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Understanding Ratios and Proportions

The document covers the concepts of ratios and proportions, including how to simplify ratios, share quantities according to a ratio, and understand direct proportion. It provides examples and steps for each topic, emphasizing the importance of using the highest common factor for simplification and ensuring units are consistent. Additionally, it explains how to check for direct proportion and provides methods for solving related problems.

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shinnyeinmae1995
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16 views4 pages

Understanding Ratios and Proportions

The document covers the concepts of ratios and proportions, including how to simplify ratios, share quantities according to a ratio, and understand direct proportion. It provides examples and steps for each topic, emphasizing the importance of using the highest common factor for simplification and ensuring units are consistent. Additionally, it explains how to check for direct proportion and provides methods for solving related problems.

Uploaded by

shinnyeinmae1995
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

12.

Ratio and Proportion — Notes


12.1 Simplifying Ratios
What is a ratio?
A ratio compares two or more quantities of the same type.
Example:
• 4 apples and 6 apples → ratio = 4 : 6
Simplifying ratios
To simplify, divide all parts by the highest common factor (HCF).
Example:
Simplify 4 : 6
HCF of 4 and 6 is 2
→ (4 ÷ 2) : (6 ÷ 2) = 2 : 3
Ratios in simplest form
A ratio is in simplest form when all parts are whole numbers and no further division is possible.
Equivalent Ratios
Just like equivalent fractions:
• Multiply or divide all parts by the same number
o 3 : 5 = 6 : 10 (×2)
o 12 : 16 = 3 : 4 (÷4)
Ratios with units
Units must be the same before writing a ratio.
Example:
Convert 1.5 m : 50 cm
→ 1.5 m = 150 cm
→ 150 : 50 = 3 : 1 (÷50)
12.2 Sharing in a Ratio
Meaning
When a quantity (money, objects, time) must be divided fairly into parts according to a given
ratio.
Steps
1. Add the parts of the ratio.
2. Divide the total amount by the sum of parts → value of 1 part.
3. Multiply each ratio part by the value of 1 part.
Example 1:
Share $60 in the ratio 2 : 3
1. Parts = 2 + 3 = 5
2. Value of 1 part = 60 ÷ 5 = 12
3.
• First share = 2 × 12 = 24
• Second share = 3 × 12 = 36
Example 2:
Share 45 sweets in the ratio 1 : 2 : 2
1. Parts = 1 + 2 + 2 = 5
2. One part = 45 ÷ 5 = 9
3. Shares = 9, 18, 18
Sharing when ratio includes fractions/decimals
Convert to whole numbers first.
Ratio: 1.5 : 0.5
→ multiply by 2 → 3 : 1
12.3 Using Direct Proportion
Meaning
Two quantities are in direct proportion when:
• As one increases, the other increases at the same rate.
• The ratio between them stays constant.
Key Idea
If A is directly proportional to B, then:
𝐴
= constant
𝐵

Or written as:
𝐴∝𝐵
How to check direct proportion
If pairs of values have the same ratio, they are directly proportional.
Example:
If 3 apples cost $6, and 5 apples cost $10:
• 6÷3=2
• 10 ÷ 5 = 2
→ constant = 2 → direct proportion
Using unitary method
Find the value for 1 unit, then scale up.
Example:
4 pencils cost $12.
How much do 7 pencils cost?
1 pencil = 12 ÷ 4 = 3
7 pencils = 7 × 3 = 21
Using proportion equation
𝑥! 𝑥"
=
𝑦! 𝑦"
Example:
If 5 kg costs $20, find cost of 8 kg.
5 8
=
20 𝑥

Cross multiply:
5x = 160
x = 32
Graphs of direct proportion
• A straight line through the origin (0, 0)
• Equation of line:
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
Example:
If y = 4x, then k = 4.
Summary
Topic Key Points

12.1 Simplifying Ratios Divide by HCF, units same, ratios like fractions

12.2 Sharing in a Ratio Add parts → find value of 1 part → multiply

12.3 Direct Proportion Quantities increase together; use unitary method or equations

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