SI units

Everyday science

SI units

Herts(Hz) Steel
 unit of frequency(one cycle per
second) of one cycle per second.  Steel, being a solid metal, is measured
 in honor of the German physicist by weight.
Heinrich Hertz  standard unit for measuring = kilograms
 hertz in the International System of or tons, depending on the quantity.
Units (SI)

onductance

unit = ohm Mole

SI unit =Siemens (S).
It is the reciprocal
 SIof unit
resistance, measured
of amount in ohms (Ω).
of substance,
representing
1 Siemens is equal to 1/ohm. 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
 used to measure the amount of a
The term "mho" is also sometimes used as a unit of
substance in a sample.
conductance, but Siemens is the standard SI unit.

Quantities
 Work, mass and distance are scalar quantities because they have magn
direction, but they are not vector quantities.
 Vector Quantities: Velocity, momentum, torque, acceleration, weight, dis
 Scalar Quantities: Work, distance, speed, mass.

ow fast particles settle in a centrifuge).

cules (e.g., proteins, ribosomes).

WH
monly written as kWh) is a non-SI unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules

ctrical energy supplied by electric utilities.

"RC"

 unit of "RC" = unit of Time


Electricgives
The product RC (Resistance × Capacitance) field the
intensity
time constant in an RC circuit.
 Its unit is Ohm × Farad = seconds (s) = unit
The of time.
unit of electric field intensity other than N/C is V/m
 defined as force per unit charge (N/C) or potential difference per unit
Energy density
distance (V/m).So, V/m is an equivalent.
 defined as energy per unit volume
 It is commonly used unit for electric field intensity.

 It applies to electric fields where 𝑢 = 1/2𝜀𝐸², with 𝑢 being energy density.

 SI unit is joules per cubic meter (J/m³).

Joule
 a derived unit of energy, not a base unit.
 Kelvin (temperature), Kilogram (mass) & Ampere (current) are SI base units.

Luminous intensity

 The Candela (cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity.

 It is defined as the luminous intensity of a monochromatic source that emits light
at a frequency of 540 x 10^12 Hz with a luminous efficiency of 683 lm/W.
  In SI units, unit of wavelength is meter (m)
Wavelength is a measure of distance between two wave crests or troughs.
The SI unit for measuring distance is the meter (m), hence it is used for wavelength.
It is typically denoted by the symbol λ (lambda).

 Meter is the SI unit of length.

It is used to measure distance or height.
Additional Information:
Liter = unit of volume
Kilogram = unit of mass
Second = unit of time

 The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current.

It is defined by considering the fixed value of the elementary charge e as 1.602 176 634 x 1019,
where the unit C is equal to As and the second is defined by Δν Cs.
 One horse power is equal to 746 watts (W)

 A power level of 1 hp is approximately equivalent to 746 watts (W) or 0.746 kilowatts (kW).

To convert from horsepower to watts, multiply by 746.

To convert from watts to horsepower, multiply by 0.00134.
To convert from horsepower to kilowatts, multiply by 0.746.
To convert from kilowatts to horsepower, multiply by 1.34.

 The SI unit of Electrical Resistance is ohm

The SI unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω).
1 Ω = 1 V/A.
while
The SI unit of resistivity is an ohm-meter.

 Which one is bigger unit of energy Kilowatt hour

1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 3.6 million joules (3.6 × 10⁶ J)

1 joule = 10⁷ ergs, so both joule and erg are much smaller than kilowatt hour.
Hence, Kilowatt hour is the biggest unit.

 The standard SI unit for magnetic dipole moment is the ampere-square meter (A⋅m²).
It can also be expressed in terms of energy and magnetic field strength, resulting in joules per tesla (J/T), which is equivalent to A⋅m².
 Heat has the same units as work
Heat is a form of energy.
SI unit of heat = joule (J)
Work
SI unit = joule (J)
Same as heat
Electricity main supply meters measure in units of ‘kilowatt-hour’, it is the unit of energy
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of electrical energy.
It represents the energy consumed when 1 kilowatt of power is used for 1 hour.
 Young modulus is measured in units of Nm⁻²
Young's Modulus is the ratio of stress to strain and measures stiffness of a material.
Since stress is measured in N/m² (or Nm⁻²) and strain is dimensionless, the unit remains Nm⁻².
 The SI unit/prefix for 10 is Deca
Deca (symbol: da) is the SI prefix that represents a factor of 10.
It is used to denote ten times the base unit, such as 1 decameter = 10 meters.
 The SI unit of charge is coulomb
The coulomb, also written as its abbreviation 'C', is the SI unit for electric charge.
One coulomb is equal to the amount of charge from a current of one ampere flowing for one second.
One coulomb is equal to the charge on 6.241 x 1018 protons.

