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Understanding Line Coding Techniques

Line coding in telecommunications represents digital data through various patterns of voltage, current, or photons. Different line coding techniques, such as Unipolar, Polar, and Bipolar, have unique advantages and disadvantages, and must meet specific properties like bandwidth efficiency and error detection capabilities. The document outlines several line coding types and their characteristics, including Unipolar NRZ, Polar RZ, and Bipolar NRZ.

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Ahsan Habib
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22 views11 pages

Understanding Line Coding Techniques

Line coding in telecommunications represents digital data through various patterns of voltage, current, or photons. Different line coding techniques, such as Unipolar, Polar, and Bipolar, have unique advantages and disadvantages, and must meet specific properties like bandwidth efficiency and error detection capabilities. The document outlines several line coding types and their characteristics, including Unipolar NRZ, Polar RZ, and Bipolar NRZ.

Uploaded by

Ahsan Habib
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Line coding

• In telecommunications, a line code is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used


to represent digital data transmitted down a communication channel or written to a
storage medium.
• Different line coding techniques have different advantages & disadvantages

• Line coding is of different types:


 Unipolar
 Polar
 Bipolar
 Multilevel
 Multi-transition
Proper Choice of Line code

• A line code must have the following properties:

• Transmission Bandwidth: Must be as small as possible.


• Power efficiency: Should be as small as possible.
• Error detection and correction capability:
• Must have error detection capability. Desirable to have correction capability as well
• Favorable Power Spectral Density (PSD):
• Desirable to have zero PSD at frequency, f = 0 Hz, since ac coupling and
transformers are used at the repeaters.
Lines codes (to be discussed)

• Unipolar RZ
• Unipolar NRZ
• Polar RZ
• Polar NRZ
• Bipolar NRZ (also called Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI))
• Split phase Manchester
• Polar Quarternary
Unipolar NRZ

Output Similar to data d


Unipolar RZ

clock and data both should be 1 to give output 1 ,and

otherwise output 0
Polar NRZ
Polar RZ

Binary '1': The signal is at a positive voltage level (+V) for the first half of the bit duration and then jggkf
returns to zero voltage (0 V) for the second half.
Binary '0': The signal is at a negative voltage level (-V) for the first half of the bit duration
and then returns to zero voltage (0 V) for the second half.
Bipolar NRZ (AMI =

Steps to determine bipolar NRZ


1. Identify the voltage levels: Bipolar NRZ uses three distinct voltage levels:
A positive voltage level for a binary 1.
A negative voltage level for a binary 1.
A zero voltage level for a binary 0.
2. Assign the first 1: Assign a positive voltage pulse to the first 1 in the data stream.
[Link] subsequent 1s: For every subsequent 1, alternate the voltage to the opposite polarity. For example, if the first 1 was a positive pulse, the ne
be a negative pulse, and the one after that will be positive again.
[Link] 0s: For every binary 0, assign a zero voltage level. The signal remains at zero voltage for the duration of the bit period.
Maintain the voltage: The voltage level stays constant for the entire bit period, representing the duration of a single bit.
Bipolar RZ

Three Voltage Levels: The signal uses three distinct voltage levels: positive (+V), negative (-V), and zero (0V).

Zero Voltage Represents Binary 0: All binary '0' bits are represented by a neutral, zero voltage level for the entire bit duration.

Alternating Polarity for Binary 1s (Return-to-Zero): Binary '1' bits are represented by a pulse that occupies only the first half of the bit period, followed bY return to the zero voltage level for th

the second half of the period. The polarity of this pulse alternates for every successive '1' bit (e.g., +V then -V, then +V, etc.), even if there are '0' bits in between.
Split Phase Manchester
Polar Quarternary NRZ

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