Question Bank 2025-26 GIFT (Autonomous) Bhubaneswar

Digital Image Processing (BTEC-T-PE-501)

MODULE –4,5,6

SECTION-A Mar CO BT
ks L
1 1 Define image segmentation. 2 1 1
2 What is the main goal of image segmentation? 2 1 1
3 Name two basic criteria used for segmentation of an image. 2 1 1

4 What is thresholding in image segmentation? 2 1 1

5 Explain the concept of region-growing. 2 1 1

6 What is meant by discontinuity-based segmentation? 2 1 1

7 What is meant by similarity- based segmentation? 2 1 1
8 Why is image segmentation important in image analysis? 2 1

9 Mention one simple method of segmentation. 2 1

10 What is a segment in image segmentation context? 2 1 1

11 Define white noise. 2 1 1

12 What role does pixel connectivity play in segmentation? 2 1 1

13 What is the difference between thresholding and region-based 2 1 1

segmentation?
14 Define “region” in the context of image segmentation. 2 1 1

15 Why is impulse noise known as salt and pepper noise ? 2 1 1

16 State one application area of image segmentation. 2 1 1

17 What is the importance of edge detection in segmentation? 2 1 1

18 How does colour (or intensity) help in segmentation? 2 1 1

19 What is a “label” in segmentation terminology? 2 1 1

20 Mention one challenge faced by segmentation methods. 2 1 1

21 What is “region splitting and merging”? 2 1 1

22 Write the expression for degraded image in frequency domain ? 2 1 1

23 Mention different sources of image noise. 2 1 1

24 Define Arithmetic mean filter . 2 1 1

25 Define geometric mean filter . 2 1 1

Digital Signal Processing

 26 What is the usage of Arithmetic and geometric mean filter,and contra 2 1 1
harmonic filter ?
27 What is a median filter ? 2 1 1

28 Explain Alpha-trimmed mean filter 2 1 1

29 Explain trimmed mean filter with an example . 2 1 1

30 What is image segmentation ? 2 1 1

31 Write the applications of segmentation. 2 1 1

32 What is image denoising ? 2 1 1

33 Write the expression for degraded image in frequency domain ? 2 1 1

34 Mention different sources of image noise. 2 1 1

35 Define image noise. 2 1 1

36 Write the expression for degraded image in spatial domain ? 2 1 1

37 Define image compression. 2 1 1

38 Differentiate between lossy and lossless image compression. 2 1 1

39 What is run-length encoding (RLE) in image compression? 2 1 1

40 Name two popular lossy image compression formats. 2 1 1

41 What role does the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) play in JPEG 2 1 1
compression?
42 Explain entropy coding in image compression. 2 1 1

43 What is quantization in the context of image compression? 2 1 1

44 How does vector quantization differ from scalar quantization? 2 1 1

45 What is Morphological Image Processing? 2 1 1

46 Define dilation in morphology. 2 1 1

47 Define erosion in morphology. 2 1 1

48 What is the purpose of opening in morphological processing? 2 1 1

49 What is the purpose of closing in morphological processing? 2 1 1

50 Differentiate between opening and closing. 2 1 1

51 What is a structuring element in morphology? 2 1 1

52 Explain the hit-or-miss transform. 2 1 1

53 What is the importance of morphological gradient? 2 1 1

54 How is a top-hat transform used in morphology? 2 1 1

Digital Signal Processing

 55 What is color image processing? 2 1 1

56 What is a color model? 2 1 1

57 Name three common color models used in digital images. 2 1 1

58 Explain the YCbCr color model. 2 1 1

59 Why is color image processing important? 2 1 1

60 What is color segmentation in image processing? 2 1 1

61 What is the purpose of color transformation? 2 1 1

62 What is chrominance in the context of color models? 2 1 1

63 What is the RGB color model? 2 1 1

6 What is the HSV color model used for? 2 1 1

4
65 What is image recognition? 2 1 1

66 Differentiate between image recognition and image classification. 2 1 1

67 What is a feature in image recognition? 2 1

68 What role does a feature extractor play in image recognition? 2 1

69 Name two popular algorithms used in image recognition. 2 1 1

70 Explain the purpose of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in 2 1 1

image recognition.
71 What is a training dataset in image recognition? 2 1 1

72 What is the purpose of object detection in image recognition? 2 1 1

73 Define pattern recognition in the context of image processing. 2 1 1

74 What is template matching in image recognition? 2 1 1

75 What is a binary image? 2 1 1

76 What is a Black and White image? 2 1 1

77 What is pattern recognition? 2 1 1

78 What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised 2 1 1

pattern recognition?.

