[Link].

com
naU+ rmun hiod
1Hyg91400337
PERMEABILIL
Penmeahili is olhnd o s asiliy 4 the nudi unm o hen nat s ew of
Maid Aiaougnt.i iwtLOnAALtd votda
Venmeabilia04 0se eylaned Ail is ohserled to he conpanatials
hom he_Þesuahili t n 9Aakmd_oilr

ype o Sot K(Cmsu)_

Tawed
Somd I to 103
Srlt to to jo
Slo7

Swac anAa Aen'stanu to ow 2 beumrabiuy f

Yonmeakoil i s a l v teanmed an yonaulic- cmduurti vi

on's law As_per acy's lauw, lominas low n satusatd

unt oma s dirct ly_roptNonal tohydraulle_giaolent

H-GL pno miit Swa

H
thon vaK

uwhens hyonaulic hond lony.( )-HT*"

v-xi ahto HH L L
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AmLabiüy cam alo be deined on e anuys law an he at o {tvw

thhvuh the_Medium ei uuut anea Und e wwit hydaaulie nadteat

wndlen Unit
Note-0 Kate ofow_thaough hi medium
Trammi sn biy
bhy daaulic adin is enid on
T r a m mlmbiiby
CothiA

K. amd
T
bd
T Kd m/mlsee)
Ary's law snot vald for w r an Llow hough Gramen
Snot lanuna amo s nbulmf. For lann'nan Plow cnditoa

The veLouyofod Cwaioned abow is Ths awenasg veleul

d'sclarg velecity an low ls aruLd ~otake lace
houghoud t ana h e Cil maam But in achual
,Low
taxblau though Thi inte conneeins votó, (ra o which
JS rMuuh lem tham total ana othe sDi Hencs seebage veloriy
Ck actia elodky of fow Is nuuc neaten hon awg elsi

QEAv= hy: V A Av

A J A

**
Hv

-
V's AL A amunme l= L)
V AvL vLa
--

Vs V
[Link]
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V.w
V

mS<||

aimo = olhicdent of pereolation.

o Factors alatmg poneabiuy -------

KE Modiunm_jropeathies, uid_jropenttes

K_d

Highe demik pnfcdeane denob4_packed all_hatder an

sle D pam thhcugh_Same NLA than that _whtth ansdootely
Parked
Dequ of Satukahlon ST KT_higher is uhe olegru
[Link] is Zhahea
oabili ef. ths. mdium aslimu is the &eistance offenrd
by Th ay_ or_is_the awailahili of tha ana fo wat

K Enranbed qasu HEghehis the Ane o ntYahhed qaA

Aove_ithi bea Meahi lits e the nmndiw
a highen istas.. i s t a a able zo h ftow ofwakel e
[Link] _0ata flew dough the vuc
 [Link]

9891400337

innunihe,
Ka orugn Inmhunith igha i hu e n e of froigm_
oweis ths enmeakilly ofIhe_nasdium.®
heistance a the flow ofAluid
awailahle do
anhighan is th
Le is dhe awallaki kty o a t a o fhud
fo flow tIuough th
medium

Ku Bdsorbed wate, Hughen s the farernu of adiorbed wata,

oweis the henmeakiu& o tAL medunn a r
2hs awaulalikky af aneA r Mavity waty o low fhroy E)
_Hueefis_qenenally eonndenLd that
JAo1oY m Jhi Lca a
Void hadto eths [Link] b o n fhi rrrence
adk hedL (e= eo:)

K y e Cahion agdsarbeot oUe the uneal conplux- Tbe of the

Cat on

aclsor hed ve ha Funeal Compiy aw afets the_hemeahilEE

0 [Link] follows-
N nLducer_he
fer Montmorilenite K<Ng<He Ca peamiahiily
Kaolintte g K Ca H
whuauelen weailily s gd Aetl is trated u
9odaum
Note- Sooium ay aw fond o hawe vey Jovw benmeahi i heneu
ay mstruehon, esneaiuk o se rduced
i t is trated wth Jodium wates_
Cemtros imp wtour_Cere eanfhon do

K Stfruutune of eil- Suctunal vaniatioms afet he perueahilly i

Laimed Sa o eaten exlent than
CDarse aimed Avil:
 [Link]
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9n ratited oila maIKed vaniattom n pennmean i is obsemnd in

he diyuhom osedding pkame:amd penpendiuulon o ho beddimq
plome
Genenatky awenagepenmeahitl poatlU fo tta beddiug plane
isobsRAed o be aeate Ahn a g peneamli by L to ho bedldiuce

lam KKz
Care)_Hvenage)anneahri ib_pCnullel Zo beddnmp plane

, V2 1, k

**

For _wnit wdith

utat_2t.

