angles opposite to equal sides are equal i.e. In this figure
∠B = ∠C.
Scalene Triangle
A triangle whose all sides are different in length is called
a scalene triangle.
Here, ∆ABCis a scalene triangle because AB ≠ BC ≠ CA.
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On the basis measurement of angles of
Triangle
Acute-angled Triangle
A triangle whose all angles are less than 90° is called an
acute angle triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is an acute angled triangle because (∠A, ∠B,
∠C) < 90°.
Right-angled Triangle
A triangle whose one angle is 90° is called a right angled triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is aright angled triangle because ∠B = 90°.
Obtuse-angled Triangle
A triangle whose one angle is more than 90° is called an
obtuse angled triangle.
Here, ∆ABC is anobtuse angled triangle because∠B> 90°
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Properties of Triangle
Similar Triangles
If the angles of a triangle are equal to the corresponding angles of another triangle,
then the triangles are similar to each other.
If ∠A =∠D, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F
So, ∆ABC∼∆DEF and, sign (∼) represents similarity of triangles.
Points to Remember
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Congruent Triangles
Two triangles are said to be congruent if they coincide each other when we place one
triangle on another.
If ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F and also AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DF
Then, ∆ABC≅∆DEF and vice versa
Here sign (≅) represents the congruency and vice versa.
Properties of Congruency
S – A – S (side – angle – side)
When two sides and angle between them of a triangle are equal to the two
corresponding sides and the angle between them of another triangle, then two triangles
are congruent to each other.
Here, AB = DE, ∠A = ∠D and AC = DF
So, ∆ABC≅∆DEF
S – S – S (side – side – side)
When all sides of a triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of another triangle,
then both triangles are congruent to each other.
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Here, AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DF
So, ∆ABC≅∆DEF
A – S– A (angle – angle – side)
If two angles and the side between them of a triangle are equal to the corresponding
two angles and the side between them of another triangle, then both triangles are
congruent.
Here, ∠A = ∠D, AB = DE and ∠B = ∠E
So, ∆ABC≅∆DEF
R – H – S (right angle – hypotenuse – side)
If hypotenuse and one side of a right angled triangle is equal to the corresponding hy-
potenuse and one side of another triangle, then both the triangles are congruent to
each other.
Here, ∠B = ∠E = 90°, AC = DF and AB = DE
So, ∆ABC≅∆DEF
Angle Bisector
A line which divides an angle of a triangle into two
equal parts is called an angle bisector of that angle of
triangle.
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Points to Remember
For angle bisector as shown in the above diagram,
In-center of Triangle
The point of intersection of angle bisectors of a triangle is called in-center of triangle
or the center of circle which touches the sides of a triangle internally is called in-
center of triangle.
Points to Remember
Incenter of a traingle is denoted by I.
If I be the in-center of a ∆ABC, then
∠BIC = 90° + ∠A/2, ∠AIB = 90° + ∠C/2, ∠BIC = 90° + ∠B/2
Perpendicular Bisector
A line which bisects the side of a triangle at an angle of
90° is called perpendicular bisector.
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Circumcentre
The point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of sides of a triangle is called
circumcenter of triangle or the center of circle which passes through the vertices of a
triangle is called the circumcenter of the triangle.
Points to Remember
If O is the circumcenter of a ∆ABC, then
∠BOC = 2 ∠A, ∠AOB = 2 ∠C and ∠AOC = 2 ∠B
Median of triangle
A line joining the vertices of a triangle to the middle point
of opposite side of triangle is called the median of triangle.
Centroid of triangle
The point of intersection of medians of a triangle is called
centroid of triangle.
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Points to Remember
Usually centroid is denoted by G.
if G be the centroid of a triangle and D, E and F are the mid points of BC, AC and
AB, then AG : GD = BG : GE = CG : GF = 2 : 1
Median divides a triangle in two equal part (i.e. Equal in area).
From above figure, ar(∆ABD) = ar(∆ACD), ar(∆BCE) = ar(∆BAE), ar(∆ACF) = ar
(∆BCF)
AD + BE + CF = (AB + BC + AC)/2
Altitude of triangle
Perpendicular lines drawn from the vertices of triangle to the
opposite sides of triangle are called the altitudes of triangle.
Orthocenter
Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the altitudes of triangle.
Points to Remember
If O is the orthocenter of a triangle, then
∠BOC + ∠A = 180°, ∠AOB + ∠C = 180°, ∠AOC + ∠B = 180°
Here, AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF
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Pythagoras Theorem
In any right angled triangle AB2 + BC2 = AC2, where ∠B = 90°
Mid-point Theorem
If D and E are the mid points of side AB and AC, then
DE = ½ BC and DE || BC.
Points to Remember
If D, E and F are the mid points of the sides AB, AC and BC of ∆ABC, then
DE = ½ BC, DF = ½ AC, EF = ½ AB and ar (∆ADE) = ar (∆BDF) = ar (∆DEF) = ar
(∆EFC) = ¼ ar (∆ABC)
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Some more Properties
(i) an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of opposite interior angles of triangle.
Here,∠X = ∠A + ∠B, ∠Y = ∠B + ∠C, ∠Z = ∠A + ∠C
(ii) sum of exterior angle of a triangle is 360°.
Here, ∠X + ∠Y + ∠Z = 360°
(iii) if in a ∆ABC, the sides AB and AC are extended and
the bisectors of exterior angles of ∠B and ∠C
Meet at O, then
∠BOC = 90° – ∠A/2
(iv) in ∆ABC, if BC is extended to D, and AL is the
bisector of exterior angle ∠A, then
∠ABC + ∠ACD = 2 ∠ALC
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(v) in a ∆ABC, if BC is extended to D, and BE and CE
are the bisectors of ∠ABC and ∠ACD which meet at E,
then
∠BEC = 1/2 ∠BAC
(vi) in ∆ABC, if AM is an altitude on BM and AN is
the angle bisector of ∠A, then
∠MAN = 1/2 (∠B – ∠A)
(vii)in ∆ABC, if AL is the angle bisector of ∠A which
meet produced BC at L, then
∠ABC + ∠ACL = 2∠ALC.
(viii) if a line intersect two parallel lines, then the bisec-
tors of consecutive interior angles makes a right angled tri-
angle.
Here, AB and CD are parallel lines and EF is a transversal
Here, ∆LMN is a right angled triangle
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(ix) if a line intersect two parallel lines, then the bisec-
tors of interior angles make a rectangle.
Here, AB and CD are parallel lines and EF is a transversal
Here,MNOP is a rectangle.
(x) in ∆ABC, if AD is the angle bisector of exterior ∠A which
meet produced BC at D. (exterior angle bisector theorem).
Here, AB/AC = BD/CD
(xi) in an equilateral triangle abc, if AD⊥ BC, BE⊥ AC and
CF⊥ AB, then
3 AB2 = 3 BC2 = 3 AC2 = 4 AD2 = 4 BE2 = 4 CF2
(xii) in a right angled∆ABC right angled at B, if the mid-
point of AB and BC are M and N respectively, then
4[AN2+ CM2] = 5AC2 = 20MN2
And AC2 = 4 MN2
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(xiii)in a ∆ABC, if BN and CM are the medians which
intersect at 90°, then
AB2 + AC2 = 5 BC2
(xiv) in a right angle ∆ABC right angled at B, if M and N
are the mid points of side AB and BC respectively, then
AN2 + CM2 = AC2 + MN2
(xv) in a right angled ∆ABC right angled at ∠B and BD⊥
AC, then
BD2 = AD × CDand BD = (AB × BC)/AC
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Quadrilaterals
A figure formed by four line segment is called a quadrilateral.
Points to Remember
The sum of angles of any quadrilateral is 360°
Here, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
Types of Quadrilateral
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral is said to be a parallelogram whose
opposite sides are parallel and equal to each other.
Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD and BC = AD
Rectangle
A parallelogram is said to be a rectangle if the measurement
of each angle is 90°.
Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD and BC = AD, ∠A = ∠B
= ∠C = ∠D = 90°
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Square
A parallelogram is said to be a square if it’s all sides are equal and
the measurement of each angle is 90°.
Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD = BC = AD, ∠A = ∠B = ∠C
= ∠D = 90°
Rhombus
A parallelogram is said to be a rhombus if it’s all sides are equal
and the angle between the diagonal is 90°.
Here, AB || CD, BC || AD, AB = CD = BC = AD, ∠A = ∠C≠ 90°
and also ∠B = ∠D ≠ 90°
Trapezium
A quadrilateral is said to be a trapezium if it’s one pair of
opposite side is parallel to each other.
Here, AB || CD
Points to Remember
The sum of adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180°.
In a parallelogram ABCD, ∠A + ∠B = ∠B + ∠C = ∠C + ∠D = ∠D + ∠A = 180°
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
In a parallelogram ABCD, ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D
Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
In a parallelogram ABCD, if O is the point of intersection of the diagonals,
then, OA = OC and OB = OD
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In a rectangle, the sum of squares of adjacent sides is equal to the square of diag-
onal
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
In a square, length of diagonal is equal to √2 × side of square
In a rhombus, the diagonal bisects the opposite angles
In rhombus ABCD, ∠BAC = ∠DAC, ∠BCA= ∠DCA, ∠ABD = ∠ADB and ∠CBD =
∠CDB
The sum of square of diagonals is equal to four times the square of side of rhombus
If d1 and d2 are diagonals of rhombus and a is the side length of rhombus, then
(d1)2+ (d2)2 = 4a2
Properties of Quadrilateral
(i) in a quadrilateral ABCD, if the angle bisectors of ∠A
and ∠B meet at P, then
∠APB = (∠C + ∠D)/2
(ii) if the diagonals of a trapezium ABCD meet at O, then
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(iii) if M and N are the mid points of non-parallel sides
AD and BC of a trapezium ABCD in which AB || CD
Then, MN = ½ (AB + CD)
Iv) if M and N are the mid points of diagonals of a trape-
zium ABCD in which AB || CD, then
MN= ½ (AB – CD), where AB > CD
(v) triangles on the same base and between the same par-
allel lines are equal in area.
Here, LM and ON are parallel lines
∴ar (∆ABC) = ar (∆ABD)
Vi) parallelogram on the same base and between the
same parallel lines are equal in area.
Here, lm and on are parallel lines
∴ar (□ABCD)= ar (□ABEF)
Vii) if a parallelogram and a triangle lie on the
same base and between the same parallel lines, then
Area of triangle = ½ (area of parallelogram)
Here, L || M
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(viii) the perimeter of a quadrilateral is greater than
the sum of it’s diagonal
Here, AB + BC + CD + DA > AC + BD
Ix) if O is any point inside a rectangle ABCD, then
OA2 + OC2 = OB2 + OD2
Polygons
A two dimensional figure formed by three or more line segments is called a polynomial
and the polynomial whose all sides are equal is called a regular polynomial.
Types of Polygons on the basis of sides
(i) triangle: a polygon formed by three line segments.
(ii) quadrilateral:a polygon formed by four line segments.
(iii) pentagon: a polygon formed by fi ve line segments.
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(iv) hexagon:a polygon formed by six line segments.
Properties of Polygons
i) sum of interior angles of a polygon = (2n – 4) × 90°, where n = number of sides
ii) each exterior angle of a regular polygon = 360°/n, where n = number of sides
iii) each interior angle of a regular polygon = 180° – interior angle of polygon
iv) the angle made by side of a polygon at the center of the regular polygon = 360°/n,
where n = number of sides
v) number of diagonals of a polygon = n(n – 3)/2, where n = number of sides
vi) the sum of all exterior angle of polygon = 360°
vii) area of a regular polygon = (na2/4) × cot (π/n), where n = number of sides, a = side
length
viii)radius of circumcircle of a regular polygon = (a/2) × cosec (π/n), where n = number of
sides, a = side length
ix) radius of in-center of a regular polygon = (a/2) × cot (π/n), where n = number of
sides, a = side length
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Circles
It is the locus of all the points which lie in a plane
such that their distances from a fixed point are
always constant. The fixed point is called the center
of circle.
A circle of center O an radius r is denoted by c (O,
r).
Parts of Circle
Radius of circle
The distance between center and any point present on
the circumference of the circle is called radius of circle.
Usually radius of circle is denoted by r or R.
Chord of circle
The line segment formed by joining any two points present on
the circumference of the circle is called chord of circle.
Diameter of circle
The longest chord of circle is called the diameter of circle or,
The chord that passes through the center of circle is called the
diameter of circle
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Secant of a circle
A line that intersects a circle in two distinct points is called a
secant of circle.
Tangent of a circle
A line that touches a circle at only one point is called a tangent
of circle.
Arc of a circle
A continuous part of circle is called an arc of circle.
Minor Arc
An arc whose length is less than the length of semi perimeter of circle is called minor
arc of circle.
Major Arc
An arc whose length is more than the length of semi perimeter of circle is called ma-
jor arc of circle.
Sector of a circle
A region of circle bounded by two radii and an arc is called sector
of circle.
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Minor Sector
A sector is said to be a minor sector if the central angle
made by the arc at the center is less than 180°.
Major Sector
A sector is said to be a major sector if the central angle
made by the arc at the center is more than 180°.
Segment of a circle
A region bounded by a chord and an arc is called segment of circle.
Minor Segment
A segment is said to be a minor segment if the central angle made
by the chord at the center is less than 180°.
Major segment
A segment is said to be a major segment if the central angle
made by the chord at the center is more than 180°.
Concentric Circles
Two or more circles are said to be concentric if they have a common center but differ-
ent radii.
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Cyclic Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is said to be a cyclic quadrilateral if it’s all
vertices lie on the circumference of the circle.
Properties of Circle
(i) Congruent circle: two circles are said to
be congruent circle if their radii are same.
If OA (r) = O iB (ri), then c (O, r) ≅ c (Oi, ri)
(ii) if a point P lies outside the circle c (O, r), then OP> r
(iii) if a point P lies on the circumference of circle c (O, r),
then OP = r
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(iv) if a point P lies inside the circle c (O, r), then OP< r
(v) the sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
is 180°.
If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then ∠A + ∠C = 180° and
∠B + ∠D = 180°
(vi) the exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is
equal to the opposite interior angle of a cyclic quadrilat-
eral.
Here, ∠CBE = ∠ADC
(vii)when two circles do not touch each other, then
in this case four tangents can be drawn in which two
are direct common tangents and two are transversal
common tangents.
(viii) when two circles touch each other, then in this
case three tangents can be drawn in which two are direct
common tangent and one is transversal common tan-
gent.
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(ix) when two circles intersect each other, then in this
case two tangents can be drawn in which both are direct
common tangents.