79 Define a classifier in the context of pattern recognition. 2 1 1

80 What is a feature vector? 2 1 1

81 What is template matching in pattern recognition?. 2 1 1

Digital Signal Processing
 82 Explain the concept of clustering in pattern recognition. 2 1 1

83 What is the purpose of feature extraction in pattern recognition? 2 1 1

84 Define Euclidean distance in the context of pattern recognition. 2 1 1

85 What is a decision boundary in pattern recognition? 2 1 1

recognition?
86 What role does dimensionality reduction play in pattern? 2 1 1

87 Given a binary image with an object represented by the set 2 1 1

A={(2,2),(2,3),(3,2),(3,3)} and a structuring element B={(0,0),(0,1),
(1,0),(1,1)}.Find the result of dilation A⊕B
88 Given an image set A={(2,2),(2,3),(3,2),(3,3),(4,2)} and a 2 1 1
structuring element B={(0,0),(1,0)}. Perform erosion A⊖B
89 For a binary image set A={(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3)} and 2 1 1
structuring element B={(0,0),(0,1)}, calculate the boundary of A
using morphological gradient, defined as (A⊕B)−(A⊖B)
90 Given an uncompressed grayscale image with dimensions 256 × 256 2 1 1
pixels and 8 bits per pixel, calculate the size of the uncompressed
image in bytes.
91 An image is compressed from 100 KB to 25 KB. Calculate the 2 1 1
compression ratio.
92 An image has an original size of 200 KB and a compressed size of 2 1 1
40 KB. Calculate the percentage of size reduction.
93 If an image has a compression ratio of 5:1 and the original size was 2 1 1
500 KB, find the compressed file size.
94 A color image has dimensions of 128 × 128 pixels with 24 bits per 2 1 1
pixel. Calculate the uncompressed file size of the image in kilobytes
(KB).
95 Convert an RGB color value (50, 100, 150) to the HSV color model. 2 1 1

96 A 256 × 256 color image has 8 bits for each of the R, G, and B 2 1 1
channels. Calculate the total number of bits required to store this
image.
97 Define image compression. 2 1 1

98 Differentiate between lossy and lossless image compression. 2 1 1

99 What is run-length encoding (RLE) in image compression? 2 1 1

10 Name two popular lossy image compression formats. 2 1 1

0
SECTION-B BT
L
1 Explain the concept of image compression. Differentiate between lossy and 4 1 2
lossless compression techniques with examples.
2 What is data redundancy? Explain three basic data redundancy? 4 1 2
3 Explain about Image compression model? 4 1 2

Digital Signal Processing

 4 Compare lossy and lossless compression. 4 1 2

5 Write short notes on lossy compression algorithms. 4 1 2

6 Explain in detail the threshold selection based on boundary characteristics 4 1 2

7 Explain the concept of Huffman coding and its application in image 4 1 2

compression.

8 What is the JPEG compression algorithm? Explain its working principle and 4 1 2
steps involved in image compression.
9 Perform erosion on the given image with the provided 3x3 square 4
structuring element.
Consider the following binary image (1s represent foreground, and 0s
represent background):

1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1
Structuring Element (3x3 Square):
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

1 Perform dilation on the given input image 4 1 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

1 Perform opening on the given image with the provided 3x3 square 4 1 2
1 structuring element. Consider the following binary image:
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
Structuring Element (3x3 Square):
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 Discuss the concepts of dilation and erosion, in morphological image 4 1 2
2 processing.

