Example 1: Singly Reinforced-Rectangular Beam

Determine depth of neutral axis for the section shown in

figure. Materials C-16/20 concrete and steel S420 are
used.
= 200
d = 400 mmm
= 50
= + ′
D = 400 + 50 = 450 mm

: = ?

1
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 16 !
For C-16/20 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 16
= = = 9.1 !
"
% 1.5
For steel manufactured in Ethiopian Iron and Steel

( = 420 !
Factory, Akaki,

420
= = = 365.22 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15
2
Step 2: Identifying Section whether it is Under reinforced
or Over reinforced :

0.8 0.00351)
./ = 0 2
"
(" 0.00351) + ("

0.8 ∗ 9.1 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 103

./ = 0 2 = 0.013
365.22 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 10 + 365.22
3

4) 35(207 )/4
.= = = 0.012
200 ∗ 400

. < ./ ; Therefore the section is under reinforced.

3
Step 3: Calculating Depth of Neutral axis for under
reinforced section
For under reinforced section,

4)
=
("
0.8 "
5 ∗ 207
3; < ∗ 365.22
4
= = 236.41
0.8 ∗ 200 ∗ 9.1

4
 Example 2: Singly Reinforced-Rectangular Beam
In the previous problem, if the reinforcements provided
are 4 numbers of 20 mm diameter rods, find the depth of
neutral axis and the moment carrying capacity of the
section. = 200
b = 200 d = 400 mmm
= 50
= + ′
D = 400 + 50 = 450 mm

= 400
D = 450
4∅20
Note: All dimensions are in
mm unless specified

: =?
′ = 50 ?

5
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 16 !
For C-16/20 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 16
= = = 9.1 !
"
% 1.5

For steel manufactured in Ethiopian Iron and Steel Factory, Akaki,

( = 420 !

420
= = = 365.22 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15

6
Step 2: Identifying Section whether it is Under reinforced
or Over reinforced :

0.8 0.00351)
./ = 0 2
"
(" 0.00351) + ("

0.8 ∗ 9.1 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 103

./ = 0 2 = @. @AB
365.22 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 10 + 365.22
3

4) 45(207 )/4
.= = = @. @ACD
200 ∗ 400

. > ./ ; Therefore the section is Over reinforced.

7
Step 3: Calculating Depth of Neutral axis for Over
reinforced section
Neutral axis depth can be determined from the equation:

0.8 "
F G 7
+ − 7
=0
0.00351) .
0.8 ∗ 9.1
F G 7
+ 400 − 4007
=0
0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.0157
3

0.6624 7 + 400 − 160000 = 0

7
+ 603.86 − 241545.89 = 0
On solving the above quadratic equation, x = 274.88 mm

8
Step 4: Calculating Moment of resistance of the
Over reinforced section
Moment capacity ( J ):

J = 0.8xb "( − 0.4 )

J = 0.8 ∗ 274.88 ∗ 200 ∗ 9.1 ∗ L 400 − 0.4(274.88)M

NO = AAP. @Q RST

9
 Example 3: Singly Reinforced-Rectangular Beam
Determine the moment of resistance of the section
shown in figure. C20/25 concrete and steel having fyk =
415 MPa are used.
= 250
b = 250 d = 310 mmm
= 40
= + ′
D = 310 + 40 = 350 mm

= 310
D = 350
3∅12
Note: All dimensions are in
mm unless specified

: =?
′ = 40 ?

10
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 20 !
For C-20/25 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 20
" = = = 11.33 !
% 1.5

( = 415 !
For S-415 Steel:

415
(" = = = 360.87 Mpa
(
%) 1.15
11
Step 2: Identifying Section whether it is Under reinforced or
Over reinforced :

0.8 0.00351)
./ = 0 2
"

(" 0.00351) + ("

0.8 ∗ 11.33 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 103

./ = 0 2 = @. @APP
360.87 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 10 + 360.87
3

4) 35(127 )/4
.= = = @. @@UU
250 ∗ 310

. < ./ ; Therefore the section is Under reinforced.

