S. Fakher and A.

Imqam (2020) conducted an experimental study to investigate the dual interactions

of immiscible CO₂ injection with crude oil, focusing on oil swelling and asphaltene instability. The
study examined the effects of CO₂ injection pressure, reservoir temperature, and crude oil viscosity
on these interactions. Results demonstrated that oil swelling increased with higher pressure and
lower oil viscosity but decreased with elevated temperature due to reduced CO₂ solubility.
Conversely, asphaltene instability intensified at higher temperatures and lower pressures, leading to
increased deposition risks. Lower viscosity crude oils exhibited enhanced oil recovery and reduced
asphaltene-related damage. The experiments utilized pressure decay and filtration methods to
quantify swelling and asphaltene stability, revealing that optimal conditions for maximizing recovery
while minimizing asphaltene deposition involve high pressure, low-temperature operations with
low-viscosity oils. The study underscored the importance of balancing favorable oil swelling
mechanisms against asphaltene-induced formation damage, providing practical insights for
designing immiscible CO₂ injection strategies in asphaltene-prone reservoirs. The authors
emphasized the need for reservoir-specific assessments of thermodynamic and fluid properties to
.mitigate operational challenges

L. Wang et al. (2022) conducted an experimental investigation to evaluate the effectiveness of CO₂
flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heavy oil reservoirs. The study focused on the impact of
CO₂ injection on the physical properties of heavy oil, particularly viscosity reduction and oil
expansion, which are critical mechanisms for improving oil recovery. Through a series of 12 oil
displacement experiments, the authors examined the effects of injection sequence, slug size, gas
injection rate, and soaking time on oil recovery. The results demonstrated that gas-water alternative
injection (WAG) outperformed continuous water or CO₂ flooding, increasing ultimate oil recovery by
8.9% and 12.7%, respectively. Larger CO₂ slugs were found to enhance oil recovery, while the
injection rate had a minimal impact on the final recovery factor. Additionally, longer soaking times
improved recovery, with significant gains observed up to 24 hours, after which further increases
were negligible. The study concluded that CO₂ flooding is a viable method for EOR in heavy oil
reservoirs, particularly when combined with water injection, and highlighted the importance of
optimizing operational parameters such as slug size and soaking time to maximize recovery
efficiency. The findings provide valuable insights for the development of heavy oil reservoirs,
particularly in offshore settings, and contribute to the broader application of CO₂-EOR technologies
.in reducing greenhouse gas emissions

A. Hemmati-Sarapardeh et al. (2014) experimentally investigated the interfacial tension (IFT) and
miscibility behavior of CO₂-crude oil systems under varying temperatures, pressures, and
compositional conditions. Utilizing axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) and the vanishing
interfacial tension (VIT) technique, the study measured equilibrium IFT values and determined
minimum miscibility pressures (MMP) and first-contact miscibility pressures (\(P_{\text{max}}\)) for
two crude oil samples. Key findings revealed that IFT decreased with temperature at low pressures
(0.68–6.89 MPa) but exhibited an inverse trend at higher pressures due to reduced CO₂ solubility in
crude oil. Both MMP and \(P_{\text{max}}\) increased linearly with temperature, with \(P_{\
text{max}}\) rising more sharply (0.24 MPa/K) than MMP (0.11 MPa/K), attributed to declining slopes
of IFT-pressure relationships at elevated temperatures. Compositional analysis highlighted the
critical role of paraffins in governing IFT behavior, as slopes of IFT-pressure correlations aligned
closely with those of pure hydrocarbon-CO₂ systems. A lower resin-to-asphaltene ratio in crude oil B
(0.13 vs. 0.97 in crude oil A) elevated asphaltene precipitation risks, marked by abrupt IFT increases
at 4.13 MPa. The study also demonstrated that higher molecular weights of heavy crude oil
components correlated with elevated MMP values, emphasizing the need for reservoir-specific
assessments of temperature, pressure, and composition in CO₂ flooding design. These insights
advance the optimization of miscible CO₂ injection strategies for enhanced oil recovery while
.mitigating asphaltene-related operational challenges