(x) when two circles touch each other internally, then
in this case only one tangent can be drawn.
(xi) when two circles do not touch each other,
then
Length of direct common tangent =
Where d = distance between the centre of circle
and r2 and r1 are the radii of the circles.
(xii) When two circles do not touch each other,
then length of the transverse
common tangent =
Where d = distance between the centre of circle and r 2
and r1 are the radii of the circles.
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(xiii)in the given fi gure, ∠AOB = 2 ∠ACB. I.e. Angle made
by an arc on centre = 2 × angle made at circumference by
same arc.
(xiv) two angles subtended by the same arc AB on
two different points C & D at circumference are equal i.e.
∠ACB = ∠ADB
(xv) angles subtended by semicircle is right an-
gle i.e. (90°), .∠ACB = ∠ADB = 90°
(xvi) if a circle drawn interior to a parallelogram
touches all its sides, then the parallelogram is a rhombus.
ABCD is a rhombus.
(xvii) two circles touch each other at point P then their centres O, O’ and P will
be collinear
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(xviii) AB and CD are chords of circle which cut each other
at O. Then OA × OB = OC × OD.
(xix) according to given figure, chords AB and CD cut
each other at P externally, then, PA × PB = PC × PD.
(xx) according to figure, PT is tangent at point T and
AB is a chord, then, PA × PB = PT2.
(xxi) according to fi gure, AB is tangent at point P, then,
∠APX = ∠PYX, ∠BPY = ∠PXY.
(xxii) in the given figure, PA and PBare two tan-
gents, from a point P, then PA = PB.
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(xxiii) if a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral
then sum of the opposite sides is equal. i.e., AB + DC = AD + BC
(xxiv) if c 1 and c2 are two concentric circles and AB is
common chord and point P is such that OP ⊥ AB, then
AC = BD
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Interest
Definition
Interest : Interest is the amount to be paid on the borrowed money or the amount
received on the money lent.
Principal : The borrowed money or the lent money is called Principal.
Amount : The sum of the interest and the principal is called the Amount.
Interest Rate: The rate at which the interest is charged on the principal is called Rate of
Interest.
Time : The period, for which the money is borrowed or deposited is called Time.
Interest can be classified in two types:
1) Simple Interest
2) Compound Interest
Simple Interest
When the interest is calculated only on the Principal for every year, it is called Simple
Interest.
Simple Interest can be calculated by the formula:
P r t
S.I.
100
Where, P = Principal, r = Rate of interest per year, t = Time period in years
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Points to Remember
When the time period is given in months, we convert it into year by dividing it by 12.
When the time period is given in days, we convert it into year by dividing it by 365.
Q. Rs.1080 invested for 3 months gave an interest of Rs.27. The simple rate of
interest per annum was:
A. 3 months = 3/12 years
SI = (P × r × t)/100
⇒ 27 = (1080 × r × 3/12)/100
⇒ 27 = (90 × r × 3)/100
⇒ 27 = 270r/100
∴ r = 10%.
Compound Interest
It is the interest paid on the original principal amount and the accumulated past interest.
Formulas related to compound Interest:
t
r
A P 1
100
C.I. A P
r
t
C.I. P 1 1
100
Where, A = Amount, P = Principal, r = Rate of interest, t = Time period
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Points to Remember
When rate is compounded half yearly, then we take rate half and time double, then
2t
r
2
A P 1
100
When rate is compounded quarterly, then we take rate one fourth and time 4 times,
then 4t
r
4
A P 1
100
If rate of compound interest differs from year to year, then
r₁ r₂ r₃
A P 1 1 1
100 100 100
Q. Find compound interest on Rs.50000 at 12% per annum for 1 year if
compounded half yearly.
2t 21
r 12
A.
Amount P 1 2 50000 1 2
100 100
2 2
6 106
50000 1 50000 Rs 56180
100 100
∴ C.I. = A – P = 56180 – 50000 = Rs 6180.
Q. What will be the amount if a sum of Rs.25000 is placed at CI for 3 years while
rate of interest for the first, second, and third years is 4%, 8%, and 10%,
respectively?
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A. A = P (1 + r1/100)(1 + r2/100)(1 + r3/100)
= 25000 (1 + 4/100) (1 + 8/100) (1 + 10/100)
= 25000 (104/100) (108/100) (110/100) = 30888.
Testbook Trick
Effective rate of interest (C.I.) for 2 years,
xy
R xy
100
where, x = rate of interest for 1 year, y = rate of interest for 2nd year
st
If rate of interest (C.I.) is same for both years, then
x2
R 2x
100
Effective rate of interest (C.I.) for 3 years, R = 3a.3a2a3
In this case the difference between effective rate of compound interest and simple
interest is given by 0.3a2a3 (3a.3a2a3 – 3a)
Tree-method
In this method we assume principle (on the basis of rate and time given) such that it
ease our calculation part and at the last we compare it to the value given in question to
get required answer.
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For example – If we 10% interest rate is given for 2 years then we will assume principle
as Rs. 100 and if times is 3 years then we will assume principle as Rs. 1000. It is done
to avoid any calculation in decimal form.
Q. Find compound interest for principle Rs 10000, time = 3 years and rate = 10%.
A. Normal Method:
t 3 3
r 10 11
Amount P1 100001 10000 Rs.13310
100 100 10
C.I. A P 10000 13310 Rs. 3310
Tree Method:
Step 1: Take principle (Rs 10000 here).
Step 2: For year at 10%, interest =
Rs. 1000
For 2nd year, total interest =
interest on principle +
interest on interest of 1st year =
1000 + 100 = Rs. 1100
For 3rd year, total interest =
interest on principle +
interest on interest of 1st year +
interest on interest of 2nd year =
1000 + 100 + 100 + 10 = Rs. 1210
Step 3: Add all interests = 1000 + 1100 + 1210 = Rs. 3310.
Effective Rate method:
Effective rate for 3 years at rate of 10% = 3a.3a2a3 = 33.1 %
Hence, compound interest = 10000 × 33.1% = Rs. 3310.
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Q. Rs.9200 is invested at compound interest at the rate of 25% per annum for 2
A. Normal Method:
Compound interest = P × [(1 + r/100)t – 1]
∴ Compound interest earned = 9200 × [(1 + 25/100)2 – 1] = 9200 × 0.5625 = Rs.
5175
Tree Method:
25% = 1/4 ⇒
Effective Rate method:
Effective rate = x + y + xy/100 = 25 + 25 + (25 × 25)/100 = 56.25%
Hence, C.I. = 9200 × 56.25% = Rs 5175
Testbook Trick
Pr²
The difference (D) between S.I and C.I for 2 years is given by: D
104
Pr² r 300
The difference between S.I and C.I for 3 years is given by: D
106
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Q. What will be the difference between the compound interest and simple interest
on Rs.3000 at 10% rate of interest for 2 years?
A. D = PR2/104
⇒ D = (3000 × 10²)/10000
∴ D = Rs.30
Q. What will be the difference between the compound interest and simple interest
on Rs.100000 at 10% rate of interest for 3 years?
A. Solution:
D = PR2(R + 300)/106
⇒ D = 100000 × 10²(10 + 300)/106
∴ D = Rs. 3100
Alternate Method:
Difference between effective rate of compound
interest and simple interest = 3.1%
∴ Required difference = 1,00,000 × 3.1% = Rs.
3100
Installment
When the sum of an amount is paid in parts, then each part of the amount paid is called
installment.
x r 1 xr 2 xr 3
For simple interest: A x x x x
100 100 100
Where A = Total amount paid, x = Value of each installment, r = Rate of interest
For compound interest:
x x x
P
r r
2
r
1 100 1 1 100 ³
100
P = Loan amount, x = Value of each installment, r = Rate of interest
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Q. The oven set is bought on 4 yearly installments at 10% simple interest. If equal
instalments of Rs.2500 are made then find the amount to be paid as price of
oven set.
x r 1
xr 2
xr 3
A. A x x x 100 x 100
100
2500 10 1 2500 10 2 2500 10 3
2500 2500 2500 2500
100 100 100
= 2500 + 2500 + 250 + 2500 + 500 + 2500 + 750 = 11500
∴ Price of oven set is Rs.11500.
Alternate Method:
Given rate = 10% and time = 4 years
Let installment be Rs 100
Then, price = 1st payment + 2nd payment + 3rd payment + 4th payment = 100 + 110 +
120 + 130 = 460
Comparing with given installment, we get price, P = 2500 × 460/100 = Rs.11500
Q. A sum of Rs. P was borrowed and paid back in two equal yearly instalments,
each of Rs. 35,280. If the rate of interest was 5% compounded annually, then
the value of P is:
x x x
A. P
r r
2
r
1 100 1 1 100 ³
100
P = [35,280/(1 + 5/100) + 35,280/(1 + 5/100)2]
= [35,280 × (20/21)] + [35,280 × (20/21)²]
= 33,600 + 32,000 = Rs 65,600
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Mensuration 2D
Mensuration is mainly divided into three parts:
One is Area, second is Volume and third is Perimeter.
Triangle
Points to Remember
Perimeter = a + b + c
Area of Triangle = [½ × base × height] or
= s s –a s – b s – c
Here, s is a semi perimeter
Q. Sides of a triangle are 12m, 13m and 11m. Find the area of triangle and height
with respect to the side of 12 cm.
12 13 11 36
A. s 18m
2 2
Area of Δ s s –a s – b s – c
Area of Δ = 18×6×5×7
Area of Δ = 6 105 m2
Side = 12 m (base), height = ?
Area of Δ = ½ × base × height
6√105 = ½ × 12 × height
Height = √105 m
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Properties of equilateral triangle
Properties of equilateral triangle
All three sides are equal.
All three angles are 60°
Formulae
Perimeter = 3 × side = 3a
Area of equilateral triangle = (√3/4)a2
Height = Median = (√3/2)a
Side of a equilateral triangle =
The sum of distances of a point inside a trinagle from all the sides × 2
3
Q. The area of an equilateral triangle is 49√3 m2, find the value of its height and
side?
A. The area of an equilateral triangle = 49√3 m2
(√3/4)a2 = 49√3
a2 = 49 × 4
a = 14 m
Height = (√3/2)a
Height = (√3/2) × 14 = 7√3 m
Q. A point is situated inside equilateral triangle whose distance from three side
are 2√3 m, 7√3 m and 11√3 m, find the area of this triangle.
A. The sum of distance from all the sides = 2√3 + 7√3 + 11√3 = 20√3 m
Side of a equilateral triangle = The sum of distance from all the sides × 2
3
20 3 2
Side of a equilateral triangle = 40 m
3
Area of equilateral = (√3/4)a2
Area of equilateral = (√3/4) × 402 = 400√3 m2
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Properties of isosceles triangle
Two sides are equal.
AB = AC
Formula:
Area of Δ = ½ × base × height
Perpendicular on unequal side = √[(equal side)2 – (unequal side/2)2]
AD = √[AC2 – (BC/2)2]
Q. In a isosceles triangle, if the ratio of equal side and unequal side is 5 : 8 and
it’s perimeter is 36 cm. Find the area of this triangle.
A. Let the equal and unequal side be 5x and 8x
Perimeter of this triangle = 5x + 5x + 8x
36 = 18x
x=2
Sides of this triangle are 10 cm, 10 cm and 16 cm
Perpendicular on unequal side = √[102 – (16/2)2] = √[100 – 64]
Perpendicular on unequal side = 6 cm
Area of isosceles triangle = ½ × unequal side × perpendicular on unequal side
Area of isosceles triangle = ½ × 16 × 6 = 48 cm2
Properties of right-angle triangle
Hypotenous2 = (base)2 + (height)2
Area = ½ × base × height = ½ × b × p
Length of Perpendicular at hypotenuse =
height × base
hypotenuse
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Q. The area of a right angle triangle is 30 m and base is 7 m more than height,
find the length of perpendicular on hypotenuse.
A. Let the height of the triangle be x
⇒ Base = x + 7
⇒ Area = ½ × base × height
⇒ 30= ½ × (x + 7) × x
⇒ 60 = x2 + 7x
⇒ x2 + 7x – 60 = 0
⇒ (x + 12) (x – 5) = 0
⇒x=5m
⇒ Base = x + 7 = 12 m
⇒ Hypotenuse2 = (base)2 + (height)2
⇒ Hypotenuse2 = 144 + 25 = 169
⇒ Hypotenuse = 13 m
height × base
⇒Perpendicular on hypotenuse =
hypotenuse
5 12 60
⇒Perpendicular on hypotenuse = m
13 13
∴ The length of perpendicular on hypotenuse is (60/13) m.
Square
Properties of square
Opposite sides of a square are both parallel and equal in length.
The diagonal of a square are equal.
AC = BD
The diagonals of a square bisect each other and meet at 90°.
AO = OC, BO = OD and ∠BOC = 90°
All four angles of a square are 90°.
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Formula:
Perimeter = 4 × side
Area = (side)2 = ½ × (diameter)
Diameter = √2 side
Q. Area of a square is 1352 m2. Find the perimeter and the length of diagonal.
A. Area of a square = 1352
(Side)2 = 1352
Side = 26√2 m
Perimeter = 4 × side
Perimeter = 4 × 26√2 = 104√2 m
Length of diagonal = √2 × side
Length of diagonal = √2 × 26√2 = 52 m
Rectangle
Properties of rectangle
Opposite sides of a rectangle are equal in length.
AB = DC, AD = BC
Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
AB ∥ CD, AD ∥ BC
The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
AO = OC, BO = OD
All four angles of a square are 90°.
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Formulae:
Area = l × b
Perimeter = 2(l + b)
Diameter = √(l2 + b2)
Here, Length = l, Breadth = b
Q. In a rectangle diagonal is 9 times of its length. Find the ratio of length and
breath.
A. Let the length of rectangle be x
Diagonal = 9x
Diameter = √(l2 + b2)
9x = √(x2 + b2)
x2 + b2 = 81 x2
80 x2 = b2
b = (4√5)x
Length : breath = x : (4√5)x
Length : breath = 1 : 4√5
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral having opposite sides are
parallel and equal.
AB = DC and AD = BC
AB ∥ DC and AD ∥ BC
Area of parallelogram ABCD = Base × Altitude
on corresponding base = DC × h1 = BC × h2
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Q. Find the area of parallelogram PQOS given in the figure:
A. ⇒ ∠PSR = ∠QOR = 60
⇒ QR/OR = tan (60)
⇒OR = QR/tan(60)
⇒ OR = 10√3/√3 = 10 cm
⇒ OS = SR – OR = 20 – 10 = 10 cm
⇒ Area of parallelogram = Base × Altitude = 10 × 10√3 = 10 × 17.32 = 173.2 cm2
Rhombus :
A quadrilateral having all sides equal and their
diagonals are intersect at 90°.
