KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

NORTON NATION RELIGION KING

UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL *****
******

RESEARCH OF GRAMMAR CORE ENGLISH 1B

IN LEARNING ENGLISH: 1B
NORTON UNIVERSITY

A Research of Grammars in Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for the
Bachelor Degree, year one (Semester 2)
Lectured by Mr. Chan Puthy

Group Members
[Link] Davit
[Link] Bunthai
3. Saroeurn Kanha
[Link] Lyhour
[Link] Sreynoch
 GROUP ASSIGNMENT CORE ENGLISH 1B
[Link] and Superlative of Adjective
1.1 Comparative Adjective
Comparative Adjective is a word that describe a noun by comparing it to another noun.
Note: Comparative adjective typically end in “er” and are followed by the word ‘’than’’.
Form: S + Be + Adj + er + than + obj
Example: •Yana is smarter than Nana.
•The giraffe is taller than buffalo.
1.2 Superlative adjective
Superlative Adjective is a word that describes a noun by comparing it to two or more nouns
to the highest or lowest degree.
Note: Superlative Adjective are generally use in the following sentence structure:
Form: S + Be + the + Adj + est + obj
Example: • Prime Minister is the best person.
• Nary is the smartest person in the class.
Note: We use more and most to make comparative and superlative for most two syllable
adjective and for all adjectives with three or more syllable.
❶Most Adjective of one syllable and some of more than one form the comparative by adding
er and the superlative by adding est to the positive.

POSITUVE NEGATIVE SUPERLATIIVE

Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Small Smaller Smallest
Tall Taller Tallest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
kind kinder kindest
Young Younger Youngest
Great Greater Greatest
❷When the positive end in “e” only “r’’ and “st” are added.

Brave Braver Bravest

Fine Finer Finest
white whiter whitest
Large Largest Largest
Wise Wiser Wisest
Noble Nobler Noblest

❸When the positive ends in “y” preceded by a consonant the “y” is change into
“I” before adding “er” and “est”.

Happy Happier Happiest

Easy Easier Easiest

Heavy Heavier Heaviest

❹When the positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant,
preceded by a short vowel this consonant is double before adding “er” and
“est”.

Red Reder Reddest

Big Biggest Biggest

Hot Hotter Hottest

Sad Sadder Saddest

Fat Fatter Fattest

❺Adjective of more than two syllable form the comparative and superlative by
putting more and most before the positive.

Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful

Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult

Useful More Useful Most Useful

❻Tw syllable ending in

•Ful- Useful

•Less- Hopeless

•Ing- Boring

•Ed- Surprised

• (modern, recent, certain, foolish………) take more and most.

❼The following take either “er” and “est” or “more” and “most”.

Polite

Simple

feeble

gentle

common

Stupid….

❽ The comparative in “er” is not used when we compare two qualities in the
same person or thing.

Example: •Rama is braver than Balu.

‼But if we wish to say that the courage of Rama is greater than his
prudence. We must say
•Rama is more brave than prudent.

IRREGULAR
COMPARISONS

Positive comparative Superlative

Good, well Better Best

Bad worse worst

Much More Most

old Older, elder Oldest, Eldest

Late Later Latest

Far Farther Farthest

Up Upper Uppermost

Many More Most

2. Present Perfect Simple

The Present Perfect Simple connects the past with the present.
It describes actions that:
 happened at an unspecified time in the past, or
 have a result/importance in the present.
Formula:
Subject + have/has + past participle (V3)
How we use it:
 Unfinished time (this week, today, this year).
 Life experiences (at some point in life, no exact time).
 Recent events with present result (just, already, yet).
 Change over time.
When we use it:
 1. Life experience → "I have seen that movie." (no exact time)
2. Unfinished time period → "She has read three books this week." (week
is not finished yet)
3. Recent actions with effect now → "He has broken his leg." (his leg is
still broken)
4. Repeated actions until now → "We have visited Paris many times."
Examples:
 I have eaten breakfast.
 She has visited Japan.

3. Past Simple
The Past Simple describes a completed action in the past, at a specific time.
We use the Past Simple to:
1. Describe completed actions in the past
"I watched a movie last night."
2. Talk about past habits or routines (often with always, often, usually)
"When I was a child, I always played outside."
3. Tell stories or narrate events
"He opened the door, walked in, and sat down."
4. Talk about past facts or truths
"People believed the earth was flat."
Formula:
Subject + past verb (V2)
How we use it:
 To describe an event that is finished.
 With finished time expressions (yesterday, last week, in 2020, two days
ago).
 In stories or narratives about the past.
When we use it:
1. Completed actions in the past → "I watched TV last night."
2. Series of past actions → "He entered the room, sat down, and started to
read."
3. Past facts and habits → "People believed the earth was flat."
4. Specific time reference → "She called me at 7 p.m.
4. Can/Could/May/Might/ Will/Would/ Have to/Must/ Shall/ Should
1. Can and could
 Using “can” to express a strong possibility or indicate that something is
certain to happen
Example: A bee sting can cause pain and discomfort.
 Using “can” to indicate ability
Example: I can run a mile in under eight minutes.
 Using “can” to make a request
Example: Can you upload the document onto the hard drive, please?
 Using “can” to ask for permission
Example: Can I go to the restroom, please?
 Using “could” to express possibility
Example: I could buy a new car by the end of the year if I save up enough
money.
 Using “could” to indicate possibility or ability in the past
Example: I could have helped her had I known she was struggling.
Example: Larry could swim by the age of three.
 Using “could” to make a request
Example: Could you lower the volume?
 Using “could” to ask for permission
Example: Could I work a few extra hours this week?
“Could” vs. “Can”
Understanding the difference between “could” and “can” may be challenging.
The most important things to remember are:
 Can is used when referring to something with a strong possibility or
occurring, whereas could is used to refer to something that has a weak
possibility.
 Both can and could can be used to make a request, but when asking for
permission, could is the more polite choice to use.
 When indicating ability or possibility, can is used in the present tense
and could is used in the past tense. For example: When I was young,
I could only write clearly in one language, but now thanks
to LanguageTool, I can write clearly in multiple languages.
2. May and might
 Expressing Possibility
'May' is most commonly used to express possibility or likelihood of something
happening, but with a level of uncertainty.
Example: I may be late, so don't wait for me.
 Asking for/Giving Permission
'May' is used to politely ask for permission to do something. Using 'May I...?' is
more polite and more formal than using 'Can I...?' or 'Could I...?'
Example: May I come in?
 Expressing Wishes