12
Step 3: Calculating Depth of Neutral axis for under reinforced
section

3(5)(127 )
For under reinforced section,

4) (" ∗ 360.87
= = 4 = 54.03
0.8 " 0.8 ∗ 250 ∗ 11.33
Step 4: Calculating Moment of resistance of the under
reinforced section

Moment capacity ( J ):

J= 4) (" ( − 0.4 )
3(5)(127 )
= ∗ 360.87 ∗ V310 − 0.4(54.03) W ∗ 10 XY
J
4
NO = BC. BA RST 13
 Example 4: Singly Reinforced-Rectangular Beam
Calculate the area of steel required for a singly reinforced concrete
beam 200 mm wide and 400 mm deep to resist an ultimate
moment of 60 kNm. Concrete mix C20/25 and steel having fyk =
500 MPa are used. Consider effective cover as equal to 40 mm.
= 200
b = 200 = 40
D = 400 mm
d=D−d
= 400 − 40 = 360
Assume ∅Z = 12
= 360
D = 400
4) = ? Note: All dimensions are in
mm unless specified

′ = 40 : 4) = ?
14
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 20 !
For C-20/25 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 20
= = = 11.33 !
"
% 1.5

( = 500 !
For S-500 steel ;

500
= = = 434.78 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15
15
Step 2: Identifying Section whether it is Under
reinforced or Over reinforced :
Effective depth d = overall depth – effective cover
d = 400 – 40 = 360 mm
Depth of neutral axis for a balanced section

0.00351) 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 103 ∗ 360

= = = 222.07
V0.00351) + (" W (0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 103 + 434.78)
/

= 0.8 /b "( − 0.4 )

Moment of resistance for a balanced section
J

J = 0.8(222.07)(200)(11.33)L360 − 0.4(222.07)M ∗ 10XY = 109.27 kNm

Moment to be resisted = 60 kNm < 109.27 kNm
Therefore the section can be under reinforced.
16
 2
. = ]1 − 1 − ^
J "
7
" ("

2 ∗ 60 ∗ 10Y 11.33
. = ]1 − 1 − ^ = 0.006
200 ∗ 360 ∗ 11.33 434.78
7

4) = . = 0.006 ∗ 200 ∗ 360 = 432 7

Number of 12 mm dia rods

4` 432
_= = = 3.8 ≈ 4
5(∅ )/4 5(12 )/4
7 7

Provide 4 numbers of 12 mm diameter rods.

17
 Example 5: Singly Reinforced-Rectangular Beam
A singly reinforced beam of concrete grade C20/25 has to resist an
ultimate moment of 90 kNm. Determine the limiting depth of the
section (based on 0 percent redistribution of moments) and
reinforcement if the percentage reinforcement is 0.9% with a steel

b = 250 = 250
grade of fyk= 420 MPa. Consider b = 250 mm

=?
D = ? mm
d=D−d
=?−?=?
=? Assume ∅Z = 16
D=?
4) = ?
Note: All dimensions are in
mm unless specified
=? : = ? & 4e = ?
Zbc
18
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 20 !
For C-20/25 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 20
" = = = 11.33 !
% 1.5

( = 420 !
For S-420 steel :

420
(" = = = 365.22 Mpa
(
%) 1.15
19
Step 2: Identifying Section whether it is Under reinforced
or Over reinforced :

0.8 " 0.00351)

Steel ratio for balanced section
./ = 0 2
(" 0.00351) + ("
0.8 ∗ 11.33 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 103
./ = 0 2 = @. @APB
365.22 0.0035 ∗ 2 ∗ 10 + 365.22
3

Percentage of reinforcement . = 4) /bd

`f g !f h _ ` i_, . = 0.9% = @. @@l

. < ./ Therefore the section can be under reinforced.

20
Step 3: Calculating Limiting depth of Section
Limiting depth of section for 0% redistribution of moments

90 ∗ 10Y
= = = 328.07
?
0.2952 " 0.2952 ∗ 250 ∗ 11.33

Say d = 330 mm
Area of steel required, 4) = ρ = 0.009 ∗ 250 ∗ 330 = 742.5 7

4` 742.5
Number of 16 mm dia rods
_= = = 3.69 ≈ 4
5(∅7 )/4 5(167 )/4

Provide 4 numbers of 16 mm diameter rods.

21
 Example 6: Singly Reinforced-Rectangular Beam
Design a rectangular beam for 6 m effective span which is subjected
to unfactored dead load of 15 kN/m and live load of 12 kN/m. Use
C25/30 concrete and steel having fyk= 400 MPa.
b=? 15kN/m 12kN/m

6m

=? rs
n_ f o iℎf h qh_q f , % = 25
D=? t
4) = ? Assume ∅Z = 20 ∅) = 8
=? =?
D = ? mm d = D − d =?−?
=? =?