AB = BC = CD = DA
Area of rhombus
= ½ × product of the lengths of its diagonals
= ½ × d1 × d2
d1 and d2 are diagonals
d1 + d2
2 2
Side = ½ ×
Q. The side of the rhombus is 20 cm and one of the diagonals of rhombus is 32
cm. Find the area of the rhombus.
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A. Using Pythagoras theorem,
⇒ (side)2 = (1/2 × one diagonal)2 + (1/2 × other diagonal)2
⇒ (1/2 × other diagonal)2 = 202 – (32/2)2
⇒ Other diagonal = 24 cm
Area of rhombus = 1/2 × product of diagonals
= 1/2 × 24 × 32
= 384 [Link]
Trapezium
A quadrilateral having a pair of sides is
parallel and unequal.
AB ∥ DC
Area of trapezium ABCD
= ½ × (sum of its parallel sides) × height
= ½ × (AB + DC) × h
Q. If the area of a trapezium is 250 sq.m and the lengths of the two parallel sides
are 15m and 10 m respectively then distance between the parallel sides of the
trapezium is
A. Given,
Area of trapezium = ½ × sum of parallel sides × distance between them
Given,
⇒ Area of trapezium = 250 sq.m
⇒ Sum of parallel sides = 15 + 10 = 25 m
Then,
⇒ 250 = 1/2 × 25 × distance between them
⇒ Distance between them = 20 m
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Circle
A circle is a round, two-dimensional shape. All points on
the edge of the circle are at the same distance from the
center.
O is a center of this circle and OA is radius.
Diameter = 2 × radius
Area = π r2
Perimeter = 2πr = πd
Perimeter = 4π area
θ
Length of arc = 360° ×2πr
Area of sector= θ ×πr 2
360°
Q. The area of a circle is 3850 cm2. What is its circumference (in cm).
A. Area of circle with radius ‘r’ = πr2
⇒ 22/7 × r2 = 3850
⇒ r2 = 1225
⇒ r = √1225 = 35 cm
⇒ Circumference of circle = 2πr = 2 × 22/7 × 35 = 220 cm
Q. The arc of a circle is 27.5 cm and the angle made by arc at the center of the
circle, is 75°, then find the circumference of the circle.
A. The angle made by arc at the center of the circle = 75° = 75 × π/180 = 5π/12
The length of the arc of the circle = 27.5
Now, Angle = Arc/Radius
Radius = Arc/Angle = 27.5/(5π/12)
Radius = (27.5 × 12 × 7)/(5 × 22)
Radius = 21 cm
So, the circumference of the circle = 2 × (22/7) × 21 = 132 cm
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Semi-circle
Area of semi-circle = ½ π r2
Perimeter of semi-circle = π r + 2r = (36/7) × r
Q. What will be the area of a semi - circle of perimeter 72 metres?
A. As we know, perimeter of semicircle = πr + 2r = (π + 2)r
Where r = radius of semicircle
(π + 2)r = 72
36/7 × r = 72
⇒ r = 14 m
⇒ Area of semi - circle = ½ × (22/7) × 14 × 14
⇒ Area of semi - circle = 308 m2
Incircle
It is the circle in side the polygon whose all the sides are tangent to the circle.
2 × area of triangle
Radius of incircle =
Perimeter of triangle
side
Radius of incircle of equilateral triangle
2 3
Q. In a triangle, three sides 5m, 12m and 13m. Find the radius of incirle.
A. Radius of incircle = 2 × area of triangle
Perimeter of triangle
1
2 5 12
Radius of incircle = 2 60
2m
5 12 13 30
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Circumcircle
Circle whose circumference touches all the vertices
of the polygon is called circumcircle.
Circum radius of a triangle = Product of sides/(4 × area of
triangle)
a
Circum radius of a equilateral triangle =
3
Q. In a triangle, three sides are 5cm, 6cm and 7cm. Find the circumradius of this
triangle.
A. s = (5 + 6 + 7) /2 = 9cm
Area of triangle = s s a s b s c
Area of triangle = 9 9 5 9 6 9 7
Area of triangle = 6 6 cm2
Circum radius of a triangle = (5 × 6 × 7)/(4 × 6√6) = 35/4√6 cm
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Mensuration – 3D
This topic contains volume and surface area of the 3-D(dimension)figures.
Example: Cube, Cuboid, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, Frustum, Pyramid, Prism and
Tetrahedron
Volume:The amount of space occupied by the object.
Surface area: The surface area of a solid object is measured of the total area that the
surface of the object occupies.
Cube
• All sides are equal.
• Cube has all six faces in a square shape.
• Each of the faces meets the other four faces.
• The edges opposite to each other are parallel.
• Side = a
Points to Remember
For a cube,
Volume = a3
Surface area = 6a2
Diagonal = √3a
Q. If the volume of a cube is 4913 cm3, then find the total surface area.
A. Volume = a3
a3 = 4913
a = 17 cm
Total surface area = 6a2
Total surface area = 6 × 172 = 1734 cm2
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Cuboid
• Three-dimensional shape with length,
breadth, and height
• Each of the faces meets the other four
faces.
• The edges opposite to each other are
parallel.
• Height = h, Length = l and Breadth = b
Points to Remember
For a cuboid,
Volume = l × b × h
Volume = Area of base × height
Surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
Diagonal = l2 + b 2 + h 2
Area of four walls = Perimeter of base × height = 2(l + b)× h
Volume of metal = External volume – internal volume
Q. If the sum of three sides is 45 cm and the length of diagonal is 21 cm in a
cuboid, find the total surface area of this cuboid.
A. l + b + h = 45 ---- (1)
Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2
l2 + b2 + h2 = 21
l2 + b2 + h2 = 441 ---- (2)
From (1),
(l + b + h)2 = 452
l2 + b2 + h2 + 2(lb + bh + hl) = 2025
441 + 2(lb + bh + hl) = 2025
2(lb + bh + hl) = 2025 – 441 = 1584 cm2
Surface area of this cuboid is 1584 cm2
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Cylinder
• A cylinder has one curved side.
• A cylinder has two vertical flat ends in the circular shape.
Points to Remember
For a cylinder,
Volume = πr2h
Surface area = 2πrh
Total surface area = 2πr(h + r)
Q. Find the total surface area and volume of a cylinder which has a height of 21m
and a base of diagonal is 12m.
A. Diagonal = 2 × radius
Radius = 12/2 = 6 m
Total surface area = 2πrh
22
Total surface area = 2 × × 6 × 21 = 792 m 2
7
Volume = πr2h
22 2
Volume = ×6 ×21=2376 m3
7
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Cone
• Height = h, Slant height = l and Radius = r
• It has only one vertex point.
• It’s base is a circular.
Points to Remember
For a cone,
• Volume = (1/3)πr2h
• l = h2 + r 2
• Surface area = πrl
• Total surface area = πr(l + r)
Q. Find the total surface area and volume of a cone which has a height of 20m
and a base of diagonal is 30m.
A. Radius = diagonal/2
Radius = 30/2 = 15m
l= h2 + r 2
l = 202 + 152
l = 25m
The total surface area = πr(l + r)
The total surface area = 600π m2
Volume = (1/3)πr2h
Volume = (1/3) × π ×152 × 20
Volume = 1500π m3
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Sphere
Points to Remember
4 3
Volume = πR
3
Surface area =4πR3
Volume of metal =
4
3
(
π R3 -r 3 )
4
π (R-a )
3
Volume of hollow sphere =
3
Here, R = external radius, r = internal radius, a = thinness of wall
Q. Surface area of a sphere is 616 m3. Find the volume of the sphere.
A. Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2
616 = 4πr2
616 7
r2 = = 49
4 22
r=7m
4
The volume of the sphere = πR 3
3
4 22 3
The volume of the sphere = 7 = 1437.33 m 3
3 7
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Hemisphere
Points to Remember
2 3
Volume = πr
3
Surface area = 2πr2
Total surface area = 3πr2
Q. If the total surface area of a hemisphere is 462 cm2, thenfind the volume of the
hemisphere.
A. Total surface area of a hemisphere = 3πr2
3πr2 = 462
r2 = 49
r = 7 cm
2 23
Volume of the hemisphere = πr
3
2 22 23
Volume of the hemisphere = × ×7
3 7
308
2156
Volume of the hemisphere = cm 3
3
When a right angled triangle is rotated
about its hypotenuse
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Points to Remember
Base × Perpendicular
r=
Hypotenuse
Volume of figure produced when a right angled triangle is
rotated about its hypotenuse
1 2
= πr hypotenuse
3
Q. When a rightangled triangle is rotated about its hypotenuse, if the length of
base and perpendicular are 3 m and 4 m in a right angle triangle. Find the
volume of produced figure.
A. Hypotenuse = (base ) + (perpendicular )
2 2
Hypotenuse = 9+16
Hypotenuse = 5 m
Base×Perpendicular
r=
Hypotenuse
3×4 12
r= = m
5 5
1 2
Volume of the figure = πr ×hypotenuse
3
1
Volume of the figure = πr 2 ×hypotenuse
3
48π 3
Volume of the figure = m
5
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When radius and height of Cone,
Sphere and Cylinder are same
h = 2r
Volume of cone : Volume of sphere : Volume of cylinder
= 1 : 2 : 3
1 2 4 3
πr h: πr : πr 2
3 3
1 2 4
πr ( 2r ): πr 3 : πr 2 ( 2r )
3 3
2 3 4 3
r : r :2r 3
3 3
1:2:3
Surface area of cone : Surface area of sphere : Surface area of cylinder
= 5 : 4 : 4
πrl : 4πr2 : 2πrh
l : 4r: 2h
h 2 + r 2 : 4r : 4r
r 5 : 4r : 4r
5: 4 : 4
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Frustum
Points to Remember
Volume of frustum =
1
3
(
πh R2 +r 2 +Rr )
h2 + (R-r )
2
Slant height =
Q. The sum upper and lower radius of a frustum is 13 cm while their difference is
3 cm. If the volume of frustum is 946 cm3, then find the height of frustum (in
cm).
A. R + r = 13 cm
R – r = 3 cm
R = 8 cm and r = 5 cm
Volume of frustum =
1
3
(
πh R2 +r 2 +Rr )
946 =
1 22
×
3 7
(
×h 8 2 +5 2 +8×5 )
1 22
946 = × ×h ( 64+25+40 )
3 7
129×22
946 =h×
21
h = 7 cm
The height of the frustum is 7 cm.
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Pyramid
Points to Remember
1
Volume = ( Area of base ) ×height
3
1
Lateral surface area = × (Perimeter of base)×(slant height)
2
1
Total surface area = ×(Perimeter of base)×(slant height)+Area of base
2
2
x
Slant height = + h2
2
Here, x = side of square
Q. A pyramid has a square base, whose side is 8 cm. If the height of pyramid is 16
cm, then what is the total surface area (in cm2) of the pyramid?
A. Side of a square = 8 cm
Height = 16 cm
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2
x
Slant height = + h2
2
Slant height = 4 2 + 16 2 = 272
Slant height = 4√17 cm
Total surface area = ½ × (Perimeter of base) × (slant height) + Area of base
Total surface area =
1
2
( )
× ( 4×8 ) × 4 17 +8×8
Total surface area =64 17+64
Total surface area =64 ( )
17+1 cm 2
Prism
Points to Remember
Volume = Area of base×height
Lateral surface area = Perimeter of base × slant height
Total surface area = Perimeter of base × slant height + 2 × Area of base
Q. The base of a solid right prism is a triangle whose sides are 9 cm, 12 cm and
15 cm. The slant height of the prism is 5 cm, Find the total surface area of the
prism.
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A. Perimeter of base = 9 + 12 + 15 = 36 cm
Area of base = ½ × 12 × 9 = 54 cm2
Total surface area = Perimeter of base × slant height + 2 × Area of base
Total surface area = (36 × 5) + 2 × 54
Total surface area =288 cm2
Tetrahedron
A pyramid with regular triangular base is tetrahedron.
Points to Remember
2
Volume = × ( side ) 3
12
3 3
( side )
2
Lateral surface area =
4
Total surface area = 3 ( side )
2
2
Height = ×side
3
Q. If the volume of a tetrahedron is 18√2 cm3, then find the lateral surface area of
the tetrahedron.
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2
× ( side )
3
A. Volume of a tetrahedron =
12
2
× ( side )
3
18 2 =
12
3
(Side) = 216
Side = 6 cm
3 3
( side )
2
The lateral surface area of the tetrahedron =
4
3 3
The lateral surface area of the tetrahedron = × 62
4
The lateral surface area of the tetrahedron = 27 3cm2
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Mixture and Alligation
In this chapter we are going to learn a concept called Mixture and Alligation, which is
used to solve various types of mixture problems.
Mixture of two things
In these type of questions we make a mixture of two things.
Q. A vessel contains a mixture of P and Q in the ratio of 5 : 3. 16 liters of this
mixture is taken out and 5 liters of P is poured in. The new mixture has ratio of
P to Q as 11 : 6. Find the total original quantity of mixture.
A. Detailed Solution:
P = 5x, Q = 3x
The quantity of P and Q in 16 liters of the mixture:
Quantity of P = (16 × 5x)/8x = 10
Quantity of Q = (16 × 3x)/8x = 6
Now, 5 liters of P poured in and then ratio becomes 11 ∶ 6
(5x - 10 + 5) / (3x - 6) = 11/6
(5x - 5) / (3x - 6) = 11/6
Therefore, x = 12
So total mixture originally = 8x = 8 × 12 = 96 liters
Testbook Trick
For the above question, this is the shorter way
to analyse the problem statement:
Total original quantity of mixture = 80 + 16 = 96
liters
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Q. The ratio of milk and water in a solution is 20 : 7 and after adding 5 liters of
water in it the ratio of milk and water becomes 5 : 3, then find the final amount
of water in the final solution.
A. Let the initial amount of milk be 20x and of water 7x.
Ratio of milk and water after adding 5 litres = 20x/ (7x + 5) = 5/3
⇒ 60x = 35x + 25
⇒ 25x = 25
⇒ x = 1.
∴ Final amount of water in solution = 7x + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12 litres.
Smart approach
Initial ratio of milk and water = 20/7 ---(1)
Final ratio of milk and water = 5/3 ---(2)
Multiplying equation 2 with 4 (to make amount of milk equal), we get
Final ratio of milk and water = 20/12 ---(3)
∴ Amount of water in final solution = 12 litres.
