Ja-Ela Road, Gampaha
Tel: 074 014 3821 | 071 430 7791
Instructor: Inushi Liyanage ([Link]. Sp (Hons) in IT)
Programming
Programming means writing instructions for a computer to follow. These instructions are written
using high-level programming languages such as Python. Programs help computers complete tasks
step by step.
High-level languages:
• Are easy to read and write
• Are portable (work on many systems)
• Need a translator (interpreter or compiler)
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
An IDE is used to write, run and test programs.
An IDE includes:
• Code editor
• Error messages
• Debugger
• Run/execute options
Example IDE for Python: IDLE
1 Topic 8
Programming
Ja-Ela Road, Gampaha
Tel: 074 014 3821 | 071 430 7791
Instructor: Inushi Liyanage ([Link]. Sp (Hons) in IT)
Variables, Constants & Data Types
Variable Declaration (Pseudocode)
Examples:
Pseudocode requires variables to be declared DECLARE Age : INTEGER
before use.
DECLARE Name : STRING
Format:
DECLARE Price : REAL
DECLARE <variableName> : <dataType>
DECLARE Flag : BOOLEAN
Constants
Constants store values that do not change.
Pseudocode Python
CONSTANT PI ← 3.142 PI = 3.142 # Python uses capital letters by
convention
Input and Output
Pseudocode Python
INPUT Name name = input("Enter your name: ")
OUTPUT "Your name is ", Name print("Your name is", name)
String Handling
Required string methods:
• length – count characters
• substring – extract part of string
• upper – uppercase
• lower – lowercase
2 Topic 8
Programming
Ja-Ela Road, Gampaha
Tel: 074 014 3821 | 071 430 7791
Instructor: Inushi Liyanage ([Link]. Sp (Hons) in IT)
Pseudocode Examples Python Examples
LENGTH("Computer Science") len("Computer Science")
SUBSTRING("Computer Science", 10, 7) "Computer Science"[9:16]
UPPER("hello") "hello".upper()
LOWER("HELLO") "HELLO".lower()
Operators
Arithmetic Operators
• – * / ** DIV MOD
Python Examples: Boolean Operators
a+ b • AND
• OR
a-b
• NOT
a* b
Python:
a/ b
x and y
a ** b
x or y
a // b # integer division (DIV)
not x
a% b # remainder (MOD)
Selection (IF Statements)
Pseudocode Python
IF age > 18 THEN if age > 18:
OUTPUT "Adult" print("Adult")
ELSE else:
OUTPUT "Child" print("Child")
ENDIF
3 Topic 8
Programming
Ja-Ela Road, Gampaha
Tel: 074 014 3821 | 071 430 7791
Instructor: Inushi Liyanage ([Link]. Sp (Hons) in IT)
Loops (Iteration)
1. FOR Loop (Count-controlled)
Pseudocode
FOR Counter ← 1 TO 5 Python
OUTPUT Counter for counter in range(1, 6):
NEXT print(counter)
2. REPEAT…UNTIL Loop (Post-condition)
Pseudocode
REPEAT
INPUT Mark
UNTIL Mark = -1
(Python does not have REPEAT loops.)
3. WHILE Loop (Pre-condition)
Pseudocode
INPUT Mark Python
WHILE Mark <> -1 DO mark = int(input("Enter mark (-1 to stop): "))
INPUT Mark while mark != -1:
ENDWHILE mark = int(input("Enter mark (-1 to stop):
"))
4 Topic 8
Programming
Ja-Ela Road, Gampaha
Tel: 074 014 3821 | 071 430 7791
Instructor: Inushi Liyanage ([Link]. Sp (Hons) in IT)
Procedures and Functions
Procedures
Do a task but do not return a value.
Pseudocode: Python:
PROCEDURE Welcome() def welcome():
OUTPUT "Welcome!" print("Welcome!")
ENDPROCEDURE
Functions
Do a task and return a value.
Pseudocode: Python:
FUNCTION AddNumbers(a, b) def add_numbers(a, b):
RETURN a + b return a + b
ENDFUNCTION
Arrays (1D Arrays)
Array Declaration (Pseudocode) Python Equivalent
DECLARE Marks : ARRAY[1:10] OF INTEGER
Assigning Values: Python uses lists instead of arrays.
Marks[1] ← 56 marks = [56, 72, 88, 45]
Marks[2] ← 72 Accessing items:
print(marks[0])
5 Topic 8
Programming
Ja-Ela Road, Gampaha
Tel: 074 014 3821 | 071 430 7791
Instructor: Inushi Liyanage ([Link]. Sp (Hons) in IT)
Two-Dimensional Arrays (2D Arrays)
A 2D array is an array of arrays. It stores data in rows and columns, like a table.
Purpose of 2D Arrays
Used for:
• Timetables
• Seating plans
• Matrices
• Storing marks of multiple students in multiple subjects
2D Array Declaration (Pseudocode)
DECLARE Marks : ARRAY[1:3, 1:4] OF 2D Arrays in Python
INTEGER
Python represents 2D arrays using lists of
Assigning a value: lists.
Marks[2, 3] ← 75 // Student 2, Subject 3 Declaration Example
Accessing values: marks = [
OUTPUT Marks[2, 3] [65, 70, 80, 75], # Student 1
[55, 60, 72, 68], # Student 2
[90, 85, 88, 92] # Student 3
Accessing data
print(marks[1][2]) # Student 2, Subject 3
Changing a value
marks[1][2] = 75
6 Topic 8
Programming
Ja-Ela Road, Gampaha
Tel: 074 014 3821 | 071 430 7791
Instructor: Inushi Liyanage ([Link]. Sp (Hons) in IT)
File Handling
Programs may need to save or load data.
Pseudocode Python
OPENFILE Students FOR READ file = open("[Link]", "r")
READ Record data = [Link]()
CLOSEFILE Students [Link]()
Writing
file = open("[Link]", "w")
[Link]("Hello")
[Link]()
7 Topic 8
Programming