1 Discuss the concepts of opening and closing in morphological image 4 1 2

3 processing.

1 What are the different image recognition algorithms. Write short notes on 4 1 2
4 any one.
1 Explain different types of images. 4 1 2
5
Digital Signal Processing
 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of image compression? 4 1 2
6
1 What is the JPEG compression algorithm? 4 1 2
7
1 Write short notes on erosion, dilation, closing and opening. 4 1 2
8
1 Explain the different morphological operations. 4 1 2
9
2 Write short notes on morphological processing. 4 1 2
0
2 Explain the concept of Colour Models in Digital Image Processing. Discuss the 4 1 2
1 RGB color model in detail.

2 Explain the concept of Colour Models in Digital Image Processing. Discuss 4 1 2

2 the HSV color model in detail.

2 Explain the concept of Colour Models in Digital Image Processing. Discuss 4 1 2

3 the CMYK color model in detail.

2 Discuss the process of colour image enhancement. Explain Histogram 4 1 2

4 Equalization.

2 Write short notes on , Colour Histogram Stretching in the context of colour 4 1 2

5 images.
2 Write short notes on Contrast Adjustment in the context of colour images. 4 1 2
6
2 Explain the process of converting an RGB image to a grayscale image. Discuss 4 1 2
7 its applications in colour image processing.
2 Differentiate between supervised and unsupervised learning. 4 1 2
8
2 Given an image with the following details:The original uncompressed 4 1 2
9 image size is 10 [Link] applying a lossy compression technique, the
size of the compressed image is reduced to 2 MB.
i)Calculate the compression ratio for this image compression.
ii)What percentage of data reduction does this compression achieve?

3 Write few applications of image recognition. 4 1 2

0
3 Define Sharpening of image. Mention few applications of sharpening . 4
1
3 Explain smoothening filter ? 4
2
3 Explain sharpening filter ? 4
3
3 Apply Laplacian filter and advanced laplacian filter on the given image on 4
4 the center pixel :

8 5 4

2 4 7

Digital Signal Processing

 1 0 3

3 Explain the steps used for filtering in frequency domain. 4

5
3 Explain different types of filters used for image enhancement in frequency 4
6 domain.

3 What is meant by degradation functions? Explain the process of estimating the 4

7 degradation function
3 Compare smoothing & sharpening in frequency domain. 4
8
3 Write a short notes on a) Image restoration b) Image Degradation. 4
9
4 Draw the histogram of different types of noises. 4
0
4 Explain harmonic mean filter. 4
1
4 Write short notes on Geometric mean filter. 4
2
4 Explain contra- harmonic mean filter. 4
3
4 Explain different types of Order statistic filter used in image restoration. 4
4
4 What is periodic noise ? 4
5
4 Describe the source of noise for different types of noise. 4
6
4a. Explain image degradation model. 4
7
4 Explain detection of isolated points 4
8
4 What is meant by image restoration? Explain the image degradation 4
9 model

5 Explain the following. a) Minimum Mean square error filtering. b) Inverse 4

0 filtering

5 Apply region growing on the following image with initial point at (2,2) 4
1 and threshold value as [Link] 4 connectivity.

0 1 2 0

2 5 6 1

1 4 7 3

0 2 5 1

5 Mention different types of noise and their sources. 4

2
5 Explain order statistic filters. 4
Digital Signal Processing
 3

5 Assume that the image given is affected by Gaussian and impulse 4

4 noise. Identify the type of filter and apply on the image which removes
both noises.
4 0 4 9
4 1 8 8
1 1 6 6
1 0 5 6
1 1 5 6
5 Explain line detection. 4
5
5 What are the different types of edge detection kernels? 4
6
5 Explain thresholding. 4
7
5 Explain different types of threshoding. 4
8
5 Explain Global thresholding. 4
9
6 Explain Adaptive thresholding. 4
0
SECTION C 2
or
3
1 Explain the concept of Huffman coding and its application in image 6 1 3
compression.
2 Explain the concept of Arithmetic coding and its application in image 6 1 3
compression.
3 What is the JPEG compression algorithm? Explain its working principle 6 1 3
and steps involved in image compression.
4 Explain the different types of redundancy. 6 1 3