When two mixtures are mixed to form a
new mixture
Q. Two vessels of equal capacity contain juice and water in the ratio of 7 : 2 and
11 : 7 respectively. The mixture of both the vessels is mixed and transferred
into a bigger vessel. What is the ratio of juice and water in the new mixture?
A. Detailed Solution:
The ratio of juice and water in the first vessel = 7 : 2 ---(1)
Total capacity of first vessel = 7 + 2 = 9 units
The ratio of juice and water in the second vessel = 11 : 7 ---(2)
Total capacity of second vessel = 11 + 7 = 18 units
We will have to equal the total capacity of both vessels, so multiply by 2 in equation
(1).
The ratio of juice and water in the first vessel = 14 : 4 ---(3)
The ratio of juice and water in the second vessel = 11 : 7 ---(4)
Ratio of juice and water in bigger vessel = (14 + 11) : (4 + 7) = 25 : 11
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Testbook Trick
For the above question, this is the shorter way to analyse the problem statement:
Q. A butler stole wine from a butt of Rony which contained 40% of spirit and he
replaced what he had stolen by wine containing only 16% spirit. The butt was
then 24% strength only. How much of the butt did he steal?
A. Part of 40% of spirit which is use to
make 24% spirit = 1/3
Part of 16% of spirit which is use to
make 24% spirit = 1 - 1/3 = 2/3
Since 16% of spirit is replaced by the
butler after stealing 40% of spirit.
∴ Part of 40% of spirit which is stolen by
the Butler = 2/3
Selling of Mixtures
In these type of questions we make a mixture of two things and sell the resultant mix-
ture.
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Q. A shopkeeper mixed low-quality vegetable oil costing Rs. 40 per litre with
sunflower refined oil costing Rs. 80 per litre in the ratio of 2 ∶ 3 respectively. If
he sold the mixture at Rs. 100 per litre, find his profit percentage.
A. Solution:
Let the total quantity of the mixture be 10 ltr.
10 litres of mixture contains,
⇒ (2/5) × 10 = 4 litres of low quality vegetable oil
⇒ (3/5) × 10 = 6 litres of sunflower refined oil
The cost price of 10 litres mixture = 4 × 40 + 6 × 80 = 160 + 480 = Rs. 640
The cost price of 1 litre mixture = 640/10 = Rs. 64
Profit earned = 100 – 64 = Rs. 36
∴ Profit percentage = (36/64) × 100 = 56.25%
Alternate Solution:
Let the cost price of the mixture be Rs. x per litre.
⇒ (80 - x) / (x - 40) = 2/3
⇒ 240 - 3x = 2x - 80
⇒ x = Rs. 64 per litre.
The selling price of the mixture = Rs. 100 per litre.
∴ Profit percentage = {(100 - 64) / 64} × 100 =
56.25%
Q. In what ratio must wheat costing Rs. 21.60 per kg be mixed with wheat costing
Rs. 17.10 per kg such that it produces a mixture worth Rs. 18.90?
A. By Mixture and Allegation Method:
Required ratio = 2 ∶ 3
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Miscellaneous Questions
Q. A bucket contains 64 liters of petrol. 16 liters of petrol is removed and replaced
with kerosene. 16 liters of this mixture is removed and replaced with kerosene.
How much kerosene (in liters) is present now?
A. We know the formula:
X = A(1 – R/C)n
Here X = Liquid remaining after replacement
A = Total quantity of liquid before replacement
R = Quantity of replaced liquid
C = Total Capacity
n = No. of times the liquid was replaced
⇒ A = 64, R = 16, C = 64 and n = 2
Putting these values in the formula,
⇒ X = 64 × (1 – 1/4)2
⇒ X = 64 × 9/16
⇒ X = 36 liters
⇒ Amount of petrol present after replacement = 36 liters
∴ Amount of kerosene present after replacement = 64 – 36 = 28 liters
Q. A vessel is full of Petrol. 1/4th of the Petrol is taken out and replaced with
kerosene oil. If the process is repeated 3 more time, 81 litres of Petrol is finally
left in the vessel. Find the capacity of vessel.
A. We know the formula,
[Petrol left/Total capacity] = [1 - 1/4]4
Since 81 litres of Petrol is finally left in the vessel
⇒ 81/Total capacity = 81/256
∴ Total capacity = 256 L
Q. 8L Cold drink was added to a 20L mixture of water and alcohol such that the
ratio of alcohol to that of cold drink and water is 1 : 3. Find the amount of
alcohol in the solution.
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A. Detailed solution:
We have a 20L mixture of alcohol and water.
⇒ A + W = 20 ---- (1)
Let the cold drink be denoted by C
According to question, A : (W + C) = 1 : 3
⇒ A/ (W + 8) = 1/3
⇒ 3A = W + 8
⇒ W = 3A – 8 ----(2)
From (1) and (2)
⇒ 4A = 28
⇒A=7
Hence 7L of alcohol is present in the mixture.
Short trick:
Alcohol ∶ (Cold drink + Water) = 1 ∶ 3
∴ Amount of Alcohol = 1/4 × 28 = 7 L
Q. Rice worth Rs. 128 per kg and Rs. 130 per kg are mixed with third variety in
ratio 1 : 1 : 3. If the mixture is worth Rs. 138 per kg find the price of third
variety per kg.
A. Since the two varieties are mixed in equal proportion
So, their average price = (128 + 130) /2 = Rs. 129 per kg
Now, let the variety 3 to be mixed worth Rs. X per kg in ratio 2 : 3 .
By using alligation,
Given, x 138 2
9 3
Or, x = Rs. 144 per kg
Topper's approach∶
Let the price of the third variety be x.
According to the question,
128 × 1 + 130 × 1 + 3x = 138 × (1 +
1 + 3)
⇒ x = Rs. 144
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Q. The average marks obtained in an examination by two groups of students were
found to be 45 and 70. If average marks of all the students were 60, then the
ratio of the number of students in two groups is:
A. Using Alligation method:
Group (First) Group (second)
45 70
60
10 : 15
Required ratio of the first group to the second group = 10 : 15 = 2 : 3
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Number System
1) Natural Number:- All counting numbers are called natural numbers and it is denoted
by N. Example: {1, 2, 3, 4…………………}
2) Whole Number:- The set of all natural number together with zero are called whole
numbers and it is denoted by W. Example:- {0, 1, 2, 3, 4…………………}
3) Integer:- The set of all natural numbers, zero and negative of all natural numbers
are called integers and it is denoted by I and Z. Example:- {…………. -4,-3, -2, -1, 0,
1, 2, 3, 4 ……………..}
Negative integer is denoted by I– = {……….-4,-3, -2, -1}
Positive integer is denoted by I+ = {1, 2, 3, 4……………}
4) Rational Number:- A number of the form p/q where p and q are whole numbers and
q does not equal to zero. Example:- 1/2, 2/3, -5/2, 0, 2, 5
it can be negative, positive and also zero because we can write 0 as 0/1.
it is denoted by Q.
5) Irrational Number:- Numbers which can neither be written as a recurring decimal
nor in repeating decimal or (A number that can’t be written in the form of p/q).
Example:- 3.01001000100001……., 1.23223222322223……….,√3, π, e etc.
6) Real Number:- The set of all rational numbers and irrational numbers are called
Real Numbers. Example:- 1, 2/3, 0.6, 3.01001000100001……. ,√3, π, e etc.
7) Complex Number:- A number of the form (a + ib) is called a complex number where
a and b are any real number and i is called iota (√-1). Example:- √-2 = 2i, 2 + 3√-5 =
2 + i5, etc.
Some special numbers:-
8) Prime Number:- A number is called prime number that has only two factor (1 or
itself). Example:- 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.. etc
Note: the smallest prime number is 2 not 1.
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9) Composite Number:- Those numbers are called composite numbers which has
more than two factors. Example:- 4 because the factor of 4 are 1, 2 and 4.
10) Co – Prime Number: A pair of any two integers is called a Co – Prime Number, if
their H.C.F is 1. Example:- (7, 11), (5, 11) etc.
11) Twin Prime Number:- A pair of two prime number is called twin prime number, if the
difference between these numbers is 2. Example:- (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13) …..etc.
Note:- (7, 11) is not a twin prime number.
Divisibility Rules
Rules by the help of which we can check the divisibility or factors of a number
without actual division:
Rule #1:
Divisibility by 2: Numbers whose last digit is either even or zero are divisible by 2.
Example:- 4, 42, 78 etc.
Rule #2:
Divisibility by 3: If the sum of digits of a number is divisible by 3, then the number is
also divisible by 3.
Example:- 72 , 642, 96 etc.
Rule #3:
Divisibility by 4: If the last two digits of a Number is divisible by 4 or the number having
two or more zeros at the end are divisible by 4.
Example:- 428, 772, 700 etc.
Rule #4:
Divisibility by 5: If the last digit of a number is divisible by 5 or 0, then the number is
divisible by 5.
Example:- 50, 105 etc.
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Rule #5:
Divisibility by 6: If a number is divisible by 2 and 3, then number is also divisible by 6.
Example:- 954, 732 etc.
Rule #6:
Divisibility by 8: If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8 or the last three
digits of a number are zeros, then the number is divisible by 8.
Example:- 8432, 5000 etc.
Rule #7:
Divisibility by 9: If the sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the
number is also divisible by 9.
Example:- 8946, 765 etc.
Rule #8:
Divisibility by 11: If the difference between the Sum of digits at even place and Sum of
digits at odd place is divisible by 11, then the whole number is divisible by 11
Example:- 54659, 968 etc.
Rule #9:
Divisibility by 12: The number which is divisible by both 3 and 4 is also divisible by 12.
Example:- 456, 588 etc.
Unit Digit
Unit’s digit is used to represent the “ones” place value of any number or product.
Example:- 123 × 256 = 31488, ‘8’ is the unit’s digit in the given product.
In competitive examination we get different types of questions of Unit digits like
find the unit digit of (342)43
find the unit digit of (4567)987 × (3846)84 ….. and so on.
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Finding unit digit of an exponential number
First of all divide the power of that number by 4
I. Condition (i): if you get the remainder zero then change the power of that number
by 4
Example: we have to find the unit digit of this number (3846)84,
Step 1st: At first we have to divide 84 by 4
Step 2nd: After dividing you will get 0 as remainder
Step 3rd: change the powers of given number with 4 and then find the unit digit by
multiplying the unit digit four times
In the above condition (3846)84 = (3846)4
So, the unit digit will be the unit digit of 6 × 6 × 6 × 6. That is 6
II. Condition (ii): if you get the remainder other than zero i.e (1, 2, 3)
Step 1st: change the power of given number with the remainder that you get in the
above division
Step 2nd: and then multiply the unit digit of that number in the times equal to the
remainder.
Example:- if we have to find the unit digit of (342)43
After dividing 43 by 4, we will get 3 as remainder
So, we can write (342)43 as (342)3 to find the unit digit
Now after multiplying 2 three times we will get the unit digit of (342)43 number.
Number of zeros at the end of the number can be found by finding the number of
pairs of 2 and 5.
Divisibility and Remainder
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Points to Remember
When any positive number A is divided by any other positive number B and if B > A,
then the remainder will be A itself. In other words, if the numerator is smaller than the
denominator, then numerator will be the remainder.
Example:- Remainder of 5/12 = 5, Remainder of 21/45 = 21 etc.
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Common Mistake
The remainder should always be calculated in its actual from i.e. you cannot reduce the
fraction to its lower ratio.
Example:- The remainder of 1/2 = 1, The remainder of 2/4 = 2, The remainder of 3/6 =
3 etc. It can be observed that despite all the fraction being equal, remainders are differ-
ent in each case.
Theorem Method
The product of any two or more than two natural numbers has the same remainder
when divided by any natural number, as the product of their remainders.
Example:- Remainder of (12×13)/7 = Remainder of 156/7 = 2
Normal way of doing this is: Product —> Remainder
Theorem method: Remainder —> Product —> Remainder
So, first of all, we will find out the remainder of each individual number and then we
will multiply these individual remainders to find out final remainders.
Since, Remainder of 12/7 = 5 and Remainder of 13/7 = 6
So, Remainder of (12 × 13)/ 7 = Remainder of (5 × 6)/7 = Remainder of 30/7 = 2
ax
If then remainder will always be 1, whether x is even or odd.
a 1
a P 1
If then remainder will be 1,where P is a prime number.
P
( ma 1) x
If then remainder will be (a-1),where x is an odd number.
a
( ma 1) x
If then remainder will be 1,where x is an even number.
a
( ma 1) x
If then remainder will be 1,whether x is even or odd.
a
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Decimal
The decimal representation of a rational number is either finite or infinite
recurring. Example:- 3/5 = 0.6 (finite), 7/3 = 2.333 ..... (infinite recurring)
If decimal number 0.x and [Link] are given, then they can be expressed in the form
of p/q. Example:- 0.x = x/10 and [Link] = xy/100
If decimal recurring numbers 0.x and [Link] are given, then they can be expressed
in the form of p/q As 0.x̅ = x/9 and 0.x̅y̅ = xy/99. Example:- 0.4̅ = 4/9, 0.8̅6̅ =
86/99
The recurring decimal numbers of type [Link]̅ or [Link]̅z̅ may be converted to rational
form as p/q follows: (xy – x)/90 and (xyz – x)/990. Example:- 0.56̅ = (56 – 5)/90
Number of Factors
To find the factors of any number, number of factors, sum of all factors, number of
even factors, sum of all even factors, number of odd factors and the sum of odd
factors, we can follow these rules and formulae:-
(Let the number be 480)
Rule: First of all find all the prime factor of the given number by factorization method
2 480
2 240
2 120
2 60
2 30
3 15
5
So, 480 = 25 × 3 × 5
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Points to Remember
Number of factors = multiplication of (powers of each prime factor + 1)
So, Number of factors = (5 + 1) × (1 + 1) × (1 + 1) = 24
Sum of all factors = (a0 + a1 + …. + am) × (b0 + b1 + …. + bn) × (c0 + c1 + …. + cq),
where a, b and c are the factors and m, n and q are the powers of the prime factor
respectively.
So, Sum of all factors = (20 + 21 + …. + 25) × (30 + 31) × (50 + 51) = 1512
Number of even factors = multiplication of (powers of each prime factor + 1,
except even number)
So, Number of even factors = 5 × (1 + 1) × (1 + 1) = 20
Sum of even factors = (a1 + ….+ am) × (b0 + b1 + ….+ bn) × (c0 + c1 + ….+ cq),
where a (even prime factor), b and c are prime factors and m, n and q are the
powers of the prime factor respectively.