wiwrtthr

Ki A Ki2*

mkn TAn Kn Z

Kn 1 Zn

TKn
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th
i s same Aice i s sanne(H-H,) olo or not dthed uhon
it is the net Aad awai lahle dus to whin w a t is
medrwu
town

Car-() Avenage_penme ailiy_peapendiulan to beddiung plane

H-H

Total
hiad lox H HtHtH,1
w, . H= iz 2 Z, +Z2 t - -

+Zn z
Omd H:
2 h=,22 H ainZ
wnd
Kn 2n

fs2 2 +2
Kz - -
4 Kn
n
[Link]
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9K=l,Ka 2, Ka 3, 222 723

I 2+ k2 Z2 t k3 23 I+2t3
then Kx
Zt22t 73 1+1+

Zt 2t 3
6

KK2 wtuh isatwuys tour

Penmeahiklk debemoly uhon both, medium_joropeher amd fluid

repeshter hen_it_Comnof be umed or the amalyrs tUD diount
midduwI mn TAUD cfnent luidh aaslowing
ths hunpose amofhes pananuntes termad a 0ehdnt
o
mtrinsilc hmaJrilky ACoAhident e_ahsolute penrurahiGy is.
EARd Cunich dupeo onlyubon he Muedium opeAfHes:

iounn 1Yopehes)
K
Ko K

2
wwts o K K9 N-S-m = M

ie m, m, ancy

1 Bany : 9.0? x1o

****
 [Link]..com
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etermination Penmahily Yomoahi y com be defined by amu

-- --
o haoUowin mthooo

ABORATORY METHOD
(a2 Comtamt head mthod
head method
C6) falling
(C) Capnt Llasiy_pemahiik mehod

TeLD
FTeLD ME THOD
(a Puming OuF muthod
Cb Yunmhuing nMefhod

AHlen Ha zen method

tii) TNDIRECT METHOD Ca
ChKoney Kannmams tthood
CC2 oudenda methood
d Tehzaghi's_uthod
C Comriolahon mlthoo

Ca) Comtant heod Metvod-

H
This_mthod s multable for he

teting oCatom Coame

Aained
Ma
wbstanttal disehargg am be
obtaintdin giwntinu
PERMEA METER)
S n thin mudhod uwatea is alloused to flow tocush the Soil samuplt
nde he Lontamd. Jand and the a o wats eollectra on C
gÅvon ~iwe isroted sind h e penueasilky of the geil edtun
 [Link]
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Vetu collcted im_ivn timLt

i
Kn own nofed )
S Dancy's Las, KLA
KiA -htr--_H
L
Cnotumt)
K VL L H- end undn whih {aw is
tHA alleweó do toxe plou s
alm Knoum

----*

Cb) Falling Head Method Thin mthodis Mutahleor fu 4anad

Aoila whih comtumt had muthod
& is nat wrd
9n wa mMethod , a Atamd hpeof Kneum_a s nuted U
ample t h e milo be fetdand wates is alloued to fow threugh
-

Ihe we ohe uwakea Atamd pa_at dirnnt tme intiNalr

*******

s moted in de to fndiseweali li.

et at omy hme Uel_ watu inatand hipe be undes
thflow s s fak mgpla
---

****

Aischanng thhoush stamd péhe in tine dt

0
Stoma t dq anAa x yelou
adh -ve Sinee
2 1 haad is cdeorean
Soil mamwhih Com he iven by
h hh
Aaey's a)
a-dh Kif
hh
K.A
dh. KAtt-

-- --
 [Link]
9891400337
t
n h X.A. t

-m(hh) K (-ti)
whone 7-t-ti
al
303toq kA
6
303aL tg
At

W
Note 9in given tim wel ofh_wats m stamd -bibe fallr fronm
h o b nd in Somue tinu t,tfealtr kom h o h; then
hhrhs
Ihe ab0ve amalyns is wredLzo check he cswmistene the sesults
faimad duniinq powanc tha test

k: .303 og ih 303 al l
At KA
atro, t 303at tug,
kA

Joy,

hg
****
 [Link]
SOm Ordvto w uefhool
9891400337
(C) Cahillanity eAwabylily Tent Thin tet is alno e d an Horiaontul
CahiUandh tot
9n thin tut, a þanthaly Satuhatd amho of. sil is flasrd inid a
ylindhical tuhe c dlt'a 4 cm omd hi 3Scm amd wat is allewed
d low rugh if nde he Comtan iad ahhlred at tha i'nlet
wue the eh end of the pihe ds Ka ohn fo fhe ofmosplinr in
des to_allow he alean h alr rrent m_h &vi sanmpl.
The_ol oditanu ratlled by awate h e S o Sannhleat difhorud
time imkuvalrd notod n orde to find thi hennueahilty amd
capillani hoad n he Coi Sannb
AD _UNRNuMA AthL hesorwarnes o thi tent
JuD Ses 0 5 s vation taKe