5 Given the following binary image and a 3x3 square structuring element, 6 1 3
perform the opening operation.
Input Image
1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1
Structuring Element (3x3 Square):
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

6 Given the following binary image and a 3x3 square structuring element, 6 1 3
perform the closing operation.
Input Image
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
Digital Signal Processing
 Structuring Element (3x3 Square)
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
7 Explain the concept of Colour Models in Digital Image Processing. Discuss the 6 1 3
RGB, HSV, and CMYK colour models in detail.

8 Discuss the process of colour image enhancement. Explain techniques like 6 1 3

Histogram Equalization, Colour Histogram Stretching, and Contrast
Adjustment in the context of colour images.

9 Explain the concept of Colour Space Conversion in image processing. 6 1

Describe the process of converting an image from the RGB space to the
HSV and CMYK colour spaces.

1 Given the following pixel in the RGB colour space: 6 1

0 ● R=0.6R = 0.6R=0.6
● G=0.4G = 0.4G=0.4
● B=0.2B = 0.2B=0.2
Convert this RGB colour to the HSV colour space.
1 Given a pixel in the RGB colour space with the following values: 6 1
1 ● R=0.4R = 0.4R=0.4
● G=0.6G = 0.6G=0.6
● B=0.2B = 0.2B=0.2
Convert this pixel to the CMYK colour space.
1 Explain the process of converting an RGB image to a grayscale image. 6
2 Discuss its applications in colour image processing.
1 Explain the concept of image recognition in the context of digital image 6
3 processing. Discuss the various stages involved in an image recognition
system.
1 Given the following set of symbols and their corresponding frequencies, 6
4 construct the Huffman code:

Symb Frequen
ol cy
A 5
B 9
C 12
D 13
E 16
F 45
1 Given the following symbols and their probabilities, perform the 6
5 Arithmetic Coding to encode the message "ABAC" using the steps of
Arithmetic Coding.

Symb Probabili
ol ty
A 0.4
B 0.3
C 0.3
1 Explain the process of JPEG image compression. Describe the key steps 6
6 involved in JPEG compression

Digital Signal Processing

 1 Discuss the different types of image compression techniques, both lossless and 6
7 lossy. How do they differ in terms of quality, compression ratio, and
computational complexity?
1 Explain the concept of Feature Extraction in Pattern Recognition. Why 6
8 is it important.
1 What is the K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) algorithm? Explain how it works and 6
9 its key limitations.
2 Discuss the basic morphological operations (erosion, dilation, opening, and 6
0 closing) with suitable examples and their applications in image processing.
2 Consider the image given below and calculate the output of the pixel (2,2) 6
1 if smoothening is done using 3 x 3 neighborhood using the filters given
below :-
a) Box filter b) Weighted average filter c) Median filter d) Min.
filter e) Max filter .
1 8 8 0 7
4 7 9 5 7
5 4 6 8 6
4 2 0 1 5
0 1 0 2 0
2 Perform the correlation of image I ={0,0,2,1,3} using the mask k = 6
2 {3,2,8}.
2 Perform the convolution of image I ={0,0,2,1,3} using the mask k = 6
3 {3,2,8}.
2 6
4 2 1

1 2

Perform the correlation of image I using the mask K .

3 4

4 3

I= K=

2 Perform the convolution of image I using the mask K . 6

5
2 1

1 2

3 4

4 3

I= K=

2 Describe different types of image noises ? 6

6
Digital Signal Processing
 2 Explain the different methods of finding discontinuity in an image. 6
7
2 Explain the different methods of finding similarity in an image. 6
8
2 Discuss about the noise models . 6
9
3 Explain different types of estimating the degradation function for use in 6
0 image restoration and explain in detail estimation by modeling.
3 Apply region growing on the following image with initial point at (2,2) 6
1 and threshold value as [Link] 4 connectivity.