So, Sum of even factors = (21 + ….+ 25) × (30 + 31) × (50 + 51) = 1488
Number of odd factors = multiplication of (powers +1) of odd prime factors
So, Number of odd factors = (1 + 1) × (1 + 1) = 4
Sum of odd factors = (b0 + b1 + ….+ bn) × (c0 + c1 + ….+ cq)………. Where b and
c are odd prime factors and n and q are the powers of the odd prime factors
respectively.
So, Sum of odd factors = (30 + 31) × (50 + 51) = 24
Number of prime factors = Sum of powers of prime factors
So, Number of prime factors = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7
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LCM and HCF
Highest Common Factor (H.C.F): When a greatest number divides perfectly two or
more numbers then that number is called the H.C.F of these numbers and it is called
highest common factor.
We can find the H.C.F of two or more number by division method and factorization
method
Formula: H.C.F of two or more numbers = product of common prime factors of lowest
power
Example: H.C.F (24, 288)
24 = 23 × 3 and 288 = 25 × 32
So, H.C.F = 23 × 3 = 24
Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M): The least number which is divisible by two or
more given numbers, that least number is called L.C.M. of the numbers.
Formula: L.C.M. of two or more numbers = product of highest power of each prime
factors
L.C.M. (24, 288)
24 = 23 × 3 and 288 = 25 × 32
So, the L.C.M of (24, 288) = 25 × 32 = 288
Points to Remember
L.C.M of fractions = L.C.M of numerators/ H.C.F of denominators
H.C.F of fractions = H.C.F of numerators/ L.C.M of denominators
Example:- L.C.M of 5/4, 8/3, 7/2 = L.C.M of (5, 8, 7)/ H.C.F of (4, 3, 2)
So, 280/1 = 280
Example:- H.C.F of 5/4, 8/3, 7/2 = H.C.F of (5, 8, 7)/ L.C.M of (4, 3, 2)
So, 1/12
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Testbook Trick
When a number is divided by a, b or c leaving same remainder ‘r’ in each case
then that number must be k + r where k is L.C.M of a, b and c.
When a number is divided by a, b or c leaving remainders p, q or r respectively
such that the difference between divisor and remainder in each case is same
i.e., (a – p) = (b – q) = (c – r) = t (say), then that (least) number must be in the
form of (k – t), where k is LCM of a, b and c
The largest number which when divide the numbers a, b and c the remainders
are same then that largest number is given by H.C.F. of (a – b), (b – c) and (c –
a).
The largest number which when divide the numbers a, b and c give remainders
as p, q, r respectively is given by H.C.F. of (a – p), (b – q) and (c – r).
Greatest n digit number which when divided by three numbers p, q, r leaves no
remainder will be Required Number = (n – digit greatest number) – R, R is the
remainder obtained on dividing greatest n digit number by L.C.M of p, q, r.
The n digit largest number which when divided by p, q, r leaves remainder ‘a’
will be required number = [n – digit largest number – R] + a where, R is the
remainder obtained when n – digit largest number is divided by the L.C.M of p,
q, r.
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Partnership
Partnership is based on three points, first is time, second is investment and the third
one is profit.
Profit ∝ investment
Profit ∝ time
So, ratio of profit is directly proportional to the product of investment and time.
Profit and Capital
Profit (P) ∝ Capital (C)
P1 : P 2 = C 1 : C 2
Q. P, Q and R started a business with Rs.10,000, Rs.12,000 and Rs.15,000
respectively for 2 years and they get Rs.55,500 as profit. Find the Q’s share in
the profit.
A. Ratio of investment of P, Q and R = 10,000 : 12,000 : 15,000 = 10 : 12 : 15
12 12 55,500
The profit of Q 55,500 Rs.18,000
10 12 15 37
Common Mistake
The above formula shall be applied only when the Time Period is same/constant. The
next section explains the situation when Time Periods are different.
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Mix Partnership
When the partners are involved for different Time Periods,
P1 : P2 = C1T1 : C2T2 ,
where, P: Profit, C: Capital and T: Time Period
Q. P, Q and R entered into the partnership. P contributes Rs. 14,000 for 5 months,
Q contributes Rs. 28,000 for 7 months and R contributes Rs. 21,000 for 4
months. If the total profit made is Rs. 12,500, then find the profit of R.
A. P1 : P2 : P3 = C1T1 : C2T2 : C3T3
P1 : P2 : P3 = 14,000 × 5 : 28,000 × 7 : 21,000 × 4 = 5 : 14 : 6
6 6 12,500
The profit of R 12,500 Rs. 3000
5 14 6 25
Change in Capital
Q. P, Q and R started a business respectively with Rs.100000, 120000 and 180000
for one year. After 2 months P adds Rs.20000, Q and R respectively withdraws
Rs.40000 and Rs.8000. If at the end of 1 year P gets Rs.400 more than R, then
find the total profit.
A. Ratio of profit of (P : Q : R) = (100000 × 2) + (120000 × 10) : (120000 × 2) + (80000 ×
10) : (180000 × 2) + (100000 × 10)
Profit of (P : Q : R) = 140 : 104 : 136 = 35 : 26 : 34
Let the profit of P, Q and R be 35x, 26x and 34x
35x – 34x = 400
x = 400
∴ Total profit = 35x + 26x + 34x = 95x = Rs.38,000
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Rent Distribution
Q. P, Q and R rented a meadow. P puts 10 cows for 7 months, Q puts 21 cows for
2 months and R puts 14 cows for 6 months. If the rent of the meadow is
Rs.3570, how much must R pay (in rupees) as his share of rent?
A. P : Q : R = 10 × 7 : 21 × 2 : 14 × 6
P:Q:R=5:3:6
6 3 3570
Share of R 3570 Rs.1530
536 7
Condition Dependent
Q. P and Q started a business and the ratio of their investment is 5 : 7. They
decided that 70% of the profit will be divided into equal parts and rest of the
profit will be divided into the ratio of their investments. If Q got Rs.500 more
than P, find the total profit.
A. Let the total profit earned be x,
According to the question,
2 30x
500
12 100
x = Rs.10000
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Percentages
The Percentage is a fraction whose denominator is always 100. The sign of percentage
is %.
Example: 9% can be converted to a fraction as 9/100 = 0.09
If, we want to calculate y% of x, then
y
Percentage Formula: y% of x x
100
Q. If 40% of P = 80, then find the value of P.
A. P × 40/100 = 80
⇒ P = 80 × 100/40
⇒ P = 200.
Fractions and Percentages
To express x% as a fraction
x
We have, x%
100
20 1 48 12
Thus, 20% ;48% , etc.
100 5 100 25
To express a as a percent
b
a a
We have, 100 %
b b
Thus, 1 1 100 % 25%;0.6 6 3 3 100 % 60%
4 4 10 5 5
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Fig : Representation and interpretation of % in the form of fraction
Fractions Percentage Fractions Percentage
1 1 1
50% 9 %
2 11 11
1 1 1 1
33 % 8 %
3 3 12 3
1 1
25% 5%
4 20
1 1
20% 4%
5 25
1 2 2 2
16 % 66 %
6 3 3 3
1 2 3
14 % 75%
7 7 4
1 1 3 1
12 % 37 %
8 2 8 2
1 1
11 % 1 100%
9 9
1
10% 2 200%
10
Tables : Important Fraction to percentage conversions
Testbook Trick
Using the most frequent fraction values in the table
above, we can quickly evaluate maximum of the
fractions quickly:
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Express one quantity as percentage
with respect to other quantity
If we want to express quantity 1 as a percentage of quantity 2, then formula will be
Quantity1 to be expressed in percentage
Quantity 2 in respect of which percentage is to be calculated 100
Q. 20 gram is what percentage of 1 kg?
A. Here, quantity 1 = 20 grams and quantity 2 = 1kg = 1000 grams
Hence, required percentage = 20/1000 × 100 = 2%
Price Change: Consumption and
Expenditure
Testbook Trick
If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so that
the expenditure remains constant can be find by formula:
R
100 %
100 R
Note: +ve sign for increase in price and –ve sign for decrease in price.
Q. If the price of sugar is increased by 10%, then by how much percent
consumption should be reduced so that the expenditure remains the same?
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A. Solution:
Let the price be Rs. x /kg
Consumption be y kg
Hence, expenditure = price × consumption
⇒ Expenditure = xy
Price of sugar is increased by 10%
Hence, new price of sugar = 1.1x per kg
Let new consumption be z kg
Hence, new expenditure = (1.1x) × z
Now, new expenditure = old expenditure
⇒ (1.1x) × z = x × y
⇒ z = y/1.1
Reduction in consumption = (y - z) = y – (y/1.1) = y/11
∴ Percentage reduction in consumption = [(y/11)/y] × 100 = 100/11 = 9.09%
Alternate solution:
By using formula:
R
100 %
100 +R
Given, R 10%
10
100 % 9.09%
100 10
Q. The price of sugar has decreased by 15%. By what percentage can a person
increase the consumption so the there is no change in expenditure?
A. R
100 %
100 R
Given, R 15%
15
100 % = 17.65%
100 15
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Percentages PAGE 5
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Results on Population
Let the population of a town be P now, then
Population after n years
n
R
Population after n years if rate of increment R is same P 1
100
R R
Population after n years if rate of increment R is different P 1 1 1 2
100 100
Q. The population of a town 2 years ago was 245000. It increased by 15% in the
first year and then increased by 20% in the second year. What is the current
population of the town?
A. The population of a town 2 years ago was 245000
It increased by 15% in the first year
115
∴ The population after first year will be 245000 281750
100
The population then increased by 20% in the second year.
∴ The population after second year will be 120 281750 338100
100
Population after n years
P
Population n years ago n
R
1 100
Q. The current population of a town is 25710. If the current population of the town
increases by 8% every year, what is the approximate population of the town 7
years ago?
A. Current population = 25710
25710
∴ Population of town 7 years ago = 7 = 25710/1.7138 = 15001.75 ≅ 15000
8
1 100
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Results on Depreciation
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per
annum. Then:
Value of the machine after n years
n
R
Value of the machine after n years P 1
100
Q. An electric bully was bought at Rs. 4100. Its value depreciates at the rate of 7%
per annum. Its value after one year will be:
A. Solution:
Actual price of the electric bully = Rs. 4100
⇒ Depreciation rate = 7%
∴ Value after 1 year = 4100 – 7% of 4100 = 4100 – 4100 × (7/100) = Rs. 3813
Alternate method:
n n
R 7 93
P 1 4100 1 4100 Rs. 3813
100 100 100
Value of the machine after n years
P
Value of the machine n years ago n
R
1 100
Q. The value of a machine depreciates 10% annually which was purchased 3
years ago. If its present value is Rs. 6,000, approximately what was its
purchase price?
A. We know that, if x0 is the value at a certain time and r% per annum is the rate of
depreciation per year, then the value x1 at the end of t years is
t
r
x1 x 0 1
100
Given, the value of machine depreciates 10% annually. It was purchased 3 years ago
and its present value is Rs. 6,000
⇒ x1 = Rs. 6000, r = 10% and t = 3 years, then value of the machine after 3 years of
depreciation =
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Percentages PAGE 7
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3
10
6000 x 0 1
100
6000
x0 3
Rs. 8,230.45
9
10
Comparison of Percentages
A is R% more than B
Testbook Trick
R
If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by 100 %
100 R
Q. If A’s income is 40% more than the income of B, then what percentage of B’s
income is less than income of A?
A. Solution:
Let the income of B be 100
∴ Income of A = 140
B’s income is less than income of A by (140 - 100) = 40
40 200 4
Required percentage 100 28 %
140 7 7
Alternate method:
R
By using the formula 100 %
100 R
40 4
100 % 28 %
100 40 7
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A is R% less than B
Testbook Trick
R
If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by 100 %
100 R
Q. If A is 40% less than B, then B is how much percentage more than A?
A. Solution:
Given, A is 40% less than B
Let B be 100
A = B – 40% of B = 100 – 40% of 100 = 100 – 40 = 60
∴ Required % = {(100 – 60)/60} × 100 = (40/60) × 100 = 66.66%
Alternate method:
By using the formula R 100 %
100 R
⇒ [40/(100 – 40)] × 100 = 66.66%
Successive Increase / Decrease
Successive Increase
If some value is increasing at X% and then Y%, then combined increment can be given
by
XY
X Y 100 %
Q. The population of a town is 18000. It increases by 10% during first year and by
20% during the second year. The population after 2 years will be
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Percentages PAGE 9
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A. Here we can use the concept of successive percentage change.
If in the 1st year increase in population is A% and in the 2nd year it is B%, then net
increase in population can be given by
The question now can be summarized as:
Initial population population after 1st year population after 2nd
year
[+ 10% means increased by 10%]
Using above formula:
A = +10 and B = +20
∴ Net increase in population
∴ Initial population Population after 2nd year
∴ Population after 2nd year
= 18000 + 5760
= 23760
The population after 2 years will be 23760
Successive Decrease
If some value is decreasing at X% and then Y%, then combined decrement can be giv-
en by
XY
X Y 100 %
Q. A merchant gives 2 successive discounts of 10% and 14%. What is the overall
discount given?
A. Let us assume that the price of an article is `x’
The price of the article after a discount of 10% = x – (10x/100) = 0.9x
Now again a discount of 14% is given.
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∴ The price of the article after a discount of 14%
= {0.9x – [(0.9x) × (14/100)]} = 0.774x
Increase or decrease
We know that percentage increase or decrease Base value
100
x 0.774x
∴The net discount offered 100
x
= 22.6%
Alternate solution:
If two successive discounts of a% and b% are offered then the net discount offered =
a b
a b
100
∴ Overall net discount offered for two successive discounts of 10% and 14%
= [10 + 14 – (10 × 14) /100]
= 24 – 1.4
= 22.6%
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Percentages PAGE 11
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Problems on Ages
Problems based on ages consist of information regarding ages in past, present or future
of two or more persons and we have to find required information by using these given
information.
Types of Questions
Ratio and Sum of ages given
If the ratio of present age of A and B is x : y and their sum of present age is P, then
x y
A P and B P
xy xy
Q. If the ratio of present age of Ashutosh and Vishal is 9 : 4 and their sum of
present age is 52 years, find the present age of Vishal.