Waqar Ahmad et al. (2016) conducted a comparative study to evaluate experimental methods for
determining the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of CO₂ with crude oil using slim tube and
vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) techniques. Two crude oil samples (M and N), in both live
(recombined) and dead (stock tank) forms, were analyzed. The results showed that VIT measured
MMP values for live oils closely matched slim tube-derived MMPs, with deviations of 6.4% and 5%
for samples M and N, respectively. However, VIT exhibited significantly higher deviations (16–19%)
for dead oils, attributed to the stability of heavier hydrocarbon fractions and insufficient multiple-
contact miscibility development. The study also assessed nine existing MMP correlations for CO₂-
crude oil systems. Most correlations failed to predict MMP accurately, with deviations exceeding
20% in many cases. Only the Shokir correlation performed relatively well for sample N, showing an
8.85% deviation. The authors concluded that VIT is a reliable, cost-effective alternative to slim tube
experiments for live oils, but its application to dead oils requires further investigation into the
destabilization mechanisms of heavy fractions. They emphasized the limitations of current
correlations, which lack generalizability beyond the datasets used in their development. The findings
underscore the importance of experimental validation for MMP determination, particularly for stock
tank oils, and highlight the need for improved predictive models incorporating compositional and
.thermodynamic factors

S.I. Eytayo et al. (2024) experimentally investigated the effects of CO₂ injection strategies on rock
wettability alteration for carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. The study evaluated three
injection methods—continuous supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) injection (CCI), water alternating-gas
(WAG), and simultaneous water and scCO₂ injection (SAI)—on gray Berea sandstone and Indiana
limestone under simulated reservoir conditions (1500 psi injection pressure, 100°F temperature).
Wettability changes were quantified using sessile drop contact angle (CA) measurements before and
after core flooding experiments. Results demonstrated a shift toward CO₂-wet conditions for both
rock types, with sandstone exhibiting a 32–77% CA increase under CCI (most pronounced at 168-
hour exposure) and WAG showing the least alteration (29.6% CA change). Limestone displayed
greater sensitivity to WAG and SAI, with CA increases of 9–49%, attributed to its chemical reactivity.
The study highlighted the importance of rock-specific strategy selection: WAG minimized wettability
alteration in sandstone, preserving water-wet conditions critical for capillary trapping, while SAI
enhanced interactions in limestone. These findings underscore the need to tailor injection protocols
to geological formations to optimize CO₂ storage efficiency and containment security. The authors
recommended further research on long-term wettability stability, mineralogical changes, and brine
.chemistry effects to refine CCS implementation

Steel et al. (2016) conducted a detailed review of experimental and geochemical modeling methods
for measuring CO2 solubility in brine under reservoir conditions. The study compared various
experimental techniques and emphasized the critical role of selecting the appropriate equation of
state (EOS) for accurate geochemical modeling. The authors identified the Valderrama-Patel-Teja
(VPT) EoS as the most suitable for systems involving polar and non polar compounds, such as CO2
and brine. They concluded that the experimental procedure developed by Tong et al. (2013)
provided the most accurate measurements of CO2 solubility under reservoir conditions. The study
highlighted the importance of CO2 solubility in both CO2geological storage and enhanced oil
recovery (EOR), noting that solubility trapping is a key mechanism for secure and long-term
CO2storage. The authors also compared several geochemical models, including PHREEQC,
HydraFLASH, and the Duan and Sun CO2 solubility model, and found that HydraFLASH, when using
the VPT EoS, could achieve accuracy comparable to the Duan and Sun model for CO2-water and 2-
water-salt systems. This work underscores the need for precise experimental methods and
appropriate EoS selection to improve the reliability of CO2 solubility predictions in reservoir
.conditions