0 1 2 0

2 5 6 1

1 4 7 3

0 2 5 1

3 Explain line detection with an example. 6

2
3 Perform Butterworth high pass filtering to smoothen the given image in 6
3 frequency domain. Do = 0.5
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
3 Apply region growing on the following image with seed point as 6 and 6
4 threshold value as 3.

5 6 6 7 6 7 6 6
6 7 6 7 5 5 4 7
6 6 4 4 3 2 5 6
5 4 5 4 2 3 4 6
0 3 2 3 3 2 4 7
0 0 0 0 2 2 5 6
1 1 0 1 0 3 4 4
1 0 1 0 2 3 5 4
3 Explain edge detection .with an example. 6
5
3 Perform global thresholding and Compute the value of T. 6
6
5 3 9
2 1 7
8 4 2
3 Perform Adaptive thresholding . 6
7
5 3 9
2 1 7
8 4 2

Digital Signal Processing

 3 Assume that the image given is affected by Gaussian and impulse 6
8 noise. Identify the type of filter and apply on the image which removes
both noises.
4 0 4 9
4 1 8 8
1 1 6 6
1 0 5 6
1 1 5 6

3 Perform Butterworth low pass filtering to smoothen the given image in 6

9 frequency domain. Do = 0.5
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
4 Explain Mean filters used for image restoration. 6
0
SECTION-D

1 What is the JPEG compression algorithm? Explain its working principle and 8 1 4
steps involved in image compression.
2 Explain the different color models used in digital image processing. Discuss 8 1 4
their applications and advantages.
3 Given the following set of symbols and their corresponding frequencies, 8 1 4
construct the Huffman code:

Symb Frequen
ol cy
A 5
B 9
C 12
D 13
E 16
F 45
4 Given the following symbols and their probabilities, perform the 8 1 4
Arithmetic Coding to encode the message "ABAC" using the steps of
Arithmetic Coding.

Symb Probabili
ol ty
A 0.4
B 0.3
C 0.3
5b. Explain the concept of morphological image processing. 8 1 4

6 Apply region splitting and merging on the following image with 8

threshold value equal to [Link] draw the quad-tree structure for
splitting.

5 6 6 7 6 7 6 6
Digital Signal Processing
 6 7 6 7 5 5 4 7
6 6 4 4 3 2 5 6
5 4 5 4 2 3 4 6
0 3 2 3 3 2 4 7
0 0 0 0 2 2 5 6
1 1 0 1 0 3 4 4
1 0 1 0 2 3 5 4
7 Describe the different types of noise models. 8

8 Explain spatial filters used for image restoration. 8

9 Write short notes on image segmentation. 8

1 Assume that the image given is affected by Gaussian and impulse 8

0 noise. Identify the type of filter and apply on the image which removes
both noises.
4 0 4 9
4 1 8 8
1 1 6 6
1 0 5 6
1 1 5 6
c.
1 Explain various color models used in digital image processing. Compare 8
1 RGB, CMY, HSI, and YCbCr models with suitable diagrams.
1 Describe the need for color transformation in image processing. Explain 8
2 any two color transformation techniques with mathematical
expressions.
1 Discuss the RGB to HSI color model conversion process. Derive the 8
3 transformation equations and explain the significance of each component.
1 Define multiresolution analysis. Explain how wavelet transform supports 8
4 multiresolution representation of an image.

1 Apply region splitting and merging on the following image with 8

5 threshold value equal to 2 .Also draw the quad-tree structure for
splitting.

5 6 6 7 6 7 6 6
6 7 6 7 5 5 4 7
6 6 4 4 3 2 5 6
5 4 5 4 2 3 4 6
0 3 2 3 3 2 4 7
0 0 0 0 2 2 5 6
1 1 0 1 0 3 4 4
1 0 1 0 2 3 5 4

** BTL: Bloom’s Taxonomy Level

Digital Signal Processing

** CO: Course Outcomes
BTL are:
[Link]
2. Understanding,
3. Applying,
4. Analysing,
5. Evaluating
6. Creating

Digital Signal Processing