onttattysatunaths
air rha

Tktsis not wrd w tet, vutq-

urdxstartip
x'
o k ornm tou Fdstamee ravelled by urafea be

V
U_Ki_ fuly_satenatid)
V:K i(fex pazhially satral)
hydhaulie hd toev
mgfh of (lo
hat a_ont A_h
 [Link]
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_h. Note)
had at pount
. on amlichad toET A-h hthc

h the
V
Non rom S
Scw _ho the
d

S d K,hothc)! dt

t
Krhothe)tt
( K{hethe) (ta-tj

(Eati) hothe
w wnknow ane Fhnl Ku amd he So uwe take
tuo huddings ainitial had ho, amd hog Omd then find
both Ku omd
Ku d Ks (-z)n S
(arbu) 2 (hath) Eah 2/ha t )
at poin waten melarule a ponk wate motuule
s ushad uad ho i hulled duo to
Canilany tmom

&o head hel

.
 [Link]
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Tent;- Thore Aents am Suitahle

ii ftelol Meho d (a amhing Out
fr Aag ana a/ intluen
tho udium
n which wateA is beimq punhtd out rom
i des v find ik_ PAmeakoilitij

(A) Tube well m nconfinedaquifen

Theinn's huon
Duhuit's Thioy
K(H-ho) TK(Hh2)
2303w 2:303 T
:303 w 303 L0gno

360 SK|( m)

(6 Tube well im Conined aquileh

Auhui t's thao Theenm's theony

Q:
3 KD (Hho) Q KD/hh)

K KE 303 Qlz
D (Hh) 2a-D-har)
 [Link]
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h umbuw n est Thn ets are Suutablefor sall anr ot

mflune n whith wates isunnhd unto i
to fnd its
the Ldt um nd es_he_Cnatant head im nden

unhing fet cam be_pufornaed y am e the toowing methodh

)Obem nd s t Sn thin fet, am abn end hipe is tenhedmto

th Medium u he_tofed amd oil is a k n out
Om_it
m wafe hawn . the ~emba atuns M t_ieateA Ron that
the nound wat is then_umhedinto the uell unde
Comtamt hiadwi he hilh o dlscharge mionuniung duiu
fo note i e honnueailkt an fotows-

K.=55 T

kqdhaullc hiod
(datun head + prmne head)

do anli had Mne m_ Cam afem beueabli Svila, wue

ay haMe to rBtd mue

teat Jn thi tut pe hlug ged, at the bottom

Omdorated ves it_utau by tes
distae_ om bottomiS Munkd ntd he ediu
Omd hi Soil_is rumovnd hom_ihe_hibe watu isihen
allowrd
do Ho into ha muclium Umdu the Lomstamt head n drde
tnote mai koj qven by
[Link]
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9fL2l0A

ILh

SL S]02.

nh
h on aulic head DYOvidd.
Pg
Mehod (Indtreet Methodr)
-

Emhi'nical

(0)HI Hazen Mihod- K CD es)

he Do is m Cm

C Te gaghi's Mthool

De * mot tht ftetetse srgotED

D e 1 she uutive size t h e phenical pasticle whose atto of

Volume/ Snface ama) S Same aa that af qevem pantfcle.

V Note- S : TD,
SA4- S A

V De D6V
SA 6 e SA
 [Link]
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(C)K02NY-Kaoman's Method-

K de3/
K 1te

K Ko3mey -

Kannmoms A8mtamt

Speehiewace aueA

K
STte
- -. -.

Ld) udin's Method-

oaCk S) =atb7
O amdbane_ natoms
Omd pon

(e) Conacltdatin Method

(ems)
whou C wiu t o_Conmthdahon (cs)

u n i t wt watu N/em- **

*** -

. - . - -
 [Link]
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Note- 9 the bontids is ot hlheni ca amd it_paru hsough_steue s

ond is rtaind _0V_Sture o e thn speeih'e
Swo used
n Kogzney Karnmnan's " )

R_napiltanib heemnahiuly fet, wotu is alloued do flow

Ihsough he oil Aammhs-. n d e hs omtont hiad ep.

b0Cn m d 1Go Co ehechively mtwo tag wrough the

Soi Sambl Jo the Yst Stagk, the uuted Sunpacs evrd
Tovn to tCm
minuts: amd i Secwnd staq
Med-em im_d4 m'nutes ihe
deae [Link] noxcaane 05T7and 3s7
nd , amd ne he &oil Sahle
----

rm- K t-r

Stage- K 1s2 3Sx 0:@S

o-993 D
60
+he
2 [Link]}
Staas-2 18s9203S 0'0S 819S
24 219the 160the

09934 01S
*** **
6othe 90the
29 12to:99 3y he l09-0S +/810h,
* * *****

63Cmnt
* ***

amd C mi'nute
-K E--E867s x1o