 The SI unit of pressure is a pascal. One Pascal is equivalent to One Newton of force is applied over an area of one
meter square

Pascal (Pa) is defined as 1 Newton per square meter (N/m²).

It measures the amount of force applied over a unit area.

 Joule is a unit of work or energy or heat.

Joule is a scalar quantity.
SI base units: kg⋅m2⋅s−2
Symbol: J
It is equal to the work done by the force of one newton acting through one meter.
Named in honor of the English physicist James Prescott Joule.
Joule equals 107 ergs or approximately 0.7377 foot-pounds.

 The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb, represented by the symbol C.

One coulomb is the amount of charge that passes through a conductor carrying one ampere of current for one second.
It's also equal to the charge of about 6.24 quintillion electrons or protons.
 Calorie is the unit of quality of heat
A calorie is a unit of energy, specifically used to measure heat energy.
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
In dietary terms, we use kilocalories (kcal) — where 1 kcal = 1000 calories — but it still measures energy, not diet or food itself
 The SI unit of heat is the joule (J).
Heat is a form of energy
And the joule is the standard unit for energy in the International System of Units (SI).
For instance, 1 joule of heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 0.24°C.
 A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference (voltage) across two points in a circuit.
It is connected in parallel with the component whose voltage is being measured.
 Red light rays have the lowest frequency and highest wavelength value.
Blue or violet light has the shortest wavelength.
 Electric power: Rate of energy transfer.
It is measured in watts (W), or one joule per second.
Energy/Work: Measured in joules (J).
Charge: Measured in coulombs (C).
Pressure: Measured in pascals (Pa).
Electric current: Measured in amperes (A).
Electric resistance: Measured in ohms (Ω).
Temperature: Measured in kelvin (K).
Torque: Measured in newton metres (N m).
Velocity: Measured in meters per second (m/s).
Acceleration: Measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).
 The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy commonly used to measure electricity consumption.
It represents the amount of energy used when a device with a power rating of 1 kilowatt operates for 1 hour.
Energy/Work: Measured in joules (J).
Charge: Measured in coulombs (C).
Pressure: Measured in pascals (Pa).
Electric current: Measured in amperes (A).
Electric resistance: Measured in ohms (Ω).
Temperature: Measured in kelvin (K).
Torque: Measured in newton metres (N m).
Velocity: Measured in meters per second (m/s).
Acceleration: Measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).
 The power of the lens is the reciprocal of focal length.
The SI unit is dioptre.
Dioptre (D)
Power of lens = 1/ focal length in meter.
 The physical quantity "impulse" has the same dimensions as that of Momentum
Impulse is defined as Force × Time (F × t), and its unit is Ns (Newton-second).
Momentum is Mass × Velocity (m × v), which also has the unit Ns, meaning both have the same dimensions.
 Fathom is the unit of measurement of depth
Fathom is used to measure the depth of water or the length of a nautical rope or cable.
A fathom is six feet, or 1.8288 meters.
 Noise pollution/intensity is measured in decibels (dB), which quantifies sound level or loudness.
Higher decibel levels indicate louder noise, with prolonged exposure above 85 dB potentially causing hearing damage.

 The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (represented as Pa)

in SI base units, one kilogram per meter per second squared (N/m2 or kg m-1s-2)
Definition of Pressure: Pressure can be defined as the force acting per unit area.
***
The SI unit of energy/work is the joule (J)
The SI unit of charge is Coulomb
The Pascal is the SI-derived unit of pressure

The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current.

The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.

The SI unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω).
The SI unit of temperature as per the International System of Units is Kelvin
Unit of torque: newton metre (N m)
The SI unit of velocity is a meter per second (m/s).