A. Solution:
Let, age of Ashutosh be 9x and age of Vishal be 4x
Then, sum of both ages = 9x + 4x = 13x
⇒ 13x = 52
⇒ x = 4 years
∴ Age of Vishal = 4x = 4 × 4 = 16 years
Alternate solution:
Present age of Vishal = 4/(9+4) × 52 = 16 years
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Ratio and product of ages given
Q. Product of present age of Ram and Lakshaman is 2223 years and their present
age ratio is 19:13 find the difference age of Ram and Lakshaman.
A. Let, age of Ram be 19x and age of Lakshaman be 13x
Then, product of their ages = 19x × 13x = 247x2
⇒ 247x2 = 2223
⇒ x2 = 9
⇒x=3
Hence, required difference = 19x – 13x = 6x = 6 × 3 = 18 years
Ratios of Present and future ages given
Q. The ratio of present age A and B is 13:10 after 2.5 years their ratio will be 32:25
then find the present age of A.
A. Let, present age of A = 13x and present age of B = 10x
According to question:
(13x + 2.5)/(10x + 2.5) = 32/25
⇒ (13x + 2.5) × 25 = (10x + 2.5) × 32
⇒ 325x + 62.5 = 320x + 80
⇒ 5x = 17.5
⇒ x = 3.5
Testbook Trick
The above question can be analyzed in the following manner:
A 3 B 91 x 0.5 = 45.5 years
13 : 10 x 7 91 : 70
32 : 25 x 3
⇒ 5 2.5
96 : 75
∴1 0.5
7
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Ratios of Past and Present Ages given
Q. If 5 years ago, the ratio of age of Mradul and Love was 1 : 2 and after 15 years
from present their ratio will be 5 : 6. Find the age of Love after 20 years.
A. Let, present age of Mradul be x and present age of Love be y.
Then, according to question
(x - 5)/(y - 5) = ½
⇒ 2x – 10 = y – 5
⇒ x = (y + 5)/2 ---- (1)
Also, (x + 15)/(y + 15) = 5/6
⇒ 6x + 90 = 5y + 75
⇒ 6x + 15 = 5y
Putting value of x from equation 1, we get
3y + 15 + 15 = 5y
⇒ 2y = 30
⇒ y = 15
∴ Age of Love after 20 years = 15 + 20 = 35 years.
Testbook Trick
Years Mradul Love
-5 1 : 2
4 5 + 15 years
+15 5 : 6
∴4 20 years
∴1 5 years
⇒ The age of Love 5 years ago = 2 × 5 = 10 years
∴ The age of Love after 20 years = 10 + 5 + 20 = 35 years
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Profit and Loss
Definition
Cost Price (CP) : It is the price that cost a manufacturer or person for a product or
service.
Selling Price (SP): It is the price at which a product or service is sold to customer.
Profit : Whenever selling price is greater than cost price the difference is
called profit.
Loss : Whenever selling price is lesser than cost price the difference is
called loss.
Points to Remember
Profit Selling Price Cost Price Loss Cost Price Selling Price
Profit Loss
Profit % 100 Loss % 100
CP CP
100 Profit % CP SP
100 Loss % CP
SP
100 100
Error
Dishonest Dealings : Profit % True weight Error 100
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Discount and Marked Price
Definition
Marked Price (MP) : It is the price at which a product or service is listed for selling.
Discount (D) : It is the difference between marked price and selling price.
Discount = MP – SP
Discount Percentage = (D/MP) × 100
Selling Price = (100 – D%) × MP/100
CP 100 D%
MP 100 P%
Q. Marked price of a cricket bat is Rs 1000 and it is sold at Rs 800. Find the
discount percentage.
A. Discount = MP – SP = 1000 – 800 = Rs 200
Discount Percentage = (D/MP) × 100 = (200/1000) × 100 = 20%.
Q. Marked price of a product is Rs 240 and 25% of discount is provided on it. Find
the selling price.
A. Discount = SP × 25% = 240 × (25/100) = Rs 60
Selling price = MP – Discount = 240 – 60 = Rs 180.
Alternate Method:
Selling Price = (100 – D %) × MP/100 = (100 – 25) × 240/100 = Rs 180.
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Successive Discount
If an article is sold at two discounts then it is said that it is sold after two successive
discounts.
Testbook Trick
XY
Effective discount % X Y
100
(where, X = 1st discount % and Y = 2nd discount %)
Q. A T-shirt is sold after providing two successive discounts of 20%. If marked
price of T-shirt is Rs 200 then find the selling price.
A. Solution:
Discount 1 = 200 × 20/100 = Rs 40
Selling price after 1st discount = 200 – 40 = Rs 160
Discount 2 = 160 × 20/100 = Rs 32
Selling price after 2nd discount = 160 – 32 = Rs 128
Alternate Method:
Effective discount = 20 + 20 – (20 × 20)/100 = 36%
Discount = 200 × 36/100 = Rs 72
Selling price = 200 – 72 = Rs 128.
Q. Marked price of pen is Rs 200. After providing 30% discount a shopkeeper
gains a profit of 40%. Find CP of pen.
A. CP 100 D%
MP 100 P%
CP 100 30
200 100 40
CP 70
200 140
∴ CP = Rs 100
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A. Alternate Approach:
Let CP = x
Then, after 40% profit SP = 1.4x ---- (1)
Let MP = y
Then, after 30% discount SP = 0.7y ---- (2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
x = y/2 = 200/2 = Rs 100.
Dishonest Dealings
In it a person/shopkeeper sells any product at wrong weight and earn profit. This can be
done either by using false weight or by false reading. For example -
1) A shopkeeper claims to sell rice at cost price but uses false weight of 900gm instead
of 1000gm.
2) A person sells cloth to the customer but uses false reading and gives 90 meters
cloth instead of 100 meters.
Error
Profit % 100
True weight Error
Q. Using faulty weights, a dealer gives only 1,650 ml of milk to his customer
instead of 2 liter. Find his profit percentage.
A. True weight = 2 liter = 2,000 ml
Error = 2,000 – 1,650 = 350 ml
Error 350
Profit % 100 100 21.21%.
True weight Error 2000 350
Q. A man gains 30% by selling an article for a certain price. If he sells it at double
the current selling price, then what will be the profit percentage?
A. Let, the cost price be Rs. x.
∴ Selling price = Rs. 1.3x
Now, new SP = Rs. 2.6x
∴ Profit % = [(2.6x− )] × 100 = 160%
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Successive Selling
In it a product is sold for more than one time from one person to another person at
some profit or loss. For example - A sold a pen to B at 10% profit and then B sold the
pen to C at 20% profit.
Testbook Trick
If there are two successive profits or losses at x% and y% respectively, then the result-
ant profit or loss% = x + y + xy/100
For profit, we take x and/or y as +ve value
For loss, we take x and/or y as –ve value
Q. If A bought an article at Rs.200 and sold it to B at 20% profit. Again B sold the
article at 10% profit to C. Find the amount paid by C.
A. Solution:
Price paid by B = 200 + (200/100 × 20) = 200 + 40 = Rs. 240
∴ Price paid by C = 240 + (240/100 × 10) = 240 + 24 = Rs. 264
Alternate Method:
Net profit = 20 + 10 + 20 × 10/100 = 32%
Hence, amount paid by C = 200 + (200/100 × 32) = Rs. 264.
Testbook Trick
If two objects are sold at same selling price, one at x% profit and other at x% loss,
then x2
Loss %
100
If the cost price of x articles is equal to selling price of y articles, then
x y
Profit percentage 100
y
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If ath part of items are sold at x% loss, then for making no profit no loss
ax
Required gain percentage in selling rest items =
1 a
Q. A man sold 2 bicycles at same selling price. One at 20% loss and other at 20%
profit. Find overall profit and loss percentage.
A. Solution:
Let selling price be 300x
Then, CP for 1st bicycle = 250x
Then, CP of 2nd bicycle = 375x
Hence, Net CP = 625x and net SP = 600x
∴ Net loss % = (25x/625x) × 100 = 4%
Alternate Method:
We know, If two objects are sold at same selling price, one at x% profit and other at
x% loss, then, Loss % = x2/100
Net loss % = (20)2/100 = 4%
Q. If the cost price of 5 oranges is equal to selling price of 4 oranges, then find
profit percentage?
A. Solution:
Let cost price of an orange is Rs. 4 and selling price of an orange is Rs. 5 (we can
assume it as it satisfies the given condition of the cost price of 5 oranges is equal to
selling price of 4 oranges)
Hence, profit percentage = [(5 – 4)/4] × 100 = 25%
Alternate Method:
We know, If the cost price of x articles is equal to selling price of y articles, then
Profit percentage = [(x – y)/y] × 100 = [(5 – 4)/4] × 100 = 25%
Q. 10 pens costs Rs. 100 each. If half of the pen are sold at 10% loss then find at
what price remaining each pens should be sold for making no loss and no
profit.
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A. Solution:
Total cost price of 10 pens = 10 × 100 = Rs. 1000
Selling price of 1 pen = 100 – (100 × 10%) = Rs. 90
Hence, selling price of 5 pens = Rs. 450
Now, selling price of remaining 5 pens = 1000 – 450 = Rs. 550
Hence, selling price of 1 pen = Rs. 110
∴ Profit % = [(110 – 100)/100] = 10%
Alternate Method:
We know, If ath part of items are sold at x% loss, then for making no profit no loss
Required gain percentage in selling rest items = ax/(1 – a)
Hence, gain % = (0.5 × 10)/(1 – 0.5) = 10%.
Sales Tax
During purchasing any product we have to give certain tax to the government. This
additional payment is known as sales tax. Tax is always calculated on selling price
of product.
Q. Ram purchased a bicycle for Rs. 5954. He had paid a VAT of 14.5%. Find the
list price of the bicycle.
A. Let the list price be Rs. a.
VAT = 14.5%
So, a × (114.5/100) = 5954
⇒ a = (5954 × 100)/114.5
⇒ a = 5200
∴ The list price of the bicycle was Rs. 5200.
Q. Rajesh bought accessories worth Rs. 150. Out of the amount spent for buying
accessories, Rs. 10 were spent on sales tax due to taxable purchases. If the
tax rate was 10%, calculate the price of the tax free items.
A. Total Price = 150
Tax paid = Rs. 10
Tax = 10%
Let the taxable purchases = Rs x
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⇒ 10% of x = 10
⇒ 0.1x = 10
∴ x = 100
∴ Tax free items = 150 – 100 - 10 = Rs.40
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Ratio and Proportion
Ratio
a
The ratio of two quantities a and b is the fraction and we write it as a : b.
b
In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or
5
consequent i.e. ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9
9
Q. If A : B = 2 : 3 and B : C = 5 : 7 then what is the ratio A : B : C ?
A. A : B = 2 : 3
B:C=5:7
Multiply by 3/5 so as to make the ratio term of B Common,
B : C = 5 × 3/5 : 7 × 3/5
⇒ B : C = 3 : 21/5
A : B : C = 2 : 3 : 21/5
=2 × 5 : 3 × 5 : 21/5 × 5
Hence, A : B : C = 10 : 15 : 21
Testbook Trick
For the questions on similar lines as the above, the
following method comes handy for faster analysis of
the question.
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Compounded Ratio
If two or more ratios are given and the antecedent of one is multiplied with antecedent
of others and consequents are multiplied with consequents of others, then the ratio ob-
tained is called compound ratio.
The compounded ratio of the ratios (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) will be (ace : bdf)
Q. What is the equivalent compound ratio of 17 : 23 ∷ 115 : 153 ∷ 18 : 25
A. We know, compound ratio of the ratios (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) will be (ace : bdf)
Thus, the compound ratio of (17 : 23), (115 : 153), (18 : 25)
= (17 × 115 × 18) / (23 × 153 × 25) = 2 : 5
Proportion
The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a : b = c : d, we write, a : b ∷ c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.
Here, a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.
Product of means = Product of extremes
Thus, a : b ∷ c : d ⇔ (b × c) = (a × d)
Types of Proportion
Third Proportion
If a : b = b : c, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.
Fourth Proportion
If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportion to a, b, c.
Mean Proportion
Mean proportion of a and b will be ab
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Q. If 3 : 27 ∷ 5 : ?
A. If 3 : 27 ∷ 5 : ?
3/27 = 5/?
? = 5 × 27/3
? = 45
Q. What is third proportion to 17.9 and 16.8?
A. When c is the third proportion to a and b, relation between a and b is:
b2 = ac
Let third proportion to 17.9 and 16.8 be x, then,
17.9 : 16.8 ∷ 16.8 : x
⇒ 17.9x = 16.82
16.8 16.8
x 15.76
17.9
∴ Third proportion to 17.9 and 16.8 is 15.76.
Q. Find the mean proportional between 14 & 15?
A. As we know that, mean proportional = √(ab)
⇒ √(14 × 15)
⇒ 14.5
So, the mean proportional of 14 and 15 = 14.5
Q. Mean proportional of 4 and 36 is a and third proportional of 18 and a is b. Find
the fourth proportional of b, 12, 14.
A. Given,
Mean proportional of 4 and 36 = a
⇒ a2 = 4 × 36
⇒ a = 12
Third proportional of 18 and 12 = b
⇒ 122 = 18 × b
⇒b=8
Forth proportional of 8, 12 and 14
⇒ 8/12 = 14/?
⇒ ? = 21
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Some Important Questions
Q. A bag has coins of Rs. 1, 50 Paise and 25 Paise in ratio of 5 : 9 : 4. What is the
worth of the bag if the total number of coins in the bags is 72?
A. ⇒ Number of Rs. 1 Coins = 5/18 × 72 = 20
⇒ Number of 50 Paise coins = 9/18 × 72 = 36
⇒ Number of 25 Paise coins = 4/18 × 72 = 16
⇒ Total worth of the bag = (20 × 1) + (0.5 × 36) + (0.25 × 16) = 20 + 18 + 4 = Rs. 42
Q. If 18 : 13.5 : : 16 : x and (x + y) : y : : 18 : 10, then what is the value of y?
A. 18 : 13.5 : : 16 : x
x = (16 × 13.5)/18
x = 12
Now,
(x + y) : y : : 18 : 10
(12 + y) : y : : 9 : 5
5(12 + y) = 9y
60 + 5y = 9y
4y = 60
y = 15
Q. There are a certain number of Rs.10, Rs.20 and Rs.50 notes available in a box.
The ratio of the number of notes of Rs.10, Rs.20 and Rs.50 is 3 ∶ 4 ∶ 6. The total
amount available in a box is Rs.2460. The amount of Rs.10 and Rs.50 in a box
is –
A. Let the number of notes of Rs.10, Rs.20 and Rs.50 be 3a, 4a and 6a respectively.
Given,
⇒ 10 × 3a + 20 × 4a + 50 × 6a = 2460
⇒ 410a = 2460
⇒a=6
Number of notes of Rs.10 = 3 × 6 = 18
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Number of Notes of Rs.20 = 4 × 6 = 24
Number of notes of Rs.50 = 6 × 6 = 36
Required amount = 10 × 18 + 50 × 36 = Rs.1980
Q. Mr. Raj divides Rs. 1573 such that 4 times the 1st share, thrice the 2nd share
and twice the third share amount to the same. Then the value of the 2nd share
is:
A. Given:
Total amount = Rs. 1573.
