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Nutritional Knowledge in Pregnant Women

The document outlines a research study focused on the nutritional knowledge and dietary practices among pregnant women at Central Hospital in Benin City, Edo State. It details the sampling techniques, data collection methods using structured questionnaires, and the validity and reliability assessments of the research instrument. Ethical considerations and data analysis methods are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of informed consent and confidentiality.

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12 views6 pages

Nutritional Knowledge in Pregnant Women

The document outlines a research study focused on the nutritional knowledge and dietary practices among pregnant women at Central Hospital in Benin City, Edo State. It details the sampling techniques, data collection methods using structured questionnaires, and the validity and reliability assessments of the research instrument. Ethical considerations and data analysis methods are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of informed consent and confidentiality.

Uploaded by

godwinewansiha51
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1+300(0.

0025)

= 300

1+0.75

= 300

1.75

Therefore, n = 171

A 10% attrtion will be added Therefore, n = 188

3.5 Sampling Technique

The researcher will use stratified sampling technique and convenient sampling technique in

selecting the respondent into the study in Central Hospital Benin city, Edo state.

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection

Structured questionnaire will be the instrument that will be use for data collection for this

study. The items will be constructed in a close-ended form where the respondents ticked

appropriately the option that suits their best knowledge.A 4-point Likert scale with options

including Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD).and

closed ended question format will be use in constructing the instrument that will be used for

this study. A total of 41 questions will be used and the questionnaires will be divided into

sectionA, B, C, D and E to address the research objectives under investigation.

Section A: contained demographic information of the respondent e.g What is your stage of

pregnancy?

Section B: contained items on the level of knowledge of nutritional and dietary practices

29
among pregnant women in central hospital e.g Pregnant women understand the importance of

consuming a balanced diet ; SA [ ], A [ ], D [ ], SD [ ].

section C: contained items on the dietary practices among pregnant women in central hospital

e.g Pregnant women often include fruits and vegetables in their daily meals ; SA [ ], A [ ], D

[ ], SD [ ].

Section D::contained items on the barriers to optimal dietary practices among pregnant

women in central hospital e.g Cultural beliefs and traditional practices influence my food

choices during pregnancy ; SA [ ], A [ ], D [ ], SD [ ].

3.7 Validity of Instrument

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what is intended to measure. If a research

has high validity that means it produces results that correspond to real properties,

characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world (Middleton, 2023). High validity

is one indicator that a measurement is valid. If a method is not reliable, it probably is not valid.

Validity can be assessed by comparing the results to other relevant data or theory. The

questionnaire that was adopted will be properly organized, structured and simplified by the

researcher under the guidance of the supervisor and public health officers before it will be

distributed

3.8 Reliability of Instrument

Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result can be

consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the

measurement is considered reliable (Middleton, 2023). For this study, the test-retest method

will be adopted to confirm the consistency and reliability of the research instrument over time.

Cronbach’s Alpha will be used to measure how well the items in the questionnaire work

30
together to assess the same concept. A test involving 20 pregnant women was conducted in

Edo specialist hospital The Cronbach’s Alpha values for the sections of the questionnaire

were: 0.82 and 0.78, giving an overall reliability coefficient of 0.80. These values indicate that

the instrument is internally consistent and reliable for data collection

3.9 Method of Data Collection

One hundred and eighty-eight (188) well-structured questionnaires containing questions

relevant to the study will be administered to respondents at Central Hospital, Benin City, Edo

State. The questionnaires will be distributed during antenatal clinic sessions, and respondents

will be guided on how to complete them appropriately. A trained research assistant will

accompany the researcher throughout the data collection process to provide clarification where

necessary, ensure proper administration of the instrument, and facilitate the prompt retrieval of

all completed questionnaires. All responses will be gathered immediately after completion to

maintain accuracy and completeness of the data.

[Link] of Data Analysis

Data collected will be analyzed using SPSS, frequency tables and mean score.

The four-point rating scale will be given values as follows:

SA = Strongly Agree 4

A = Agree 3

D = Disagree 2

SD = Strongly Disagree 1

Decision Rule:

31
The decision to accept or reject an item statement in the mean and standard deviation tables

will be based on the weighted mean 0f 2.5 . Any mean score equal or above the weighted mean

will be accepted, while any mean score below the weighted mean was rejected.

3.11 Ethical Consideration

Letter of introduction will be obtain from the Head of Department Midwifery of Edo State

Nursing Sciences Benin City and this letter will be given to the management of central hospital

for informed consent.