Nader Mosavat et al. (2014) conducted experimental studies to analyze the phase behavior of CO₂–
brine and CO₂–oil systems under conditions relevant to CO₂ storage and enhanced oil recovery
(EOR). The study measured CO₂ solubility in pure water, brine (20,000 ppm NaCl), and light crude oil,
as well as oil swelling factors, across pressures (0.7–10.3 MPa) and temperatures (21–40°C). Key
findings revealed that CO₂ solubility in brine and oil increased with pressure but decreased with
rising temperature. Salinity reduced CO₂ solubility in brine due to the salting-out effect, with pure
water exhibiting 1.1029 mole/kg CO₂ solubility compared to 0.9738 mole/kg in brine at 25°C and 4.1
MPa. For CO₂–oil systems, the oil swelling factor (SF) initially rose with pressure, peaking at an
extraction pressure (Pₑₓₜ), beyond which SF declined as light hydrocarbons were extracted into the
CO₂-rich phase. Pₑₓₜ increased linearly with temperature, ranging from 6.0 MPa at 21°C to 7.8 MPa at
40°C. A critical threshold CO₂ solubility (χₜₕ ≈ 33.21 g CO₂/100 g oil) was identified, marking the onset
of significant hydrocarbon extraction and remaining constant across temperatures. CO₂ solubility in
oil correlated well with predictions from Emera and Sarma’s correlation, while brine solubility data
aligned moderately with the Duan et al. model. The study emphasized the interdependence of
pressure, temperature, and fluid composition in optimizing CO₂-EOR and storage. Higher pressures
enhanced solubility and swelling, but elevated temperatures required higher Pₑₓ ₜ to achieve χ ₜₕ.
These insights underscore the need to tailor operational parameters to reservoir specific conditions
for effective hydrocarbon recovery and CO₂ sequestration. The authors highlighted the necessity of
experimental validation to complement predictive models, particularly for complex fluid interactions
.under varying subsurface environments

Ghoodjani and Bolouri (2011) conducted an experimental study to evaluate the effects of CO₂ and
N₂ injection on relative permeability during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Using core flood
experiments on carbonate and sandstone cores under controlled temperature (46°C) and pressure
(2000 psi), they compared oil and gas relative permeability, recovery factors, and differential
pressure trends. Results demonstrated that CO₂ injection significantly enhanced oil relative
permeability compared to N₂, particularly at low oil saturations (e.g., oil relative permeability ratio of
CO₂/N₂ reached up to 2.5 in carbonate cores). This improvement was attributed to CO₂-induced
mechanisms, including interfacial tension (IFT) reduction (from 11.868 to 8.639 dyne/cm), oil
viscosity reduction (from 1.0509 to 0.735 cP), and oil swelling (swelling factor of 1.1022). These
mechanisms collectively lowered residual oil saturation and improved displacement efficiency,
yielding higher recovery factors for CO₂ (e.g., 15–20% higher than N₂ after 4 pore volumes injected).
Conversely, gas relative permeability for N₂ surpassed CO₂ at high gas saturations due to earlier
single-phase flow dominance in N₂ injection, leading to higher gas production (e.g., 30–40% more
gas volume recovered with N₂). Differential pressure across cores was consistently lower in CO₂
injection due to reduced oil viscosity and IFT, while N₂ injection exhibited pressure peaks in
carbonate cores caused by gas compressibility. The study emphasized CO₂’s superiority in improving
recovery through multiphase flow enhancement and highlighted the role of rock type, as sandstone
cores showed earlier gas breakthrough and distinct pressure trends. These findings underscore the
importance of relative permeability dynamics in optimizing gas-based EOR strategies

Okhovat et al. (2020) conducted experimental investigations to assess the impact of CO₂-brine rock
interactions on permeability alteration and oil recovery during CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in
carbonate reservoirs. Core-flood experiments were performed under varying injection rates (10–30
cc/h), miscible/immiscible conditions (1000–2700 psi), secondary/tertiary recovery modes, and
connate water salinities (40,000–130,000 ppm). Results revealed that higher injection rates
exacerbated permeability damage (e.g., permeability reduced to 35% of initial value at 30 cc/h vs.
negligible change at 10 cc/h), while miscible CO₂ injection achieved superior oil recovery (up to 95%
vs. 60% in immiscible mode) due to enhanced pore accessibility. Tertiary recovery tests under
miscible conditions yielded 68% recovery compared to 52% in immiscible mode, with minimal
permeability alteration despite intensified chemical reactions, attributed to neutralized dissolution-
precipitation effects in coarse pores. Elevated brine salinity (130,000 ppm) reduced reaction severity,
resulting in lower permeability damage (94% retained permeability vs. 35% at 40,000 ppm) and
slightly diminished recovery (80% vs. 95%). The study underscored the critical influence of injection
rate, miscibility, and salinity on CO₂-induced permeability dynamics, highlighting risks of near-
wellbore damage at high rates and the stabilizing role of saline connate water. These findings
emphasize the need to optimize operational parameters to balance recovery efficiency and
.injectivity preservation in carbonate reservoirs

