PROPORTION
A PROPORTION IS A NUMBER SENTENCE WHERE
TWO RATIOS ARE EQUAL.
For example, someone cuts a pizza into 2 equal pieces and eats
1 piece. The ratio of pieces that person ate to the original
1 1
pieces of pizza is . The number is the same ratio as is that
2 2
person instead cut the pizza into 4 equal pieces and ate 2
pieces.
𝟏 𝟐
=
𝟐 𝟒
3 9
EXAMPLE : ARE AND PROPORTIONAL?
5 15
3 9
• and are proportional – their cross products are equal.
5 15
YOU CAN ALSO USE A PROPORTION TO FIND AN
UNKNOWN QUANTITY .
• For example, you are making lemonade, and recipe says to use 5 cups of
water for every lemon you squeeze. How many cups of water do you
need if you have 6 lemons?
• Second, set up a ratio for what you are trying to figure out. Because you
don’t know how many cups are required for 6 lemons, use x for the
amount of water.
THIRD, SET UP A PROPORTION BY SETTING THE
RATIOS EQUAL TO EACH OTHER:
• Last, use cross products to find the missing number!
• You need 30 cups for 6 lemon!
EXAMPLE :YOU DRIVE 150 MILES IN 3 HOURS. AT THIS
RATE, HOW FAR WOULD YOU TRAVEL IN 7 HOURS?
MAP SCALE
A map is a scale drawing of the actual shape of a piece of land.
The area of the land on the map is many times smaller than the
actual area.
The scale of a map is usually given at the bottom corner of the
map. The scale is the ratio of the distance on the map to the
actual distance on the ground.
MAP SCALE
𝟏
The scale of a map (linear scale) is given in the form 1 : n or .
𝒏
E.g. A map is drawn to a scale of 1 cm to 5 km. This scale can be expressed
1
as 1 : 500 000 or .
500 000
The scale means that 1 cm on the map represents 500 000 cm on actual
ground.
REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION
• The scale 1 : n can also be expressed as a representative fraction
1
(R.F.) of . The numerator of the fraction is always 1.
𝑛
1
E.g. The scale 1 : 300 can be expressed as a representative fraction (R.F.) of .
300
A MAP IS DRAWN TO A SCALE OF 5 CM TO 2 KM. THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SCHOOLS ON THE MAP IS 8 CM.
Find
a) The scale of the map in the form 1 : n
b) The actual distance, in km, between the two schools,
c) The distance, in cm, between two stadiums on the map if the actual
distance between them is 6 km.
(a) The scale of the map in the form 1 : n
Scale of map = 5 cm : 2 km
= 5 cm : 2 x 100 000cm
= 5 cm : 200 000 cm
= 1 : 40 000
(b) The actual distance, in km, between the two schools,
Map Actual
1cm 40 000 cm
1 cm 0.4 km
8cm 0.4 km x 8 = 3.2 km
(c)The distance, in cm, between two stadiums on the map if the
actual distance between them is 6 km.
Actual Map
0.4 km 1cm
1
1 km 𝑐𝑚 = 2.5 cm
0.4
6km 2.5 cm x 6= 15cm
THE SCALE OF MAP A IS 1: 20 000.
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO VILLAGES ON MAP A IS 12.5CM.
Find
a) The distance, in cm , between the two villages on Map B whose scale is 1
: 50 000.
b) A river is 8 cm long on Map B. find its length, in cm, on Map A.
THE DISTANCE, IN CM , BETWEEN THE TWO VILLAGES ON
MAP B WHOSE SCALE IS 1 : 50 000.
Map A Actual
1cm 20 000 cm
1 cm 0.2 km
12.5cm 0.2 km x 12.5 = 2.5 km
Actual Map B
50 000 cm 1cm
0.5 km 1 cm
1
1 km 𝑐𝑚 = 2 cm
0.5
2.5km 2 cm x 2.5 = 5cm
A RIVER IS 8 CM LONG ON MAP B. FIND ITS LENGTH, IN
CM, ON MAP A.
Map B Actual
1 cm 0.5 km
8cm 0.5 km x 8 = 4 km
Actual Map A
0.2 km 1 cm
1
1 km 𝑐𝑚 = 5 cm
0.2
4 km 5 cm x 4 = 20 cm
AREA SCALE
The area scale of a map is the square of its linear scale. If the
linear scale is 1: n, then the area scale is 12 : 𝑛2 i.e. 1 : 𝑛2 .
e.g. if the scale of a map is 1 cm to 3 km, then 1 𝑐𝑚2 on the map
will represent 3𝑘𝑚 2 or 9𝑘𝑚2 .
The area scale is 1 𝑐𝑚2 to 9 𝑘𝑚2 while the linear scale is 1 cm
to 3 km.
A map is drawn to a scale of 1: 40 000. a nature reserve is
represented by an area of 80 𝑐𝑚2 on the map. Calculate the actual
area, in 𝑘𝑚2 , of the nature reserve.
Map Actual
1 cm 40 000 cm
1 cm 0.4 km
1 𝑐𝑚2 0.16 𝑘𝑚2
80 𝑐𝑚2 0.16 𝑘𝑚2 x 80 = 12.8 𝑘𝑚2
A MAP HAS A SCALE OF 1 : 50 000.
a) Find the actual length, in km, of a river which is represented
by 9.8cm on the map.
b) What is the area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , on the map represented by an area
of 7 𝑘𝑚2 on the ground?
DIRECT PROPORTION
• In direct proportion, when one quantity increases, the other
quantity will also increases.
• When one quantity decreases, the other quantity also
decreases.
• The two quantities are always in the same ratio.
• If y is directly proportional to x,
𝑦
a) y =kx or = k, where k is a constant and k ≠ 0.
𝑥
(b) The graph of y = kx is a straight line which passes through
the origin.
y = kx
𝑦1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑦2
(𝑐) = or =
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2
where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are any two pairs of values
of x and y.
THE TABLE SHOWS THE NUMBER OF HOURS OF
WORK(T) AND THE AMOUNT OF WAGES ($Y) EARNED
BY MARC.
a) Show that y and t are in direct proportion.
b) Write down an equation connecting y and t.
c) Use the equation in part (b) to find the value of y when t = 62.
d) Use the equation in part (b) to find the value of t when y = 225.
e) Draw the graph of y against t.
Number of 10 20 30 40 50
hours (t)
Wages($y) 180 360 540 720 900
INVERSE PROPORTION
• In inverse proportion, when one quantity increases, the other
quantity decreases.
• When one quantity decreases, the other quantity increases.
• However, the product of the two quantities is a constant.
• If y is inversely proportional to x, then
𝑘
a) xy = k or 𝑦 =
𝑥
where k is a constant and 𝑘 ≠ 0.
(b) The graph of y against x is part of a curve called a hyperbola.
The curve tends to the y-axis
when x is small and it tends to
the x-axis when x increases.
xy = k
1
(c )The graph of y against is a part of a straight line passing
𝑥
through the origin.
1
y is directly proportional to .
𝑥
1
1 Since is never zero, the
𝑦=𝑘 𝑥
𝑥
point (0,0) is not on the
1 graph. We draw a small circle
𝑥 at the origin to indicate this.
𝑑 𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 𝑦2
where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are any two pairs of values of x and y.