The SI unit of acceleration is meters/second2 (m/s2)

 The unit of measurement for inductance is the henry (H).
It is the International System of Units (SI) unit.
The henry is named after Joseph Henry, the physicist who independently discovered inductance.
 A stone is a unit of which measurement weight
The use of "stone" as a weight unit is less common today but still used in certain contexts.
A stone is a unit of mass measurement in the British and English imperial systems.
It is equal to 14 avoirdupois pounds, or about 6.35 kilograms.
The symbol for stone is st.
 The SI unit of force is the Newton, symbol N.
The base units relevant to force are:

1. The metre, unit of length — symbol m

2. The kilogram, unit of mass — symbol kg
3. The second, unit of time — symbol s

 Radioactivity measured by which device Geiger counter

Antoine Henri Becquerel was an engineer, physicist, Nobel laureate,

First person to discover evidence of radioactivity.
He belonged to France.

 The SI is made up of 7 base units

that define the 22 derived units with special names and symbols, which are illustrated in NIST SP 1247, SI Base Units
Relationship Poster.
  Fresh milk has a pH value of 6.7.
Bacteria from the family of Lactobacillaceae are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) responsible for the breakdown of the lactose in milk
to form lactic acid.
 Tape speed is measured in inch per second.
 In SI unit of Time Picosecond is equal to 10^-12: Picosecond (ps)

10^-6: Microsecond (μs)

10^-9: Nanosecond (ns)
10^-3: Millisecond (ms)
10^-18: Attosecond (as)
10^-15: Femtosecond (fs)
10^-21: Zeptosecond (zs)
10^-24: Yoctosecond (ys)
 What is the energy formed due to waterfall potential and kinetic energy
At the top of the waterfall, energy is stored in the form of gravitational potential energy
but when it falls, it gets converted from potential to kinetic energy
 Potential energy due to the object's height above the Earth is converted to kinetic energy as it falls
Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit area.
In the Imperial system, pressure is commonly measured in Pounds per Square Inch (PSI).
This is a widely used unit of pressure in engineering, physics, and many other fields.
Other common units of pressure include:

 Atmospheres (atm)
 Bars
 Pascals (Pa)
 Torr

 Lactometer is used for milk

A lactometer is an instrument that is used to check for the purity of milk by measuring its density.

lactometer works on the principle of gravity of milk.

 The SI Unit of Capacitance of capacitor is called
A farad (F) is the standard unit of capacitance (C) in the International System of Units (SI).
The SI unit of energy/work is the joule (J)
The SI unit of charge is Coulomb
The Pascal is the SI-derived unit of pressure

 The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current.

The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
The SI unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω).
The SI unit of temperature as per the International System of Units is Kelvin
Unit of torque: newton metre (N m)
The SI unit of velocity is a meter per second (m/s).

The SI unit of acceleration is meters/second2 (m/s2)

 The unit for measuring liquid is the liter.
It is the standard metric unit used to measure the volume of liquids.
 The cell constant is a measure used in conductivity measurements and is defined as the ratio of the distance between the
electrodes to the area of the electrodes.
Its unit is cm⁻¹ (inverse centimeters), which reflects the geometric configuration of the cell used in measuring conductivity.
 Light emitting diode is a 2 lead semiconductor device .
 Electric flux is measured in Coulombs C, and surface area is measured in square meters (m2).
The SI unit of electric flux density is coulomb per square meters (C/m2).

 The symbol of the SI unit Kelvin is K.

It is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units.
It is used to measure thermodynamic temperature.

 These six quantities (length, mass, electric current, time, intensity of light, and amount of substance) are the
fundamental base quantities in the International System of Units (SI).
They are the basic building blocks of the SI system and are used to define all other quantities.

 The International System of Units (SI) is a modern metric system that defines the units of measurement for base
quantities.
Such as length, mass, time, current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
The SI system was established in 1960 and is widely used across the world as a standardized system of measurement.

 The unit of electric resistance is Ohms (Ω).

Ohms measure the opposition to the flow of electric current.
It represented by the symbol "R" in equations, such as R=V/I.

 The Second is the SI unit of time.

It is defined as 9,192,631,770 periods of a caesium-133 atom's radiation.

 The Second is a fundamental unit of time in the International System of Units (SI).

