Q1) Attempt any five questions out of seven
[5 × 2 = 10]
(a) Find percentage error of the number 5/9 whose approximate value is
0.56.
Exact value of the number = 5/9 = 0.5555
Approximate value = 0.56
Absolute error = |0.56 – 0.5555| = 0.0045
Percentage error = (0.0045 / 0.5555) × 100
Percentage error = 0.81 %
Answer: Percentage error is 0.81 %
(b)Prove that ∇ = Δ E⁻¹ by usual notations.
We know that
Δ=E–1
Multiplying both sides by E⁻¹,
Δ E⁻¹ = (E – 1) E⁻¹
Δ E⁻¹ = 1 – E⁻¹
But,
∇ = 1 – E⁻¹
Therefore,
∇ = Δ E⁻¹
Hence proved.
© Let f(x) = 1/x. Find divided difference [a, b, c].
Given,
F(a) = 1/a
F(b) = 1/b
F© = 1/c
First divided difference:
[a, b] = (f(a) – f(b)) / (a – b)
= (1/a – 1/b) / (a – b)
= −1 / (ab)
[b, c] = −1 / (bc)
Second divided difference:
[a, b, c] = ([a, b] – [b, c]) / (a – c)
= (−1/ab + 1/bc) / (a – c)
= 1 / (abc)
Answer: Divided difference [a, b, c] = 1 / (abc)
(c) Given that
F(1)=1, f(2)=4, f(3)=9, f(4)=16, f(5)=25
Find ∫ from 1 to 5 f(x) dx using Trapezoidal rule.
Step size h = (5 – 1) / 4 = 1
Table:
X 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 1 4 9 16 25
Trapezoidal rule:
∫ f(x) dx = h/2 [y₀ + yₙ + 2(y₁ + y₂ + y₃)]
= ½ [1 + 25 + 2(4 + 9 + 16)]
= ½ [26 + 58]
= 42
Answer: ∫ from 1 to 5 f(x) dx = 42
€ Using Euler’s method find y(0.1) given
Dy/dx + 2y = 0, y(0) = 1
Dy/dx = −2y
Step size h = 0.1
Euler’s formula:
Y₁ = y₀ + h f(x₀, y₀)
Y(0.1) = 1 + 0.1 (−2 × 1)
Y(0.1) = 0.8
Answer: y(0.1) = 0.8
(f) Write Simpson’s (3/8) rule for numerical integration.
Simpson’s (3/8) rule is
∫ y dx = (3h / 8) [ y₀ + yₙ + 3(y₁ + y₂ + y₄ + y₅ + …) + 2(y₃ + y₆ + …) ]
(g) Evaluate Δ² x² with h = 1.
Table:
X 0 1 2 3
X² 0 1 4 9
Δ 1 3 5
Δ² 2 2
Therefore,
Δ² x² = 2
Answer: Δ² x² = 2
Q.2) Attempt any three of the following
[3 × 5 = 15]
(a) Derive Newton’s Forward Interpolation Formula for equal intervals.
Let the given data be at equally spaced points with interval h.
X : x0, x1, x2, x3, …
Y : y0, y1, y2, y3, …
Where
X1 = x0 + h,
X2 = x0 + 2h, and so on.
Using forward differences,
Δy0 = y1 – y0
Δ²y0 = Δy1 – Δy0
Δ³y0 = Δ²y1 – Δ²y0
Let x = x0 + uh, where
U = (x – x0) / h
Newton’s forward interpolation formula is
Y = y0
U Δy0
U(u – 1)/2! Δ²y0
U(u – 1)(u – 2)/3! Δ³y0
………
This formula is used when the value of x is near the beginning of the table.
Hence, Newton’s Forward Interpolation Formula is derived.
(b)Find the real root of the equation
X³ − x – 4 = 0
In the interval [1, 2] correct up to two decimal places using Regula Falsi
Method.
Let
F(x) = x³ − x – 4
F(1) = 1 – 1 – 4 = −4
F(2) = 8 – 2 – 4 = 2
Since f(1) and f(2) are of opposite signs, a root lies between 1 and 2.
Regula Falsi formula is
X = [a f(b) – b f(a)] / [f(b) – f(a)]
First approximation:
X1 = [1(2) – 2(−4)] / [2 – (−4)]
X1 = (2 + 8) / 6
X1 = 1.67
F(1.67) ≈ −0.01
Second approximation gives
X ≈ 1.79
Correct up to two decimal places,
Answer: Real root of the equation is x = 1.79
© Using Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula find f(2)
Given that
F(1) = 1, f(3) = 27, f(4) = 64.
Lagrange’s interpolation formula is
F(x) = Σ yi Li(x)
Where
Li(x) = Π (x – xj) / (xi – xj), j ≠ i
Substituting given values,
F(2)
= 1 × [(2 – 3)(2 – 4)] / [(1 – 3)(1 – 4)]
27 × [(2 – 1)(2 – 4)] / [(3 – 1)(3 – 4)]
64 × [(2 – 1)(2 – 3)] / [(4 – 1)(4 – 3)]
After simplification,
F(2) = 8
Answer: f(2) = 8
(c) Evaluate ∫ from 0 to 6 (1 / (1 + x)) dx
Using Simpson’s 1/3 rule. Take h = 1.
Given
H=1
X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Table:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y 1 0.5 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.14
Simpson’s 1/3 rule is
∫ y dx = (h/3)[ y0 + yn + 4(y1 + y3 + y5) + 2(y2 + y4) ]
Substituting values,
∫ y dx = (1/3)[1 + 0.14 + 4(0.5 + 0.25 + 0.17) + 2(0.33 + 0.20)]
∫ y dx ≈ 1.95
Answer: Value of the integral is approximately 1.95
€ Find the missing value of the data.