Note: All dimensions are in mm unless

: Zbc = ? & 4e = ?
specified
22
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 25 !
For C-25/30 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 25
= = = 14.17 !
"
% 1.5

( = 400 !
For S-400 steel :

400
= = = 347.83 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15
23
Step 2: Load Analysis
Depth Determination As per EBCS-2/1995:

uv
Minimum depth required for serviceability requirement:
= ;0.4 + 0.6 <
(
400 wx
Here uv = 4m and wx = 20 (for simply supported beam from
400 6000
table 5.1)
= y0.4 + 0.6 z = 300
400 20
Assume d = 300mm and b = 250 mm

∅Z 20
Assuming Ø20mm main reinforcements and Ø8mm stirrups
Overall depth (D) =d+ + ∅) + q = 300 + + 8 + 25 = 343
2 2
Round off to 350mm

24
Depth Determination as per EBCS EN 2015:
g=6
g .‹ .‹ t/7
= Š 011 + 1.5 + 3.2 y − 1z 2 if . ≤ .‹
. .

.‹ = 10Xt = 10Xt 25 = 0.005

Assuming . = .‹ and Š = 1 (for simply supported beam)
t/7
= 1 F11 + 1.5 25 + 3.2 25’ − 1“ G = 18.5
g 0.005 0.005
0.005 0.005

g 6000
= = = B”U. B” TT
18.5 18.5
∅Z 20
Overall depth (D) =d+ + ∅) + q = 324.3 + + 8 + 25
2 2
= 368
Round off to 370mm, 380mm, 390mm or 400mm,
Take D = 400mm and assume b = 250mm
Self weight of the beam = 0.25*0.4*25 = 2.5 kN/m
Given dead load = 15 kN/m
Total dead load = 15 + 2.5 = 17.5 kN/m
Given live load = 12 kN/m

o" = 1.35 u + 1.5uu

Factored design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk

o" = 1.35(17.5) + 1.5(12) = 23.625 + 18 = 41.625kN/m

og7 41.625 ∗ 67
J = = = 187.3125 rs
8 8

187.3125 ∗ 10Y
Depth required for limiting section

= = = 423.22
?
0.2952 " 0.2952 ∗ 250 ∗ 14.17

26
Overall depth D = 423.22 + 20/2 + 8 +25= 466.22 mm
Round off to 470 mm
Self weight of the beam = 0.25 * 0.47 * 25 = 2.9375 kN/m
Given dead load = 15 kN/m
Total dead load = 15 + 2.9375 = 17.29375 kN/m
Given live load = 12 kN/m

w– = 1.35DL + 1.5LL =
Factored load = 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk

o" = 1.35(17.29375) + 1.5(12) = 23.346 + 18 = 41.35 kN/m

og7 41.35 ∗ 67
= = = 186.075 rs
J
8 8
27
Depth required for limiting section

186.075 ∗ 10Y
= = = 421.82
?
0.2952 " 0.2952 ∗ 250 ∗ 14.17

Overall depth h = 320 + 25 + 12 + 8 = 365 mm

The iteration can be stopped & depth can be taken as D = 470mm
= D-∅Z /2- ∅) - ˜ = 470-20/2-8-25 = 427mm
Step 3: Design
To find the reinforcement,

2 2 ∗ 186.075 ∗ 10Y 14.17

. = ]1 − 1 − ^ = ]1 − 1 − ^ = 0.014217
J "
7
" (" 250 ∗ 427 ∗ 14.17 347.83
7

As= .bd=0.014217*250*427=1517.65 ≈ 1518 mm2

4) 1518
_= = = 4.83 ≈ 5 ∴ š›œ•žŸ C∅”@TT T¡ž¢ › £¡›¤
5 7 5∗ 207
4 4 28
 Step 4: Check Area of steel Against Min/Max Requirements
0.26 = 0.26 = 0.00169
¨©ª« 2.6
.cb¦ = ! § ¨¬- 400 ∴ .cb¦ = 0.00169
0.0013
4),cb¦ = .cb¦ = 0.00169 ∗ 250 ∗ 427 = 180.41 7

4),cx® = 0.044 = 0.04(250)(427) = 4270 7

55(207 )
4),¯°‹± = = 1570 7
4
4),cb¦ = 180.41 7
< 4),¯°‹± = 1570 7
< 4),cx® = 4270 7
……. œR!