You can use 'may' to express a hopeful wish, often in formal or poetic contexts.
For example: May all your wishes come true.
 Making a Suggestion
'May' can be used to soften or politely offer an idea, often in professional or
formal contexts. In this case, 'may' and 'might' are both acceptable.
Example: May I suggest we take a short break?
  Introducing a Concession
'May' is sometimes used to show a contrast or concession between two ideas. In
this case, it is typically connected to the contrasting idea using the conjunction
'but.' The sentence typically means the speaker is aware of and accepts a fact,
but holds a specific opinion in spite of it.
Example: It may be a little expensive, but it is definitely worth it.
 Expressing Possibility
'Might' is similar to 'may' in that it is used to express possibility or likelihood of
something happening. However, the difference is that 'might' suggest a lower
degree of probability or a less likely possibility than 'may'. It implies that the
chances of something happening are smaller or more remote.
Example: He might get there in time, but I can't be sure.
 Asking permission
Especially in British English, 'might' is used to politely ask for permission to do
something. However, this usage is very rare and very formal.
Example: Might I use your phone?
 Making a Suggestion
'Might' can be used to make polite suggestions or give advice to someone.
Example: You might try restarting your computer.
You might want to tell your parents about the problem.
3. Will and Would
 Will
'Will' is a modal verb that is used to:
1. predict the future
We use the verb 'will' to talk about the future; we use it to predict something
about the future or express expectations.
Example; You'll be late if you don't hurry.
[Link] willingness
Will' can also show that someone is willing to do something. It can express
intention or determination.
Example: I will solve this problem.
[Link] plans and decisions
We use 'will' to talk about decisions and plans that we are certain about.
Example: By next year we will be living in Italy.
[Link] somebody to do something
You can use 'will' to ask somebody to do something for you. It is rather polite
and formal.
Example: Will you proofread this essay for me, please?
[Link] somebody to do something
'Will' can be used to invite somebody to do something.
Example; Will you come to the movies with me tonight?
6. make offers or suggestions
If you want to offer or suggest something, you can use 'will'.
Example: I'll make some tea, if you want.
[Link] somebody to do something
'Will' is used for ordering somebody to do something. It is rather informal and
direct.
Example: You'll clean your room now!
[Link] to do something in the future
We use 'will' to make promises or vows.
Example: I will love you forever!
 Would
[Link] and typical activity in the past
Would' is used to talk about things that often happened in the past. In this case,
'would' is synonymous with 'used to'.
Example: When my grandma visited us, she would tell us stories.
[Link] in the past
You can use 'would' to show that somebody or something refused to do
something in the past. Remember that in this use, we use the negative form of
would, i.e. 'wouldn't'.
Example: Mom, Sam wouldn't play with me.
[Link] offering or making requests
'Would' is also used for making polite offers or invitations. Typically, 'would' is
used with the verb 'like'.
Example: Would you like a sandwich?
4. Have to and Must
 Must
[Link] obligation
Example: You must be home by 11 o'clock.
[Link] a conclusion or deduction
Example: You must be hungry after walking for a long time.
[Link] suggestions and recommendations
Example: You simply must watch this movie.
[Link] annoyance
Example: Must you leave your shoes in the hallway every time?
 Have to
o expressing necessity and obligation
Example: I have to wear a uniform at work.
o expressing personal urges and needs
Example: have to talk to someone about this.
o giving advice or recommendation
Example: They have to be patient to get the job.
o offering a conclusion or deduction
Example: There has to be a reason for his strange behavior.
 o expressing annoyance
Example: Do you have to interrupt me when I'm speaking?
[Link] and should
 shall
The word shall is used to express ideas related to specific rules or laws. (Be
careful not to confuse it with “must.”).

Examples: You shall abide by the law.

Kids shall not enter this room.
The word shall also is used in the future tenseto speak about
something that will happen or exist:
1) Sentences
Examples: Shall I pick your sister up from college?
Shall we dance?
2) Expressions about promises or the future
Examples: We shall be here at seven tomorrow.
He shall be in the office on Monday at 10 a.m
 should
The verb should is used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, often when
criticizing someone’s actions.
We can use it when expressing a personal opinion in plain language. In other
words, we want to advise someone.
Examples:
You should call the police.
She should see a doctor.
Should is used to express a desire that something happened in the past (but it
did not occur) or regret.
Examples:
You should have tried it. It was unbelievable.
They should have come to the party.
Also, should is used to clarify someone’s opinion.
Examples:
What should we do now?
Where should I go now?
Should is also used (with emotional overtones) in questions to express surprise,
anger, or perplexity after the question words “why” and “how.”
Examples:
Why should I do that?
How should I know? I wasn’t there!
These are the primary ways that the modal verbs shall and should are used in
English.

Past continuous