X 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 7 ? 13 21 31
The given data is at equal intervals.
Using interpolation method, the missing value at x = 2 is calculated.
After applying finite differences,
Missing value of f(2) = 9
Answer: Missing value is 9
Q.3) Attempt any one of the following
[10 Marks]
(a) Find √12 using Newton–Raphson method correct up to four decimal
places.
Let
F(x) = x² − 12
Then
F′(x) = 2x
Newton–Raphson formula is
Xₙ₊₁ = xₙ − f(xₙ) / f′(xₙ)
Choose an initial approximation
X₀ = 3.5 (since √12 lies between 3 and 4)
First iteration:
X₁ = 3.5 – (3.5² − 12) / (2 × 3.5)
X₁ = 3.5 – (12.25 – 12) / 7
X₁ = 3.5 – 0.25 / 7
X₁ = 3.4643
Second iteration:
X₂ = 3.4643 – (3.4643² − 12) / (2 × 3.4643)
X₂ ≈ 3.4641
Since the value is stable up to four decimal places,
Answer: √12 = 3.4641
(b)Derive Trapezoidal Rule for numerical integration.
Let the interval [a, b] be divided into n equal parts, each of width h.
H = (b – a) / n
Let the ordinates be
Y₀, y₁, y₂, … , yₙ
The area under the curve between successive ordinates is approximated by
trapeziums.
Area of one trapezium = (h / 2)(sum of parallel sides)
Total area is the sum of areas of all trapeziums.
Therefore,
∫ from a to b f(x) dx
= h/2 [ y₀ + yₙ + 2(y₁ + y₂ + y₃ + … + yₙ₋₁) ]
This formula is known as the Trapezoidal Rule.
Hence, the Trapezoidal Rule is derived.
© Solve the differential equation
Dy/dx = x + y
With initial condition y(0) = 1
Using Runge–Kutta method of fourth order.
Find y(0.1) and y(0.2).
Given
Dy/dx = f(x, y) = x + y
Step size
H = 0.1
Initial values
X₀ = 0, y₀ = 1
Formulae:
K₁ = h f(x₀, y₀)
K₂ = h f(x₀ + h/2, y₀ + k₁/2)
K₃ = h f(x₀ + h/2, y₀ + k₂/2)
K₄ = h f(x₀ + h, y₀ + k₃)
For x = 0.1,
K₁ = 0.1(0 + 1) = 0.1
K₂ = 0.1(0.05 + 1.05) = 0.11
K₃ = 0.1(0.05 + 1.055) = 0.1105
K₄ = 0.1(0.1 + 1.1105) = 0.12105
Y(0.1) = y₀ + (1/6)(k₁ + 2k₂ + 2k₃ + k₄)
Y(0.1) ≈ 1.1103
For x = 0.2,
Using y(0.1) = 1.1103,
Y(0.2) ≈ 1.2428
Answer:
Y(0.1) = 1.1103
Y(0.2) = 1.2423
Question:
Given that
Dy/dx = 1 + y²
With y(0) = 0.
Obtain y(0.2) and y(0.4) using Runge–Kutta method of 4 th order.
Take step length h = 0.2.
Solution:
Given
Dy/dx = f(x, y) = 1 + y²
Initial value:
X₀ = 0, y₀ = 0
Step size: h = 0.2
Formulae of Runge–Kutta 4th order method:
K₁ = h f(x₀, y₀)
K₂ = h f(x₀ + h/2, y₀ + k₁/2)
K₃ = h f(x₀ + h/2, y₀ + k₂/2)
K₄ = h f(x₀ + h, y₀ + k₃)
Y₁ = y₀ + (1/6)(k₁ + 2k₂ + 2k₃ + k₄)
Step 1: To find y(0.2)
X₀ = 0, y₀ = 0
K₁ = 0.2 [1 + 0²]
K₁ = 0.2
K₂ = 0.2 [1 + (0 + 0.2/2)²]
K₂ = 0.2 [1 + 0.01]
K₂ = 0.202
K₃ = 0.2 [1 + (0 + 0.202/2)²]
K₃ = 0.2 [1 + 0.010201]
K₃ = 0.20204
K₄ = 0.2 [1 + (0 + 0.20204)²]
K₄ = 0.2 [1 + 0.04082]
K₄ = 0.20816
Now,
Y(0.2)
= 0 + (1/6)(0.2 + 2(0.202) + 2(0.20204) + 0.20816)
= (1/6)(1.21624)
= 0.2027
Step 2: To find y(0.4)
Now take
X₁ = 0.2, y₁ = 0.2027
K₁ = 0.2 [1 + (0.2027)²]
K₁ = 0.2 [1 + 0.0411]
K₁ = 0.20822
K₂ = 0.2 [1 + (0.2027 + 0.20822/2)²]
K₂ = 0.2 [1 + (0.30681)²]
K₂ = 0.21883
K₃ = 0.2 [1 + (0.2027 + 0.21883/2)²]
K₃ = 0.2 [1 + (0.31212)²]
K₃ = 0.21948
K₄ = 0.2 [1 + (0.2027 + 0.21948)²]
K₄ = 0.2 [1 + (0.42218)²]
K₄ = 0.23564
Now,
Y(0.4)
= 0.2027 + (1/6)(0.20822 + 2(0.21883) + 2(0.21948) + 0.23564)
= 0.2027 + (1/6)(1.32048)
= 0.2027 + 0.22008
= 0.4228
Final Answer:
Y(0.2) = 0.2027
Y(0.4) = 0.4228