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Overview of Indian Rivers and Systems

India has over 4,000 rivers categorized into Himalayan and Peninsular types, with distinct characteristics such as flow, valley shape, and erosion levels. Major river systems include the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra, each with significant tributaries and historical treaties like the Indus Water Treaty. Additionally, various lakes and river interlinking projects are highlighted, aimed at managing water resources across the country.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
14 views20 pages

Overview of Indian Rivers and Systems

India has over 4,000 rivers categorized into Himalayan and Peninsular types, with distinct characteristics such as flow, valley shape, and erosion levels. Major river systems include the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra, each with significant tributaries and historical treaties like the Indus Water Treaty. Additionally, various lakes and river interlinking projects are highlighted, aimed at managing water resources across the country.

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btwkrish26o9
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INDIAN RIVERS

Drainage & Drainage System

●​ Drainage → Flow of water through well-defined channels.


●​ Drainage System → Network of such channels
●​ India has 4,000+ rivers, grouped into 23 major and 200 minor
river basins.
●​ Based on origin, rivers are of two types
1.​ Himalayan Rivers
2.​ Peninsular Rivers

Himalayan vs Peninsular Rivers


Feature Himalayan Rivers Peninsular Rivers

Origin Snow-fed Himalayas Peninsular plateau (mainly


rainfall)

Flow Perennial (snow + Seasonal (rain-fed)


rain)

Valley Deep, V-shaped Broad, shallow valleys


valleys & gorges

Age Young & active Old & stable

Erosion Intense Low to moderate

Course Long & meandering Straight courses

Deposits Form huge alluvial Very little alluvium


plains

Patterns Antecedent rivers Mostly superimposed


HIMALAYAN RIVER SYSTEMS

There are three major systems:

1.​ Indus System


2.​ Ganga System
3.​ Brahmaputra System

Geologists believe these evolved from a mega-river called Shiwalik /


Indo-Brahma River during Pleistocene time, though not universally
accepted.

1. Indus River System

Indus River

●​ Origin: Bokhar Chu Glacier near Mansarovar Lake (Tibet).


●​ Length: 2,880 km (1,114 km in India).
●​ Names: Called Singi Khamban in Tibet.
●​ Drains into: Arabian Sea east of Karachi.
●​ Major Left-bank tributaries: Zaskar, Shigar, Gilgit, Shyok.
●​ Major Right-bank tributaries: Suru, Kabul, Kurram, Gomal.

Indus Water Treaty (1960)

●​ Brokered by World Bank.


●​ Pakistan: Gets Western rivers – Indus, Jhelum, Chenab (80%).
●​ India: Gets Eastern rivers – Ravi, Beas, Sutlej (20% usage of
western rivers allowed).

Important Tributaries

✔ Jhelum

●​ Source: Verinag Spring (Pir Panjal).


●​ Flows through Wular Lake → enters Pakistan via gorge.
●​ Joins Chenab near Jhang (Pakistan).
●​ Major tributaries: Neelum, Kunhar, Poonch.

✔ Chenab (Chandrabhaga)

●​ Formed by Chandra + Bhaga rivers at Tandi (Himachal).


●​ Length: 1,180 km.
●​ Joins Indus in Pakistan.

✔ Ravi

●​ Source: West of Rohtang Pass (Himachal).


●​ Forms Indo-Pak border (80 km).
●​ Allocated fully to India

✔ Beas

●​ Source: Beas Kund, Rohtang Pass.


●​ Length: 470 km.
●​ Meets Sutlej at Harike.
●​ Pollution incident (2018): Molasses release killed fish.

✔ Sutlej

●​ Source: Lake Rakshastal near Mansarovar (Tibet).


●​ Ancient name: Satadru.
●​ Antecedent river.
●​ Joins Beas at Harike, then flows to Pakistan.

2. Ganga River System

Ganga River

●​ Origin: Gangotri Glacier – here called Bhagirathi.


●​ Becomes Ganga after meeting Alaknanda at Devprayag.
●​ Length: 2,525 km.
●​ Flow: Uttarakhand → UP → Bihar → West Bengal → Bangladesh
(Padma).
●​ Forms world’s largest delta with Brahmaputra –
Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (Sundarbans).
Major Left-bank Tributaries

●​ Ramganga
●​ Gomati
●​ Ghaghara
●​ Gandak
●​ Kosi
●​ Mahananda

Major Right-bank Tributaries

●​ Yamuna
●​ Son
●​ Damodar
Important Tributaries

✔ Yamuna

●​ Origin: Yamunotri Glacier.


●​ Joins Ganga at Prayagraj.
●​ Tributaries: Chambal, Betwa, Ken.
●​ Declared “Legal Person” by Uttarakhand HC (2017).

✔ Ghaghara

●​ Important flood-prone river from Nepal.

✔ Gandak

●​ Deep gorge in Himalayas.


●​ Joins Ganga at Sonpur (Patna).

✔ Kosi (Saptakoshi)

●​ Formed by 7 rivers → “Sorrow of Bihar.”

✔ Son

●​ Origin: Amarkantak.
●​ Important tributaries: Rihand, North Koel.

✔ Damodar

●​ Flows through rift valley (Jharkhand–Bengal).


