Physics
1. Determination of High Resistance by Substitution Method
Q1. What is the substitution method?
A: It is a method where a known resistance replaces an unknown resistance to produce the same
deflection in the galvanometer, allowing calculation of the unknown resistance.
Q2. Why is a high resistance used in this experiment?
A: To ensure a measurable but small current flows, which prevents heating and is suitable for
sensitive instruments.
Q3. What is the principle behind this method?
A: The principle is based on Ohm's Law and the equality of potential drop across the same
deflection.
Q4. Why is a galvanometer with high sensitivity used?
A: To detect very small changes in current accurately.
Q5. What is the function of the rheostat?
A: It is used to vary the current in the circuit to obtain the required deflection.
Q6. Why is the key not kept pressed continuously?
A: To avoid heating and damage to the galvanometer and resistors.
Q7. What precautions should be taken?
A: Avoid touching connections, don’t press the key too long, and ensure stable connections.
Q8. What is the unit of resistance?
A: Ohm (Ω).
Q9. How does an error in the substitution resistance affect results?
A: It directly affects the accuracy of the unknown resistance value.
Q10. How do you know the substitution is correct?
A: When the galvanometer deflection is the same for both the known and unknown resistance.
2. Frequency of A.C. Mains Using Electrical Vibrator
(a) Transverse Arrangement
Q1. What are transverse waves?
A: Waves where particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation.
Q2. How are standing waves formed?
A: When two waves of the same frequency and amplitude traveling in opposite directions
interfere.
Q3. What is the formula for frequency?
A: f=n2LTμf = \frac{n}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{T}{\mu}}
Q4. What does each symbol in the formula represent?
A: n = harmonic number, L = length, T = tension, μ = mass per unit length.
Q5. How is tension applied?
A: By hanging a known mass over a pulley.
Q6. How is mass per unit length measured?
A: By dividing the mass of the string by its length.
Q7. What is resonance?
A: When the natural frequency of the string matches the frequency of the vibrator.
Q8. What happens if tension is increased?
A: The frequency increases.
Q9. Why is the vibrator used?
A: To supply periodic force matching AC frequency.
Q10. What is the unit of frequency?
A: Hertz (Hz).
(b) Longitudinal Arrangement
Q1. What are longitudinal waves?
A: Waves in which particle motion is parallel to wave propagation.
Q2. How are they produced?
A: By periodic compression and rarefaction of a rod or wire.
Q3. What is the wave speed formula?
A: v=Eρv = \sqrt{\frac{E}{\rho}} where E = Young’s modulus, ρ = density.
Q4. How is frequency related?
A: f=vλf = \frac{v}{\lambda}
Q5. What affects the wave speed?
A: Material properties like density and Young's modulus.
Q6. Why is a metal rod used?
A: It supports longitudinal waves and has known properties.
Q7. What does changing length affect?
A: The wavelength and hence the resonance condition.
Q8. How is μ calculated?
A: From density and cross-sectional area: μ=ρA\mu = \rho A
Q9. Why is resonance important here?
A: It indicates the system is vibrating at its natural frequency.
Q10. How can this verify AC mains frequency?
A: By adjusting for standing waves and calculating back the frequency.
3. Capacitance Comparison Using De Sauty’s Method
Q1. What is a ballistic galvanometer?
A: A galvanometer that measures charge via deflection.
Q2. What is the principle of De Sauty’s method?
A: It is a bridge method balancing potential differences across two capacitors.
Q3. Why must the bridge be balanced?
A: To ensure no charge flows through the galvanometer.
Q4. What happens if capacitors are leaky?
A: The bridge cannot be properly balanced.
Q5. What is the purpose of resistors in arms?
A: To maintain potential division during charging.
Q6. Why is the key used briefly?
A: To allow momentary charging of capacitors without leakage.
Q7. What condition gives accurate results?
A: Both capacitors being of the same type (air/dielectric).
Q8. How is capacitance ratio found?
A: C1C2=R2R1\frac{C_1}{C_2} = \frac{R_2}{R_1} when bridge is balanced.
Q9. What is null deflection?
A: Zero movement of galvanometer pointer.
Q10. What if there’s a deflection?
A: Adjust resistance until null point is reached.
4. Frequency of A.C. Mains Using Electromagnet and Sonometer
Q1. What is a sonometer?
A: A device to study resonance in a stretched wire.
Q2. What principle is used?
A: Resonance of a wire vibrating under tension.
Q3. Why is an electromagnet used?
A: To produce oscillating magnetic field at AC mains frequency.
Q4. What is the frequency formula?
A: f=12LTμf = \frac{1}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{T}{\mu}}
Q5. What is tension in terms of weight?
A: T=mgT = mg
Q6. How is μ found?
A: μ=mL\mu = \frac{m}{L} for the vibrating wire.
Q7. How is resonance identified?
A: Maximum amplitude of vibration.
Q8. Why is length adjusted?
A: To match natural frequency to that of AC.
Q9. What if mass is changed?
A: It changes the tension and thus affects resonance.
Q10. What is the observed frequency of AC mains?
A: Typically 50 Hz.