Environmental Engineering-I
Class# 9 : Water Treatment (Screening, Pre–chlorination)
Muhammad Umer Arif Khan
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 1
Isn’t This a Great Day to Study
Environmental Engineering ???
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 2
Source: When Is The Right Time to Study Abroad? “[Link]
Today’s Agenda
Water Treatment
Screening
Classification of Screens
Head loss in screens
Pre–chlorination
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 3
Water Treatment
Water can not be consumed in its natural state due
to presence of pollutants
The processing of water in order to remove these
pollutants is called water treatment
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 4
Source: Taste & Odors,“[Link]
Water Treatment
A typical flow diagram for water
treatment
A Typical Flow Diagram for Water Treatment
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 5
Source: Physicochemical Processes in environmental Systems; Instructor Dr. Zeeshan
Screening
Screening
It is the first operation in water treatment process that
separates materials like rags, plastics, wood etc. from
water and prevents them from entering water
treatment facilities
Objectives of Screening
Removal of coarse and fine objects that may get
entangled in mechanical equipment
Protection of down stream apprentices and equipment
like pumps from damage
Protection of pipes and valves etc. from clogging
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 6
Source: Taste & Odors,“[Link]
Screening
Classification of Screens
Screens can be classified in various ways depending
upon;
Opening Sizes
Configuration
Methods used to clean the entrapped materials
Screen Surface
7
Source: Treating the Public Water Supply, “[Link]
Screening
Classification of Screens w.r.t Opening Sizes
a) Coarse Screens
Remove Coarse debris like rags, branches etc.
Spacing: 2 – 6in
b) Medium Screens
Remove pollutants that has passed through coarse
screens
Spacing: 0.8 – 2in
c) Fine Screens
Remove substances that are big enough to cause damage
Spacing: 3/8 – ½ in
8
Screening
Classification of Screens w.r.t Configuration
a) Bar Screens
Composed of vertical steel bars placed w.r.t to their
spacing (normally 1 – 3in)
b) Mesh Screens
Composed of steel wire mesh running in both horizontal
and vertical directions w.r.t their
opening sizes
9
Source: About Manual Bar Screens, “[Link]
Screening
Classification of Screens w.r.t Cleaning Method
a) Manually Cleaned Screens
Screens that are cleaned by manual
labor work
b) Mechanically Cleaned Screens
Screens that are cleaned by
mechanical equipment
10
Screening
Classification of Screens w.r.t Screen Surface
a) Fixed Screens
Screens that don’t move continuously while treatment
They should always be in duplicate, so that one may be
Moving
withdrawn at any time for Screens:
cleaning Band or Belt Screen
and washing
b) Moving Screens
Screens that move continuously
while treatment
Can be found in belt, disc and
drum types
11
Screening
Head loss in Screens
Head loss (hL) through screens is a function of:
a) Approach Velocity (U)
b) Velocity through bars (V)
Where,
hL= Headloss (m)
0.7 = Empirical discharge coefficient to account for turbulence
g= Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
V= Velocity of flow through bar opening(m/s)
U= Approach Velocity of water channel (m/s)
b
U = V[ ]
b +W 12
Pre–chlorination
Pre–chlorination
Injecting Cl2 into raw water soon after abstraction
from the water source
Role of Pre–chlorination
Used for disinfection purposes
Kills algae and bacteria (long contact period)
Reduces algae growth and slime formation
Reduces odor problems
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 13
Source: The Problem of Slime in Water Systems, “[Link]
Pre–chlorination
When to Use Pre–chlorination
Pre–Cl2 is effective only in water with low turbidity (but
contains a high bacterial count that needs to be treated)
Effectiveness of chlorine reduces as it is absorbed by
excessive silt in highly turbid water
Drawback of pre–chlorination:
Much greater quantity of Cl2 is required for same degree
of sterilization as compared to post–chlorination
It should not be used as a substitute of post–chlorination
but essentially an additional safeguard to be adopted for
treatment of relatively clear (low turbidity) water with
high bacterial contamination
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 14
Source: Taste & Odors,“[Link]
Questions ???
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 15