The research will also be submitted to the Ministry of health for ethical approval

Informed consent will be obtained from all respondents.

The research participants will be given adequate information concerning their role in taken all

data

Collected from respondent will be kept confidential and anonymous.

Participation will be voluntary, and participants has the right to withdraw from the study at any

Time without any consequences.

All these data collected from respondents during the course of this study will be neither

Adulterated nor falsified.

The author of all the various books that will be used for the study will be acknowledged in order

to Avoid plagiarism and to show intellectual.

32
REFERENCE

Adugna, B., Mekonnen, T., & Alemu, S. (2020). Maternal nutritional awareness and pregnancy
outcomes in low-income communities. Journal of Global Maternal Health, 12(3), 144–
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Ajani, I. A., Ojo, M. F., & Bamidele, O. T. (2021). Cultural influences on maternal nutrition
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attending antenatal clinics in Ethiopia. East African Journal of Public Health, 16(2), 87–
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improvement: A systematic review. International Journal of Nutrition and Public Policy,
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intervention on pregnant women’s dietary knowledge. Journal of Women’s Health
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Clinical Nutrition and Pregnancy, 4(3), 112–120.
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34

Common questions

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The study ensures the validity of its research instruments by organizing and structuring the questionnaire under the guidance of a supervisor and public health officers, aiming for results that correspond to real-world properties. Reliability is confirmed through the test-retest method, measuring consistency over time, and utilizing Cronbach’s Alpha to gauge internal consistency with values of 0.82 and 0.78, resulting in an overall reliability coefficient of 0.80 .

The study identifies cultural beliefs and traditional practices as significant barriers influencing food choices during pregnancy. These cultural factors often dictate dietary restrictions and preferences, impacting the consumption of a balanced diet among pregnant women . Studies have shown that cultural influences significantly affect maternal nutrition, as seen in Southwestern Nigeria, where cultural practices shape dietary behaviors .

The study employs SPSS software for data analysis, using frequency tables and mean scores to assess response patterns. A decision rule is set with a weighted mean of 2.5 as a threshold for accepting or rejecting item statements. This approach quantifies participant responses on a four-point Likert scale, thus facilitating a structured interpretation of data and supporting the study's findings .

The research at Central Hospital adheres to ethical standards by obtaining a letter of introduction from the Midwifery Department and securing ethical approval from the Ministry of Health. Participants provide informed consent and are assured of confidentiality and anonymity. Participation is voluntary with no repercussions for withdrawal, and data integrity is maintained without any falsification. The research process also respects intellectual property by acknowledging sources, minimizing plagiarism risks .

Cronbach’s Alpha is utilized in the study to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The values obtained for the questionnaire sections are 0.82 and 0.78, resulting in an overall coefficient of 0.80, indicating high internal consistency and reliability. These values suggest that the items in the questionnaire are well-correlated and effectively measure the intended concepts, ensuring dependable data collection .

The structured questionnaires are crucial in evaluating the dietary practices of pregnant women by incorporating 41 questions, divided into sections targeting demographics, knowledge of nutrition, dietary practices, and perceived barriers. The four-point Likert scale format facilitates easy analysis and categorizes respondent opinions into quantifiable data, directly addressing research objectives and allowing for a detailed examination of nutritional behaviors and influences .

To mitigate biases from convenience sampling, the study combines it with stratified sampling to ensure comprehensive representation of different population subgroups. By targeting respondents during antenatal appointments, biases associated with convenience sampling are reduced through structured guidance and complete data retrieval, enhancing reliability and decreasing the risk of skewed results due to non-random participation .

The study takes several steps to ensure ethical treatment, including obtaining informed consent, guaranteeing confidentiality and anonymity, and allowing voluntary participation without adverse consequences for withdrawal. These actions contribute to the research's integrity by ensuring participant rights are protected, fostering trust, and promoting complete and honest responses, ultimately bolstering the validity and credibility of the data collected .

The study at Central Hospital Benin City, Edo State, employed stratified sampling and convenient sampling techniques. Stratified sampling was chosen to ensure that different subgroups within the population were adequately represented. Convenient sampling was utilized to effectively manage logistical constraints and to facilitate easy access to the respondents during antenatal clinic sessions .

The study leverages theoretical frameworks, such as the Health Belief Model, to ensure validity and reliability by aligning the questionnaire design with established nutritional theories and behavioral models. This alignment guarantees that the instruments measure real-world concepts effectively and situates the findings within a broader context of maternal nutrition research, enhancing the interpretive depth and applicability of the results .

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