It is one of the seven base units that are used to derive all other units.

 The unit of pressure equal to 1 newton per square meter (N/m2) is called a Pascal (Pa).

It is named after French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal.

 Weight is measured in newton

Weight is a force.

The unit of measurement for force is the Newton (N).

 The SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb)

The Weber is commonly expressed in Volt-seconds
And a flux density of one Wb/m2 (one Weber per square meter) is one Tesla (T)
  At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit equal
The formulas for converting between degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit are:
To find the temperature when both are equal, we use an old algebra trick and just set ºF = ºC and solve one of the
equations.

°C = (°C * 9/5) + 32
°C – (°C * 9/5) = 32
-4/5 * °C = 32
°C = -32 * 5/4
°C = -40

°F = (°F * 9/5) + 32
°F – (°F * 9/5) = 32
-4/5 * °F = 32
°F = -32 * 5/4
°F = -40
So the temperature when both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are the same is -40 degrees.

 The formula for resistance is R = V/I.

This formula is derived from Ohm's law,
which states that the electrical resistance of a circuit is the ratio between the voltage applied to the current flowing through it
 Units of capacitance are equivalent to
 (SI) of capacitance is equivalent to 1 coulomb per volt (C/V).
 The farad (symbol: F) is the unit of electrical capacitance

Basic electrical quantity unit.

Quantity Unit

Capacitance Farad

Charge Coulomb

Conductance Siemens

Current Ampere

Energy Joule

Power
Cassiterite(an ore)
 SI unit of power = watt (W).
Cusec  an ore of tin
A watt is equal to one joule of work done per second.  also called tinstone and has molecular formula of
 a unit to measure the amount of water released from the SnO2.
1 watt reservoir.
= 1 joule per second  heavy, metallic, hard tin dioxide that is the major
 Cubic
Named after isJames
a measure
Watt of flow rate, ore of tin.
 short form for cubic feet per second.
 generally used to measure the flow rate.
 1 Cusec is equal to 28.317 litres

Bar

 A Bar is system international unit to measure pressure

 The bar is a metric unit of pressure, but not part of the International System of Units (SI).
 Bar is defined as 100,000 Pa (100 kPa)
 SI Unit

 There are 22 named SI-derived units.

Some, like Newton and the joule, are named for prominent scientists.
But many others — like area and volume — are simply labeled with the algebraic relationship of
their base units!

 Power of a Lens= 1/focal length

 The SI unit of volume is the cubic meter (m3), which is a derived unit. 1 m3 = 1 m • 1 m • 1 m.
 The SI unit of energy/work is the joule (J)
 The SI unit of charge is Coulomb
 The Pascal is the SI-derived unit of pressure
 The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current.
 The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
 The SI unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω).
 The SI unit of temperature as per the International System of Units is Kelvin
 Unit of torque: newton metre (N m)
 The SI unit of velocity is a meter per second (m/s).
 The SI unit of acceleration is meters/second2 (m/s2)

Pascal

 The SI unit of viscosity is the pascal

second (Pa·s) or kg·m−1·s−1.
 Common symbols: η, μ
 Derivations from other quantities: μ = G·t

Mass(M)
 unit = kg
 The Metric System of Measurements uses the mass units: gram (g), kilogram (kg), and tonne (t). 1000 g = 1
kg. 1000 kg = 1 tonne.
 Mass was first defined in 1795
 Tesla (T)

 The tesla is the SI unit of magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B-field strength)
 One tesla is equal to one Weber per square meter.
 Named after Nikola Tesla

Acceleration

 SI unit of acceleration = meters/second^2 (m/s^2 or ms^-2)

 Acceleration (a) = the rate of change of velocity.
 Velocity is a vector quantity, and therefore acceleration is also a vector quantity.
 SI unit of velocity = ms^-1 and m/s.

Common symbols v, v, v→, v

Kilo watt hour

 1Kw = 1000w

the Formula for Calculating Watts Into Kilowatt-Hours: kWh = (watts × hrs) ÷ 1,000.
Kilowatt-hour is the unit of ENERGY.
Watt or Kilowatt is the unit of power.
Kilowatt-hour (KWh) is a unit of Electrical Energy.
We know that, Power×time=Energy

⇒ Kilo-Watt×Hour=Energy

1KWh is electrical energy consumed when an electrical equipment of power 1 KiloWatt

is operated for 1 Hour.