Alfarge et al. (2017) conducted a comprehensive data analysis to evaluate the feasibility of CO₂
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in shale-oil reservoirs using laboratory data from 95 natural preserved
core samples, primarily from the Bakken Petroleum System. The study examined the impact of 10
parameters—including rock properties (porosity, permeability, total organic carbon content [TOC],
pore throat radius, oil/water saturation) and operational factors (exposure time, core size, pressure,
temperature)—on recovery factor (RF) during CO₂ injection. Sensitivity analysis via Design of
Experiments (DOE) revealed that TOC and exposure time were the most critical parameters, with
TOC inversely affecting RF (e.g., RF decreased by ~13% per log-unit increase in TOC) due to oil-wet
kerogen hindering CO₂-oil interaction. Conversely, longer exposure times (up to 30 hours) enhanced
RF (e.g., 95% in miscible vs. 60% in immiscible tests) by facilitating molecular diffusion, the dominant
transport mechanism in nano-pore systems. Smaller core samples (bulk volumes

Sun et al. (2016) conducted experimental and numerical studies to evaluate CO₂-enhanced oil
recovery (EOR) mechanisms in unconventional liquid reservoirs (ULR) with nano-Darcy matrix
permeability and complex fracture networks. Core-scale simulations (1–3 cm³ bulk volume) under
miscible (3000 psi) and immiscible (1600 psi) conditions demonstrated diffusion as the dominant
recovery mechanism, achieving up to 95% recovery in miscible tests. Sensitivity analysis revealed
recovery factors (RF) were highly sensitive to matrix porosity (e.g., RF increased by 30% when
porosity doubled from 6% to 12%) and diffusion coefficients (21.81% RF at ×10 diffusion vs. 3.43% at
×0.1), but insensitive to matrix permeability (0.0001–0.001 mD). Field-scale simulations using dual-
permeability models highlighted gas expansion and multi-contact miscibility as critical mechanisms,
with huff-n-puff processes yielding incremental recovery (1.64–10%) depending on operational
parameters. Below bubble point pressure (1000 psi), RF increased by 10% due to gas drive effects,
while higher pressures (2000 psi) showed minimal gains (1.68%). Complex fracture networks,
modeled using microseismic-constrained stochastic methods, demonstrated modest incremental
production (438.6 STB over 5000 days) due to limited CO₂ penetration into ultra-low permeability
matrices. The study emphasized contrasts between lab-scale diffusion dominance and field-scale
convection-driven recovery, underscoring the need for optimized injection timing, pressure, and
.fracture network connectivity to enhance CO₂-EOR efficacy in ULR

C.A. Fauziah et al. (2021) investigated the impact of CO₂ flooding on the wettability evolution of
sandstone under reservoir conditions. Through laboratory core flooding experiments at pressures of
10 MPa and 15 MPa and a temperature of 323 K, the authors measured advancing and receding
contact angles before and after CO₂ exposure, alongside microstructural analyses using SEM and
XRD. The study revealed that CO₂ flooding increased the CO₂-wettability of both Berea (low clay
content) and Bandera Gray (high clay content) sandstones, evidenced by higher contact angles post-
flooding. Advancing and receding contact angles further rose with increasing pressure, aligning with
existing literature. Bandera Gray exhibited greater CO₂-wettability than Berea, attributed to its
higher clay content, which promotes CO₂ adsorption and mineral interactions (e.g., albite dissolution
and kaolinite precipitation). While XRD showed minimal mineralogical changes, SEM highlighted
pore-filling clay redistribution and surface alterations. These wettability shifts enhance vertical CO₂
migration and solubility trapping but reduce residual trapping capacity, posing challenges for
containment in high-permeability reservoirs. Conversely, in low-permeability formations, increased
CO₂-wettability may improve pressure management if effective cap-rock sealing exists. The study
underscores the critical role of clay content, pressure, and mineral reactivity in wettability evolution,
emphasizing their implications for CO₂ injectivity, plume behavior, and long-term storage security in
.geological carbon sequestration projects