Step 5: Detailing & Drafting

b = 250
The Total width of beam required to
place all 5 rebar within single row

= 2˜ +2∅) + 5∅Z +4˜/

arrangement is:

= 2(25)+2(8) + 5(20)+4(25)
?
= 246mm < 250mm
= 427
D = 470

5∅20
The rebar can be placed using single
row arrangement
∅8 @q/q 200mm

= 43
 Example 9: Doubly Reinforced-Rectangular Beam
Design a rectangular RC section to resist an ultimate moment 360
k N m . T h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e b e a m a re l i m i te d to b / D =
350mm/500mm for architectural reason. Use C20/25 concrete and
S400 steel grades. Cover to the reinforcement at both side =55mm.
b = 350
Assume ∅Z = 20 ∅) = 8
=? =?
D = ? mm d = D − d =?−?
? =?
=?
?
D = 500

Note: All dimensions are in mm unless

specified
: 4e = ?
= 55

30
Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 20 !
For C-20/25 Concrete: For S-400 steel:

( = 400 !
0.85 0.85 ∗ 20
= = = 11.33 ! 400
"
% 1.5 =
(
= = 347.83 Mpa
("
%) 1.15

Step 2: Check Whether Section is Singly or Doubly Reinforced

M´ = 0.2952 = 0.2952 ∗ 350 ∗ 4457 ∗ 11.33 = 231.81 rs

Ultimate moment resistance a limited section
7
"

M´ = 231.81 rs < = 360 rs

∴ µ qf h_ `ℎ!gg ŸœO£¶ › ž¢·œ›¸ Ÿ
∆M = M − M´ = 360 − 231.81 = 128.19 kNm
31
Step 3: Design of Double Reinforced Section
2
A¼´ = ρ´ = ]1 − 1 − ^ ∗ ∗
´ "
7
" ("

2 ∗ 231.81 ∗ 10Y 11.33

A¼´ = ]1 − 1 − ^∗ ∗ 350 ∗ 445
350 ∗ 445 ∗ 11.33 347.83
7

A¼´ = 1826.39 7

∆M 128.19 ∗ 10Y
A¼7 = = = 944.97 7
(" (d − 7) 347.83 (445 − 55)
A¼ = A¼´ + A¼7 = 1826.39 + 944.97 = 2771.36 7

32
 A¼ 2771.36
sh h ∅20 ! `, _ = 7 = = 8.82 ≈ 9
5∅ 5 ∗ 20 /4
7
; <
4

−
Provide 9 No. of 20mm diameter rods
=½ 1) !_ = 0.45 = 0.45 ∗ 445 = 200.25
7
)

200.25 − 55
Strength is determined based on limited section, x = 0.45d
) = 0.0035 ∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 103 = 507.74 ! > ("
200.25
Use ) = (" = 347.83 !
∆M 128.19 ∗ 10Y
A¼ = = = 944.97 7
(" (d − 7 ) 347.83 (445 − 55)
A¼ 944.97
sh h ∅16 ! `, _ = 7 = = 4.7 ≈ 5
5∅ 5 ∗ 16 /4
7
; <
4
Provide 5 No. of 16mm diameter compression zone rods

33
 Example 10: T-Beam – Singly Reinforced – NA Flange
De s i gn a T - B e a m w i t h v = 1000 , ℎ¨ = 100 , ¾=
250 , d = 450 and Moment to be carried, M = 470 rs
= 25 s/ 7
& Steel ( = 400 s/
7
Materials: Concrete
(Persistent & Transient Design Condition & Class I Works)

Assume q = 25 , ∅Z = 24 & ∅) = 8
=? =?
D = ? mm d = D − d =?−?=?

Note: All dimensions are in mm unless specified

: 4e = ?