Length (I)
 SI unit of length = M
 In the metric system, the SI unit of length is a meter which is
defined as: “The length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum within 1⁄299792458 seconds.”

Silica

Silica is most commonly found in nature as sand or quartz, as well as in the cell walls of
diatoms.
chemical formula of SiO2

Joule (J)

 scalar quantity.
 SI base units: kg⋅m2⋅s−2
 joule, a unit of work or energy in the International System of Units (SI)
 Joule is equal to the work done by the force of one newton acting through one
meter.
 Named in honor of the English physicist James Prescott Joule
 Joule equals 107 ergs or approximately 0.7377 foot-pounds.
Torque

 Unit of torque: newton metre (N m)

Torque is a vector quantity.
The direction of the torque vector depends on the direction of the force on the axis

Watt

 1 watt = J/s
Watts are defined as 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second (1W = 1 J/s)
1 kW = 1000 J/s.
SI Unit of power is Watt.
1 Watt = 1 Joule/second.
1 Joule = 1 Newton-meter
1 Watt = 1 Newton=meter/second

Temperature
 SI unit of temperature = Kelvin (K)
 Celsius is currently a derived unit for temperature in the SI system, Kelvin is the base unit.

Dubson

 unit to measure the quantity of Ozone in the atmosphere

 the most common unit for measuring ozone concentration
 named after Gordon Dobson, in the 1920s built the first instrument to measure total ozone
from the ground
 The stratospheric ozone layer is Earth's “sunscreen” protecting living things from too
much ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
 Oxygen layer in the atmosphere
 Ozone O3 protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun.
 The ozone layer lies approximately 15-40 kilometers (10-25 miles) above the Earth's surface,
in the stratosphere.
 The ozone layer is depleting by Air pollution
 There is a hole in the Ozone layer at South Pole
 Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen which plays an important role in absorbing ultra-violet
radiation of the sun.
 A hygrometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of water vapor in air, in soil, or in
confined spaces.

Silver
 a chemical element, symbol Ag, atomic number 47
 Atomic radius: empirical: 144 pm
 Crystal structure: face-centered cubic (fcc)

Nitrogen (N)

 chemical element with atomic number 7.

 a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table
Boiling point: -195.8 °C
Discoverer: Daniel Rutherford
Melting point: -210 °C

Reflexes
 Reflexes in which the impulses are sent straight to brain called voluntary action.
 When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called voluntary action.
 It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running.
 Sound

 Solids are packed together tighter than liquids and gases, hence sound travels
fastest in solids
 Sound can not travel through vaccum

Light year

 The distance light travels in one year is known as light year.

 Light year is used to measure what Distance
 Light year is a unit of distance.
 1 light year is equal to 9.5 x 10¹²km.
 Light year refers to speed of light expressed in miles per year

(it is about ten trillion kilometers or six trillion miles).

Light year is a unit of distance.

ectrons in a wire.

NaCL+H2O = sodium hydroxide and Hydrochloric acid

Sodium chloride is react with water molecule to form the products are called
sodium hydroxide and Hydrochloric acid.

mean, distance between Earth and the Sun,

th and Sun.

Momentum

 In Newtonian mechanics, mo
al Energy.
 vector quantity, possessing
lo-Watt×Hour=Energy
en an electrical equipment of power 1 KiloWatt is

Speed
 The rate of change of positi
 measured as the ratio of dis
r forming: a colony.
Ohm law
These colonies are called coenobium.
 The current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, is known as
Ohm's law
 Ohm's law, description of the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. Californ
 The amount of steady current through a large number of materials is directly proportional to the potential
difference, or voltage, across the materials. 

Electric lines
Electric Field Intensity
 The e
 Electric Field Intensity(E) is a vector quantity.  Elect
 Formula: Electric Field E= F/q. where F = force and q = small test charge they

 The u
 Unit of E is NC-1.

 The electric field intensity at any point is the strength of the electric field at the point.
Radioactivity
 The unit of radioactivity
is curie
 1 curie = 3.7x10^10
radioactive decays per
second [exactly].
 1 becquerel = 1
radioactive decay per