●​ Earlier “Sorrow of Bengal.”
●​ Controlled by Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC).
3. Brahmaputra River System

Brahmaputra

●​ Origin: Angsi Glacier, Tibet.


●​ Known as Tsangpo in Tibet.
●​ Enters India (Arunachal) as Dihang / Siang.
●​ Important tributaries: Dibang, Lohit, Subansiri, Manas, Pagladia.
●​ Enters Bangladesh as Jamuna.
●​ Meets Ganga (Padma) → Meghna → Bay of Bengal.
●​ Creates Majuli – world’s largest river island (Assam).
PENINSULAR RIVERS

Characteristics:

●​ Older, stable.
●​ Mostly rain-fed → seasonal.
●​ Flow in straight courses.
●​ Mostly east-flowing forming deltas.
●​ West-flowing rivers form estuaries.
EAST FLOWING RIVERS

✔ Subarnarekha

●​ Origin: Near Ranchi.


●​ Flows through Jharkhand → West Bengal → Odisha.
✔ Brahmani

●​ Formed by: Sankh + South Koel.


●​ Flows into Bay of Bengal.

✔ Mahanadi

●​ Origin: Sihawa hills (Chhattisgarh).


●​ Famous Hirakud Dam built on it.

✔ Godavari (Dakshin Ganga)

●​ Origin: Trimbakeshwar (Maharashtra).


●​ Length: 1,465 km.
●​ Second longest river in India.

✔ Krishna

●​ Origin: Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra).


●​ Length: 1,401 km.
●​ Major irrigation source.

✔ Kaveri

●​ Origin: Talakaveri (Coorg).


●​ Length: 800 km.
●​ Forms two mouths at Poompuhar.

✔ Penna, Palar, Vaigai, Thamirabarani

●​ Important rivers draining eastern peninsular India into Bay of


Bengal.

WEST FLOWING RIVERS

✔ Narmada

●​ Origin: Amarkantak.
●​ Flows through rift valley → Arabian Sea.
●​ Length: 1,312 km.
●​ Famous waterfall: Dhuandhar.

✔ Tapi

●​ Origin: Betul (MP).


●​ Length: 724 km.
●​ Flows through Surat.

✔ Sabarmati

●​ Origin: Dhebar Lake (Aravalli).


●​ Drains into Gulf of Cambay.

✔ Mahi

●​ Origin: Vindhyas.
●​ Forms a rare east–west–east path due to rift.

✔ Luni

●​ Origin: Pushkar Valley (Aravalli).


●​ Ends in Rann of Kutch.
●​ Seasonal, saline river.

✔ Ghaggar

●​ Origin: Shivalik Hills.


●​ Seasonal (monsoon fed).
●​ Associated with Saraswati basin traces.

Major Lakes in India

Freshwater Lakes

●​ Wular (J&K): Largest freshwater lake; ox-bow lake on Jhelum;


Tulbul project.
●​ Dal (J&K): “Jewel of Kashmir”; freshwater.
●​ Loktak (Manipur): Largest freshwater lake in NE India; floating
Keibul Lamjao National Park.
●​ Sasthamkotta (Kerala): Largest freshwater lake in Kerala;
Ramsar site.
●​ Bhimtal (Uttarakhand): Largest lake of Kumaon region.

Salt / Brackish / Lagoon Lakes

●​ Sambhar (Rajasthan): Largest inland salt lake; salt production.


●​ Chilika (Odisha): Largest saltwater lagoon of India.
●​ Pulicat (AP–TN): Lagoon lake; Sriharikota (ISRO) located here.
●​ Kolleru (AP): Large lagoon lake in Godavari–Krishna delta.
●​ Pangong Tso (Ladakh): Brackish, high-altitude lake; LAC passes
through.

Artificial / Man-Made Lakes

●​ Dhebar/Jaisamand (Rajasthan): One of Asia’s largest artificial


lakes.
●​ Govind Sagar (HP): Formed by Bhakra Nangal Dam.
●​ Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar, Gandhi Sagar: On
Chambal River.
●​ Ukai (Gujarat): On Tapi River.
●​ Nagarjuna Sagar (AP), Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra: Major
reservoirs.
●​ Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar: On Rihand River (UP–Chhattisgarh).
●​ Tawa Reservoir (MP): Formed by Tawa Dam.
Special Origin Lakes

●​ Lonar (Maharashtra): Meteor-impact crater lake.


●​ Roopkund (Uttarakhand): “Skeleton Lake”; glacial.
●​ Tsomgo/Tsngmo (Sikkim): Glacial lake; freezes in winter.
●​ Cholamu (Sikkim): Highest lake in India; source of Teesta River.
●​ Ashtamudi (Kerala): Major backwater lake.

Others

●​ Hussain Sagar (Telangana): Between


Hyderabad–Secunderabad; transport link.

River Interlinking Projects

Major Projects
●​ Ken–Betwa Link (MP–UP): India’s first river-interlinking
project.
●​ Kosi–Mechi Link (Bihar): Flood control + irrigation.
●​ Godavari–Cauvery Link: Transfers water via 3 links →
Godavari–Krishna → Krishna–Pennar → Pennar–Cauvery.
National River Linking Project (NRLP)
●​ Aim: Transfer water from surplus to deficit basins.
●​ Includes 14 Peninsular links (identified by NWDA).

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