X. Zhou et al. (2019) evaluated the performance of CO₂ flooding in tight oil reservoirs through
experimental and numerical simulations. The study tested three CO₂ injection schemes— continuous
flooding, flooding with soaking periods, and flooding with pressure maintenance— using 1-meter-
long heterogeneous core plugs. Experimental results demonstrated that continuous CO₂ flooding
achieved the highest oil recovery factor (38.96%) and optimal CO₂ utilization (10.41 Mscf/STB),
attributed to enhanced oil viscosity reduction, swelling, and gas drive mechanisms. Numerical
simulations using WinProp and GEM modules validated experimental data and revealed that higher
injection pressures and rates improved recovery but increased CO₂ consumption. Sensitivity analyses
identified relative permeability curves and reservoir heterogeneity as critical factors influencing
production, while capillary pressure and CO₂ solubility in brine had minimal impact. Field-scale
simulations optimized the inverted seven-spot well pattern with a CO₂ injection rate of 44.28
t/day/well, yielding a 30.89% recovery factor and reduced CO₂ utilization (5.69 Mscf/STB). The study
emphasized the efficacy of continuous CO₂ flooding in tight formations and highlighted the role of
numerical models in scaling laboratory insights to field applications. Key recommendations included
prioritizing injection pressure optimization and selecting well patterns that mitigate heterogeneity
.effects to balance recovery efficiency with CO₂ storage and utilization
F.D. Tovar et al. (2014) experimentally investigated CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in ultra low
permeability unconventional liquid reservoirs (ULRs) using preserved shale cores with nanodarcy
matrix permeability. To simulate hydraulic fractures, the cores were surrounded by high-
permeability glass beads and subjected to CO₂ injection at 150°F under two pressures (3000 psi and
1600 psi). X-ray computed tomography (CT) tracked saturation changes, while intermittent
production cycles allowed oil recovery measurement. Key findings revealed oil recovery estimates of
18–55% of OOIP, attributed to hydrocarbon vaporization into CO₂ and reduced capillary forces. CT
imaging showed density shifts, with higher-pressure experiments exhibiting increased CT numbers
(indicating CO₂ dissolution and matrix penetration), while lower-pressure tests displayed decreased
CT numbers due to immiscible conditions. Unexpected core mass gain (0.06–0.07 g) suggested CO₂
adsorption onto organic shale components, supported by post-experiment mass loss during
depressurization. Challenges included unknown porosity (assumed 0.3–0.6%) and potential water
saturation effects. The study highlighted CO₂’s dual role in EOR and storage via adsorption,
particularly in organic-rich shales. Future work proposed continuous CO₂ injection, numerical
modeling, and analysis of rock heterogeneity to optimize field-scale applications, such as multi-
fractured horizontal wells. The research underscores CO₂’s viability for ULRs, emphasizing
vaporization and diffusion as dominant mechanisms, while advocating for further investigation into
.adsorption dynamics and economic feasibility compared to cyclic "huff-and-puff" methods

Mechanism Recovery Efficiency (%) Study Reference

Oil Swelling 10–20% Fakher & Imqam (2020)
Viscosity Reduction 8.9–12.7% (WAG) Wang et al. (2022)
IFT Reduction 15–25% Hemmati-Sarapardeh et al. (2014)
Miscibility Development 30–50% Waqar Ahmad et al. (2016)
Wettability Alteration 10–15% Eytayo et al. (2024)
CO₂ Dissolution 10–20% Mosavat et al. (2014)

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Mechanism Key Factors Impact on Recovery
Oil Swelling Pressure, Temperature, Oil Viscosity High pressure, low temp, low viscosity
Viscosity Reduction WAG, Slug Size, Soaking Time Larger slugs, optimal soaking (~24h)
IFT Reduction Pressure, Temperature, Oil Composition High pressure, paraffin-rich oils

Miscibility Development Pressure, Temperature, Oil Composition High pressure, low C7+ content
Wettability Alteration Rock Type, Injection Strategy WAG for sandstone, continuous for limestone
CO₂ Dissolution Pressure, Temperature, Salinity High pressure, low temp, low salinity

factores

oil viscosity

oil swelling
viscosity reduction
IFT reduction
miscibility development
wettability alteration
co2 dissoluton

temp pressure

Mechanism Optimal Pressure Optimal Temperature Optimal Oil Type

Oil Swelling High (>2000 psi) Low (<100°F) Low-viscosity oils

Viscosity Reduction Moderate (1000–2000 psi) Moderate (100–150°F) Heavy oils

IFT Reduction High (>2000 psi) Low (<100°F) Paraffin-rich oils

Miscibility Development Very High (>3000 psi) Moderate (100–150°F) Light oils (low C7+)

Wettability Alteration Moderate (1000–2000 psi) Moderate (100–150°F) Sandstone/limestone