Calculation:
Let the share of A, B and C is 4A : 3B : 2C.
A : B : C = 1/4 : 1/3 : 1/2 = 3 : 4 : 6
The value of the 2nd share = (4/13) × 1573 = Rs. 484
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Simplification &
Approximation
Simplification : It means reducing the expression in simpler form using various
operations.
The operations used to simplify follows a fixed order known as
VBODMAS
Where,
V = Vinculum
B = Bracket
O = of
D = Division
M = Multiplication
A = Addition
S = Subtraction
Vinculum : Vinculum is a horizontal line drawn over a group of terms in a
mathematical expression to indicate that they are to be operated
on as a single entity by the preceding or following operator.
Brackets : Brackets in simplification are of three types.
1) Round brackets ( )
2) Curly brackets { }
3) Box brackets [ ]
The order in which these brackets are operated is ( ), { } and [ ].
Of means multiplication but it is operated before division.
The operation of adding or subtracting can be interchanged or
can be performed simultaneously.
Approximation : It is simplifying the mathematical expression to its nearest value
but not exactly correct. To find the approximate value, we round
off the digits in the expression to the nearest value and simplify
the expression using VBODMAS.
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Surds and Indices : A surd is an irrational number that can be expressed with
roots, such as √12 or ∛12.
An index is the power to which a number is raised and the
plural of index is indices. For example, k12 has an index
of 12.
Rule #1: Rule of indices
1. am × an = am + n
am
2. = am – n
an
3. (am )n = amn
4. (ab)m = am × bm
5. (a/b)m = am/bm
6. a-m = 1/am
7. a0= 1
Rule #2: Rule of indices
1
1. m
a =a m
1 1
m
2. ab = a m bm
3. a a1/m
m =
b b1/m
4. ( n a)n = a
m
5. ( n a)m = a n
Q. What approximate value should come in place of x in the following question?
48.99 × ∛342.81 ÷ (6.99)2 + (12.99)2 = x
A. 48.99 × ∛342.81 ÷ (6.99)2 + (12.99)2 = x
⇒ 49 × ∛343 ÷ (7)2 + (13)2 = x
⇒ 49 × 7 ÷ 49 + 169 = x
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⇒ 49 × (1/7) + 169 = x
⇒ 7 + 169 = x
∴ x = 176.
Q. 4 of 2 + 15 ÷ 3 ÷ 5 – 1
A. Step 1: 8 + 15 ÷ 3 ÷ 5 – 1
Step 2: 8 + 5 ÷ 5 – 1 (In case of multiple division, we start division from left side)
Step 3: 8 + 1 – 1 = 8.
Testbook Trick
Simplification of fractions:
If all the fractions have common denominator, then the integer part and the fraction part
can be calculated separately.
1 2 1 1 2 2
Q. 5 + 6 + 8 + 1 + 2 + 7
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 1 1 2 2
A. 5 6 8 1 2 7
3 3 3 3 3 3
⇒ 29 + (9/3)
⇒ 29 + 3 = 32.
Squares of Numbers ending with 5:
Q. Square of 35?
A. Step 1: Divide 35 into 3 / 5.
Step 2: The next consecutive digit of 3 is 4. So Multiply 3 with 4. i.e. 12.
Step 3: 12 / Square of 5 i.e. 25
Ans: 1225
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Square of numbers near to its base:
Q. Square of number 98?
A. Nearest best to 98 = 100. 98 is less than 100 by 2
Step 1: Subtract 98 by 2 = 98 – 2 = 96.
Step 2: Square of 2 = 04 (Number of digits should be equal to number of zeroes in
base)
Ans: 9604.
Q. Square of number 102?
A. Nearest best to 102 = 100. 102 is more than 100 by 2
Step 1: Add 102 by 2 = 102 + 2 = 104.
Step 2: Square of 2 = 04 (Number of digits should be equal to number of zeroes in
base)
Ans: 10404.
Q. Square of number 988?
A. Nearest best to 988 = 1000. 988 is less than 100 by 12
Step 1: Subtract 988 by 12 = 988 – 12 = 976.
Step 2: Square of 12 = 144 (Number of digits should be equal to number of zeroes in
base)
Ans: 976144.
Multiplication of any number with n digits of 9:
Q. 64 × 99
A. Step 1: 64 – 1 = 63
Step 2: Compliment of 64 = 100 – 64 = 36
Ans: 6336.
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Q. 678 × 999 = ?
A. Step 1: 678 – 1 = 677
Step 2: Compliment of 678 = 1000 – 678 = 322
Ans: 677322.
Q. 78 × 999 = ?
A. Take 78 as 078 and solve normally.
Step 1: 078 – 1 = 077
Step 2: Compliment of 078 = 1000 – 078 = 922
Ans: 77922.
Multiplication of numbers near base value:
Q. 104 × 108 = ?
A. Step 1:
104 + 8 = 112 or 108 + 4 = 112
Step 2: (+4) × (+8) = 32 (Number of digits should be equal to number of zeroes in
base)
Ans: 11232.
Q. 1002 × 1008 = ?
A. Step 1:
1002 + 8 = 1010 or 1008 + 2 = 1010
Step 2: (+2) × (+8) = 016 (Number of digits should be equal to number of zeroes in
base)
Ans: 1010016.
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Q. 94 × 105 = ?
A. Step 1:
94 + 5 = 99 or 105 – 6 = 99
Step 2: (-6) × (+5) = -30
Step 3: 2nd part can’t be negative. Hence, we take out 1 from 1st part and subtract
30 from it.
Ans: 9870.
Multiplication of two numbers:
Eg:
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Simplification and Approximation PAGE 7
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Time, Distance and Speed
Definition
Speed – It is defined as rate of travel to cover certain distance. It is generally
expressed in m/s, km/hr etc.
Time – It is defined as the duration for which travelling has been done to cover
certain distance. . It is generally expressed in seconds, hours etc.
Distance – It is defined as the length of path for which travelling has been done. It is
generally expressed in metre, kilometre etc.
Distance
Speed =
Time
Unit Conversions
km/hr to m/s
5
x km/hr= x × m/sec
18
Q. Convert 54 km/hr into m/sec.
A. 54 km/hr=54 × 5/18 =15 m/sec
m/s to km/hr
18
x m/sec = x × km/hr
5
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Speed, Time and Distance PAGE 2
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Q. A car goes 20 meters in a second. Find its speed in km/hr.
A. 20 m/sec = 20 × 18/5 = 72 km/hr
Ratios of Speed, Distance and/or Time
If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times take by them
1 1
to cover the same distance will be : or b:a.
a b
Q. The speed of three cars are in the ratio 5 : 4 : 6. The ratio between the time
taken by them to travel the same distance is
A. Ratio of time taken = ⅕ : ¼ : ⅙ = 12 : 15 : 10
Average Speed
Total distance
Average speed =
Total Time
Q. A truck covers a distance of 1200 km in 40 hours. What is the average speed of
the truck?
A. Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken
⇒ Average speed = 1200/40
∴ Average speed = 30 km/hr
Q. A man travelled 12 km at a speed of 4 km/h and further 10 km at a speed of 5
km/hr. What was his average speed?
A. Total time taken = Time taken at a speed of 4 km/h + Time taken at a speed of 5 km/
h
⇒ 12/4 + 10/5 = 5 hours [∵ Time = Distance/Speed]
Average speed = Total distance/Total time
⇒ (12 + 10) /5 = 22/5 = 4.4 km/h
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Speed, Time and Distance PAGE 3
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Testbook Trick
Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr.
2xy
Then, the average speed during the whole journey = km/hr
x+y
Q. Rahul goes Delhi to Pune at a speed of 50 km/h and comes back at a speed of
75 km/h. Find his average speed of the journey.
A. As, distance is same both cases
⇒ Required average speed = (2 × 50 × 75)/(50 + 75) = 7500/125 = 60 km/hr
Problems on Train
Train crossing a stationary body
Train passing a man/point object
When a train passes a man/object, the distance travelled by the train while passing
that object, will be equal to the length of the train.
Q. A train 320 meters long crosses a pole in 16 seconds. Find the speed of train.
A. As we know when a train crosses a pole it travels its own length.
Length of train
Speed of train = = 320/16 = 20 m/s
Time taken by train
∴ Speed of the train = 20 m/s
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Q. Determine the length of train A if it crosses a pole at 60km/h in 30 sec.
A. Given, speed of the train = 60 km/h
⇒ Speed = 60 × 5/18 m/s = 50/3 m/s
Given, time taken by train A to cross the pole = 30 s
The distance covered in crossing the pole will be equal to the length of the train.
⇒ Distance = Speed × Time
⇒ Distance = 50/3 × 30 = 500 m
Train passing a long object/platform
When a train passes a platform or a long object, the distance travelled by the train,
while crossing that object will be equal to the sum of the length of the train and
length of that object.
Q. A train passes a platform in 36 seconds, and a man standing on the platform in
20 sec. If the speed of the train is 54 Km/hr, what is the length of the platform?
A. Let the lengths of the train and the platform are ‘x’ metres and ‘y’ metres respectively.
Speed of train = 54 × 5/18 = 15 m/s
We know that,
Speed = Distance/Time
When the train crosses the platform,
x+y
36 =
15
⇒ x + y = 15 × 36 = 540 metres … (1)
When the train crosses the man
x
20 =
15
⇒ x = 300 metres … (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get,
y = 240 metres.
Hence the length of the platform is 240 metres.
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Speed, Time and Distance PAGE 5
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Q. A 150 m long train crosses a 270 m long platform in 15 sec. How much time will
it take to cross a platform of 186 m?
A. In crossing a 270 m long platform,
Total distance covered by train = 150 + 270 = 420 m
Speed of train = total distance covered/time taken = 420/15 = 28 m/sec
In crossing a 186 m long platform,
Total distance covered by train = 150 + 186 = 336 m
∴ Time taken by train = distance covered/speed of train = 336/28 = 12 sec.
Train crossing a moving body
Train passing a moving man/object
When a train passes a moving man/point object, the distance travelled by the train
while passing it will be equal to the length of the train and relative speed will be taken
as
1) If both are moving in same direction then relative speed = Difference of both
speeds
2) If both are moving in opposite direction then relative speed = Addition of both
speeds
Q. Two trains are moving in the same directions at speed of 43 km/h and 51 km/h
respectively. The time taken by the faster train to cross a man sitting in the
slower train is 72 seconds. What is the length (in metres) of the faster train?
A. Given: The speed of 2 trains = 43 km/hr and 51 km/hr
Relative velocity of both trains = (51 - 43) km/hr = 8 km/hr
Relative velocity in m/s = 8 × (5/18) m/s
⇒ Distance covered by the train in 72 sec = 8 × (5/18) × 72 = 160
Hence, the length of faster train = 160 m
Q. Two trains are moving at 80 km/hr and 100 km/hr in opposite directions. Their
lengths are 350 m and 150 m respectively. Find the time taken to cross each
other.
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A. Total length of train = 350 + 150 = 500 m
Relative speed of trains = 80 + 100 = 180 km/hr = 180 × 5/18 = 50 m/s
Using Formula, Speed = Distance/Time
Time taken to cross each other = 500 /50 = 10 seconds
Q. A train, 180 m long, passes a pole in 18 seconds and crosses another train of
the same length travelling in the opposite directions in 12 seconds. The speed
of the second train is
A. When a train passes a pole it essentially travels a distance equal to its own length.
Hence, speed of train = 180/18 = 10 m/s
Now, let the speed of 2nd train be a.
Hence, relative speed = (10 + a) m/s (as both are moving in opposite direction)
Total distance = 180 + 180 = 360 m
Now, Distance = Speed × Time taken
∴ 360 = (10 + a) × 12
⇒ 10 + a = 30
∴ a = 20 m/s
Testbook Trick
1) If two trains of length ‘a’ metres and ‘b’ metres are moving in the same direction at u
a + b sec
m/s and v m/s, then the time taken to cross each other =
u - v
2) If two trains of length ‘a’ metres and ‘b’ metres are moving in the opposite direction
a + b sec
at u m/s and v m/s, then the time taken to cross each other =
u + v
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Speed, Time and Distance PAGE 7
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Q. How long will a train 100m long travelling at 72km/h take to overtake another
train 200m long travelling at 54km/h in the same direction?
A. Relative speed = 72 – 54 km/h (as both are travelling in same direction)
= 18 km/hr = 18 × 10/36 m/s = 5 m/s
Also, distance covered by the train to overtake the train = 100 m + 200 m = 300 m
Hence,
Time taken = distance/speed = 300/5 = 60 sec
Boats and Streams
In such problems boat travels either in the direction of stream or in the opposite di-
rection of stream. The direction of boat along the stream is called downstream and
the direction of boat against the stream is called upstream.
If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr,
then:
1) Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr
2) Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr
Q. A girl can row a certain distance downstream in 2 hours and upstream in 3
hours. If the stream flows at the rate of 4 km/h, what is the speed of the girl in
still water?
A. Let, the distance = x km and speed of the girl in still water = y km/h
Then,
⇒ Downstream speed = y + 4 km/h
⇒ Upstream speed = y – 4 km/h
Now, according to the question,
x/(y - 4) = 3 ... (1)
And, x/(y + 4) = 2 ... (2)
Solving equation (1) and (2) we get
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Speed, Time and Distance PAGE 8
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Testbook Trick
If the speed of an object in downstream is a km/hr and in upstream is b km/hr, then:
1
1) Speed of object in still water km/hr = a+b
1 2
2) Speed of stream km/hr = a-b
2
Q. In 5 hours a boat can be rowed 16 km upstream or 28 km downstream. Find the
speed of the boat in the still water.
A. Speed = Distance/Time
Speed of downstream = (28/5) km/hr = 5.6 km/hr
Speed of upstream = (16/5) km/hr = 3.2 km/hr
Since, velocity of boat in still water = ½ (speed of downstream + speed of upstream)
1 1
5.6 3.2 8.8 4.4 km / hr
2 2
Q. In one hour, a motorboat goes 107 km along the stream and 73 km against the
stream. The speed of stream is:
A. In one hour, a motorboat goes 107 km along the stream and 73 km against the
stream.