CO₂ Dissolution High (>2000 psi) Low (<100°F) Low-salinity oils

Study Mechanism Key Parameters Findings
Fakher & Imqam Oil swelling & Pressure, High pressure (>2000 psi) and low temp
(2020) asphaltene temperature, oil maximize swelling; high temp increases
viscosity asphaltene risks.
Wang et al. (2022) Viscosity WAG, slug size, WAG increased recovery by 8.9–12.7%;
reduction soaking time optimal soaking time = 24 hours.
Hemmati- IFT reduction & Pressure, Paraffin-rich oils reduce IFT; MMP rises with
Sarapardeh et al. miscibility temperature, oil temperature (0.11 MPa/K).
(2014) composition
Eytayo et al. (2024) Wettability Rock type, injection WAG minimizes wettability changes in
alteration strategy sandstone; SAI enhances limestone reactivity.
Ghoodjani & Relative CO₂ vs. N₂, rock CO₂ improved oil relative permeability by
Bolouri (2011) permeability type 2.5× in carbonates; N₂ yielded more gas.
Mosavat et al. CO₂ dissolution Pressure, CO₂ solubility peaks at critical pressure
(2014) & swelling temperature, salinity (P_ext); salinity reduces solubility.
Okhovat et al. Permeability Injection rate, High rates damage permeability; miscible
(2020) alteration miscibility, salinity recovery = 95% vs. 60% (immiscible).

Mechanism Recovery (%) Study Reservoir Type

Oil Swelling 10–20% Fakher & Imqam (2020) Asphaltene-prone

Viscosity Reduction 8.9–12.7% Wang et al. (2022) Heavy Oil

IFT Reduction 15–25% Hemmati-Sarapardeh et al. (2014) Paraffin-rich Oil

Miscibility 30–50% Ahmad et al. (2016) Live Oil Systems

Wettability Alteration 10–15% Eytayo et al. (2024) Sandstone/Limestone

CO₂ Dissolution 10–20% Mosavat et al. (2014) Light Oil/Brine Systems

Diffusion (Shale) 18–55% Tovar et al. (2014) Ultra-Low Permeability

Study Permeability Impact Key Factor Mechanism

Okhovat et al. (2020) 35% damage (high rate) Injection Rate Permeability Alteration

Ghoodjani & Bolouri (2011) CO₂ improves oil perm. CO₂ vs. N₂ Relative Permeability
2.5×
Alfarge et al. (2017) Weak correlation (R²<20%) TOC/Exposure Time Diffusion in Shale

Zhou et al. (2019) Minimal impact Heterogeneity Tight Oil Flooding

Strategy Recovery (%) Permeability Impact Study

WAG 8.9–12.7% Minimal damage Wang et al. (2022)

Miscible CO₂ 95% Moderate damage Okhovat et al. (2020)

Continuous CO₂ 38.96% Low damage Zhou et al. (2019)

Huff-n-Puff 1.64–10% Not reported Sun et al. (2016)

Mechanism Recovery Key Factors Impact on Optimal Optimal Study

Efficiency Recovery Temperature Pressure Reference
)%(
Oil Swelling 20%–10 Pressure, High pressure, Low (<100°F) High Fakher &
Temperature, low temp, low (>2000 Imqam
Oil Viscosity viscosity psi) (2020)
Viscosity –8.9 WAG, Slug Larger slugs, Moderate (100– Moderate Wang et al.
Reduction ( 12.7% Size, Soaking optimal 150°F) (1000– (2022)
)WAG Time soaking (~24h) 2000 psi)
IFT Reduction 25%–15 Pressure, High pressure, Low (<100°F) High Hemmati-
Temperature, paraffin-rich (>2000 Sarapardeh
Oil oils psi) et al.
Composition (2014)
Miscibility 50%–30 Pressure, High pressure, Moderate (100– Very High Waqar
Development Temperature, low C7+ 150°F) (>3000 Ahmad et
Oil content psi) al. (2016)
Composition
Wettability 15%–10 Rock Type, WAG for Moderate (100– Moderate Eytayo et
Alteration Injection sandstone, 150°F) (1000– al. (2024)
Strategy continuous for 2000 psi)
limestone
CO₂ 20%–10 Pressure, High pressure, Low (<100°F) High Mosavat et
Dissolution Temperature, low temp, low (>2000 al. (2014)
Salinity salinity psi)