∴ Speed of stream = (Difference of the speeds of the boat in upstream and
downstream)/2
107 - 73
= = 34/2 = 17 km/h
2
Q. In a stream running at 2 km/h a racing boat goes 32 km upstream and back
again to the starting point in 12 hours. Find the speed of the racing boat in still
water.
A. Let speed of boat in still water = a km/hr
Then, Speed of boat in Upstream = a - 2 km/hr
Speed of boat in downstream = a + 2 km/hr
Then we have
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Speed, Time and Distance PAGE 9
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32 32
+ =12
a+2 a-2
⇒ (32 × 2a) / (a2 – 4) = 12
16a = 3a2 - 12
On solving, we get a = 6
Hence, speed of racing boat in still water is 6 km/hr
Q. The upstream speed of a boat is 7 km/hr lesser than the downstream. The boat
covers 20 km upstream in 2 hours. What is the speed of boat in still water (in
km/hr)?
A. Let the speed of stream be V km/hr and speed of boat in still water be U km/hr.
Upstream speed = (U – V) km/hr
Downstream speed = (U + V) km/hr
The upstream speed of a boat is 7 km/hr lesser than the downstream.
U–V=U+V–7
⇒ V = 3.5 km/hr
⇒ Upstream speed = (U – V) km/hr = (U – 3.5) km/hr
The boat covers 20 km upstream in 2 hours.
Distance = Speed × Time
⇒ 20 = (U – 3.5) × 2
⇒ U = 10 + 3.5 = 13.5
∴ Speed of boat in still water is 13.5 km/hr.
Q. A boat takes 40 minutes to travel 20 km downstream. If the speed of the
stream is 2.5 km/hr, how much more time will it take to return back?
A. Time taken downstream = 40 min = 40/60 = 2/3 hrs.
Downstream speed = 20/ (2/3) = 30 km/hr.
As we know, speed of stream = 1/2 × (Downstream speed - Upstream speed)
⇒ Upstream speed = 30 - 2 × 2.5 = 30 - 5 = 25 km/hr.
Time taken to return back = 20/25 = 0.8 hrs. = 0.8 × 60 = 48 min.
∴ The boat will take = 48 - 40 = 8 min. more to return back
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Speed, Time and Distance PAGE 10
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Time and Work
Points to Remember
Concepts
1
1) 1. If A can do a piece of work in 10 days, then in 1 day, A will do part of the total
10
work.
2) If A is thrice as good as B, then
a. In a given amount of time, A will be able to do 3 times the work B does.
Ratio of work done by A and B (in the same time) = 3 : 1.
b. For the same amount of work, B will take thrice the time as much as A takes.
Ratio of time taken by A and B (same work done) = 1 : 3.
3) Efficiency is directly proportional to the work done and inversely proportional to the
time taken.
Testbook Trick
The following diagram shows the general structure of how we can quickly analyze a
question based on Time and Work. Questions have been solved in the next pages to
show how it is applied.
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Basic Questions
When two persons do a work
Q. A does a work in 10 days and B does the same work in 15 days. In how many
days they together will do the same work?
A. A does a work in 10 days
1
As 1 days work=
10
B does a work in 15 days
1
Bs 1 day's work=
15
Adding equation 1 and 2, we get,
1 1 3+2 5 1
A and Bs 1days work= + = = =
10 15 30 30 6
∴ A and B will together take 6 days to do the work.
Alternate Method
A + B = 3 + 2 unit/day
= 5 units/day
30
Time = = 6 Days
5
Q. A alone can do a job in 40 days. In how many days can B alone do the job, if
together they can do the job in 8 days?
A. ⇒ Efficiency of A: Efficiency of A + B = (1/40) ∶ (1/8) = 1 ∶ 5
⇒ Efficiency of B / Efficiency of A = (5 - 1)/1 = 4/1
B is 4 times efficient than A,
⇒ Number of days taken by B = 1/4 × Number of
days taken by A = 40/4 = 10 days
Alternate Solution:
B = 5 – 1 = 4 unit/day
Time = 40/4 = 10 days
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 3
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When three persons do a work
Q. A and B can do a work in 3 days; B & C can do it in 4 days and A & C can do it
in 6 days. In how many days will A, B & C finish it, if they work together?
A. ⇒ Work done by A & B in 1 day =1/3 ...(I)
⇒ Work done by B & C in 1 day =1/4 ...(II)
⇒ Work done by A & C in 1 day =1/6 ...(III)
Adding I), II) & III)
⇒ 2 × (work done by A, B & C in 1 day) = 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/6
∴ Work done by A, B & C in 1 day together =1/2 (1/3 + 1/4 + 1/6)
= 1/2((4 + 3 + 2) /12) = 3/8
∴ No. of days taken to complete the job together = 8/3 days
Alternate Solution:
A + B + C = 9/2
12 8
Time = = days
9/2 3
Q. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days, B and C in 15 days, C and A in 20
days. How long would A take separately to do the same work?
A. One day work of A and B = 1/12
One day work of B and C = 1/15
One day work of C and A = 1/20
One day work of (A + B), (B + C) and (C + A) = 1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20
= 12/60 = 1/5
One day work of (A + B + C) = (1/2) × (1/5) = 1/10
One day work of A = One day work of (A + B + C) - One day work of (B + C)
= 1/10 – 1/15 = 2/60 = 1/30
∴ A takes 30 days alone to do the same work.
Alternate Method:
Efficiency of (A + B) = 5
Efficiency of (B + C) = 4
Efficiency of (C + A) = 3
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Efficiency of (A + B + C) = {(1/2){Efficiency of (A + B) + Efficiency of (B + C) + Effi-
ciency of (C + A)}]
= {(1/2)(5 + 4 + 3)} = 12/2 = 6
Efficiency of A = Efficiency of (A + B + C) - Efficiency of (B + C) = 6 – 4 = 2
Number of days taken by A alone to complete the work = 60/2 = 30 days.
Questions based on efficiency
Q. Anil is thrice as good a workman as Arun. Together they can do a job in 12
days. In how many days will Arun finish the work alone?
A. Given: Anil is thrice as good a workman as Arun
If Anil can finish a work in x days Arun can finish the same work in 3x days.
∴ 1 day’s work by Anil = 1/x
1 day’s work by Arun = 1/3x
Together they can do a job in 12 days
1 1 4
1 day’s work by (Anil + Arun) = + =
x 3x 3x
Work done in 15 days = (4/3x) × 12 = (16/x)
If Arun has to finish that work alone, time taken by Arun to finish the work alone
16 / x
48 days
1/ 3 x
Q. P is twice as good as Q and together they finish a piece of work in 36 days.
The number of days taken by P alone to finish the work?
A. Detailed Solution:
Given,
P is twice as good as Q.
⇒ (P’s 1 day’s work) / (Q’s 1 day’s work) = 2 / 1
Given,
⇒ (P + Q)’s 1 day’s work = 1/36
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⇒ P’s 1 day’s work = (1/36) × (2/3) = 1/54
∴ P alone can finish work in 54 days.
Alternate Method:
Number of days taken by P alone to complete the work
= {(2 + 1) × 36}/2 = 54 days
Work and wages
Concepts
Ratio of wages of persons doing a work is directly proportional to the ratio of effciency
of the persons.
Q. P, Q and R can complete work for Rs. 21000. P, Q and R can alone complete
work in 20 days, 30 days and 60 days respectively. With help of D they
complete work in 8 days. Among the four who gets highest share and how
much?
A. Given,
⇒ P’s 1 day’s work = 1/20
⇒ Q’s 1 day’s work = 1/30
⇒ R’s 1 day’s work = 1/60
(P + Q + R)’s 1 days work = 1/20 + 1/30 + 1/60 = (6/60) = 1/10
(P + Q + R + D)’s 1 days work = 1/8
D’s 1 day’s work = 1/8 – 1/10 = 2/80 = 1/40
Ratio of work efficiency = P : Q : R : D = 1/20 : 1/30 : 1/60 : 1/40 = 6 : 4 : 2 : 3
⇒ P’ share = 21000 × 6/15 = Rs. 8400
⇒ Q’ share = 21000 × 4/15 = Rs. 5600
⇒ R’ share = 21000 × 2/15 = Rs. 2800
⇒ S’ share = 21000 × 3/15 = Rs. 4200
∴ From this, P gets highest share of Rs. 8400.
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 6
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Q. A and B can complete a piece of work in 15 days and 10 days respectively.
They got contract to complete the work for Rs. 75000. The share of B (in Rs.) in
the contracted money will be:
A. Ratio of number of days taken by A and B to complete the work = 15 : 10 = 3 : 2
∴ Ratio of efficiency of A and B = 2 : 3
Let their share is in the ratio of 2x and 3x
Now,
2x + 3x = 75000
⇒ 5x = 75000
∴ x = 15000
∴ Share of B = 3x = 15000 × 3 = RS. 45000
When two or more persons do a work
on alternate days or hours
Q. A and B can complete a piece of work in 10 days and 15 days respectively
when working alone. Starting with A, they work on alternate days. In how many
days will the work be completed?
A. Given,
⇒ A’s 1 day’s work = 1/10
⇒ B’s 1 day’s work = 1/15
(A + B)’s 2 days’ work = 1/10 + 1/15 = 1/6
To complete work (A + B) 12 days’ work =
6 × 1/6 = 1
Total time taken by both if they work
alternatively = 12 days.
Alternate Solution: shown in the figure
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 7
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Q. A can do a piece of work in 20 days, B in 15 days and C in 12 days. How soon
can the work be done if A is assisted by B on one day and by C on the next
alternately?
ALet’s say the work = 60 units (LCM of 20, 15,
. 12)
We know, Time × rate = work
So, rate of work of A = 60/20 = 3 units per day
Rate of work of B = 60/15 = 4 units per day
Rate of work of C = 60/12 = 5 units per day
If A is assisted by B, total rate of work =
3 + 4 = 7 units/day
The next day, when A is assisted by C, total
rate of work = 3 + 5 = 8 units/day
So, work done in 2 successive days =
7 + 8 = 15 units
Work done in 8 successive days = 15 × 4 = 60
units
So, we need 8 full days to finish the work.
Alternate Solution: shown In the figure
MHDE/W based
Concept:
1
More men, less days : M
D
1
More men, less hours : M
H
MDH = Constant
1
More efficiency, less days : E
D
More men, more work : M∝W
MDHE
= Constant
W
Where M = Men, D = Days, H = Hours, E = Efficiency, W = Work
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 8
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Q. 15 men can complete a task in 8 days. Three days after they started the work, 3
more men joined. In how many days will all of them together complete the
remaining work?
A. Total work done by 15 men in 8 days = 15 × 8 = 120
Work done by 15 men in 3 days = 15 × 3 = 45
Remaining work after 3 days = 120 – 45 = 75
1
Days to complete remaining work by 18 men = 75/18 = 25/6 = 4 days
6
Q. 30 men are engaged to a work by a contractor for 6 days. They work for 4 days
but due to some reasons only 50% of the work will be completed. How many
more men should be engaged to work to complete the work in a given period
of time.
A. Given time = 6 days
Total men = 30
let the extra men be x
So, 30 × 4 = (30 + x) 2
So, x = 30 men
Food based
This type of questions based on quantity of food required for feeding given number of
persons or number of days for which given quantity of food lasts
Q. 1200 soldiers in a fort had enough food for 28 days. After 4 days, some
soldiers left the fort. Thus, food lasted for 32 more days. How many soldiers
left?
A. Let the number of soldiers who left the fort be x.
As we know,
M 1 × D1 = M 2 × D2 + M 3 × D3
Given, M1 = 1200 soldiers, D1 = 28 days, M2 = 1200 soldiers, D2 = 4 days, M3 = (1200
– x) soldiers and D3 = 32
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 9
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M 1 × D 1 = M 2 × D2 + M 3 × D3
1200 × 28 = 1200 × 4 + (1200 – x) × 32
(1200 × 28) – (1200 × 4) = (1200 – x) × 32
1200 (28 – 4) = (1200 – x) × 32
(1200 × 24) /32 = (1200 – x)
x = 300
Q. A town with population of 4000 had food packets for 30 days. After 10 days
1000 people more are added. How long will the food packets last now?
A. Town with population 4000 had food packets for 30 days.
∴ Total food packets = 4000 × 30 = 120000
Other 1000 people joined after 10 days.
Food packet consumed in first 10 days = 4000 × 10 = 40000.
∴ Remaining food packets = 120000 – 40000 = 80000
Now 1000 people more are added
∴ Total people = 4000 + 1000 = 5000.
Now, remaining food packets will be divided among 5000 people.
∴ No. of days food will last = Remaining food packets/No. of people
⇒ No. of days food will last = 80000/5000
⇒ No. of days food will last = 16
Man, woman and Boys
When man, woman and Boys together or alone do a work.
Q. It takes the same time of 66 days for 12 men to finish the same work as it takes
for 24 boys. If we assign this work to 20 men and 10 boys, in how many days
will they be able to finish this work?
A. Let us assume the total work to be W.
Let the efficiency of each man be M units/day, and that of each boy be B units/day.
⇒ W = 12 × M × 66 = 24 × B × 66
∵ 12 × M × 66 = 24 × B × 66,
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 10
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(M/B) = 2
⇒ M = 2B
The task is to get 20 men and 10 boys to do the same. Let the no. of days be D.
⇒ W = (20M + 10B) × D
Replacing all the variables in terms of B, we have
24 × B × 66 = (20 × 2B + 10B) × D
⇒ 24 × B × 66 = 50 × B × D
17
⇒ D days 31
25
17
∴ Time taken by 20 men and 10 boys to finish the same work 31 days
25
Q. 4 men and 6 women finish a job in 8 days, while 3 men and 7 women finish it in
10 days. 25 women working together will finish it in how many days?
A. 4 M + 6 W = 8 days ...(i)
32 M + 48 W = 1 day
3 M + 7 W = 10 days ...(ii)
30 M + 70 W = 1 day
Equating eq.(i) and eq.(ii)
32 M + 48 W = 30 M + 70 W
M = 11 W ...(iii)
Substituting eq.(iii) in eq.(ii)
30(11 W) + 70 W = 1 day
400 W = 1 day
400 women can do a job in 1 day.
400 1
25 women will do the job in 16
25
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 11
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Miscellaneous Questions
Q. A and B take 4 and 9 days more than time taken by A and B together to complete a
work. In how many days will they finish it together?
A. Time taken by A + B = A×B
49
= 6 days
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE | Time and Work PAGE 12
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