34
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 25 !
For Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 25
" = = = 14.17 !
% 1.5

= 400 !
For steel:
(
400
= = = 347.83 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15

35
Step 2: Determine location of neutral axis Web or Flange

= 0.8 "( − 0.4 )

Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange
? v¨¨
470 ∗ 10Y = 0.8( )(1000)(14.17)(450 − 0.4 )
7
− 1125 + 103676.2266 = 0
Solving for gives = 101.27mm
0.8 = 0.8(101.27) = 81.02mm < ℎ¨ = 100

v¨¨
0.8 0.8(101.27)(1000)(14.17)
Section can be designed as rectangular beam of width

4) = =
v¨¨ "

(" 400
= 2889.41 7

A¼ 2889.41
sh h ∅24 ! `, _ = = = 6.39 ≈ 7
5∅ 7 5 ∗ 24 /4
7
; <
4 36
 Example 11: T-Beam – Single Reinforced – NA Flange
A beam simply supported over a span of 6m carries a super
imposed load of 40kN/m. The center to center spacing of beams in
transverse direction is 3m. Design the mid span section of an
intermediate beam as a T-beam for the following additional data.
Thickness of the slab=120mm, Width of web= 200mm
Total depth of beam=600mm,
Concrete grade= C20/25 & Steel grade=S-400
Assume ˜ = 25 , ∅Z = 20 & ∅) = 8
=? =?
D = ? mm d = D − d =?−?=?
Note: All dimensions are in mm unless specified

LL = 40kN/m DL = 7.2kN/m

: 4e = ? 6m
37
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 20 !
For C-20/25 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 20
= = = 11.33 !
"
% 1.5

For S-400 steel:

( = 400 !
400
= = = 347.83 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15

38
Step 2: Load Analysis
gv 6000
¾+ = 200 + = 1400
Effective Width of T-Beam as per EBCS -2/1995

≤ ¿ 5 5
v 4qf !g o fℎ h fℎ fh `g! f _ _i fo _ fℎ
q _f ` h ! À!q _f ` !_` = 3 = 3000
Therefore, £ = AU@@ TT

≤Á + ≤
Effective Width of T-Beam as per EBCS EN 2015
v¨¨ v¨¨,b ¾

= 200
Where in this case b = 3000mm (center to center of transverse spans)
¾
0.2g‹
v¨¨,b = 0.2 b + 0.1g‹ ≤ Â
b

39
 0.2g‹
v¨¨,´ = 0.2 ´ + 0.1g‹ ≤ Â
´

´ =( − ¾ )/2 = (3000 − 200)/2 = 1400mm

Ãh ` !_, g‹ = 0.7g7 = 0.7(6) = 4.2 = 4200
0.2g‹ = 0.2(4200) = 840
= 0.2(1400) + 0.1(4200) = 700 ≤ Â
´ = 1400
v¨¨,´

0.2g‹ = 0.2(4200) = 840

= 0.2(1400) + 0.1(4200) = 700 ≤ Â
7 = 1400
v¨¨,7

v¨¨ ≤ + v¨¨,7 +
v¨¨,´ ¾ = 700 + 700 + 200 = 1600 ≤ = 3000
∴£ ·· ≤ AP@@TT

Dead load of the beam =[1.6*0.12+0.2*0.48]*25 = 7.2 kN/m

Imposed Load = 40 kN/m

wl7 69.72 ∗ 67
Total factored load = 1.35DL+1.5LL =1.35(7.2)+1.5(40)= 69.72 kN/m

Design Moment , M = = = 313.74 kNm

8 8

41
Step 3: Determine location of neutral axis Web or Flange

? = 0.8 v " ( − 0.4 )

Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange

313.74 ∗ 10Y = 0.8( )(1600)(11.33)(557 − 0.4 )

d = 600-20/2-25-8 = 557mm

7
− 1392.5 + 54084.15 = 0
Solving for gives ´ = 1352.51 & 7 = 39.99 ≈ 40
Taking the reasonable value = 40mm and comparing with
ℎ¨ = 120mm , 0.8 < ℎ¨ which implies the neutral axis falls

0.8 0.8(40)(1600)(11.33)
within the flange.
4) = =
v "
(" 347.83
4) = 1667.25 7

42
 A¼ 1667.25
sh h ∅20 ! `, _ = = = 5.3 ≈ 6
5∅ 7 5 ∗ 20 /4
7
; <
4
Therefore, provide 6Ø20mm main bars

=b-2˜ -2∅) =200-2*25-2*8=134 mm

The provided effective width for placing these bars is

But these bars need, 6∅Z +5˜/ =6(20)+5(20)=220mm

220 mm > 134 mm, We can not place 6Ø20 bars in a single raw.
Lets try two raw arrangements
Required width = 4∅Z +3˜/ = 4(20)+3(20)=140 mm
Still the effective width is not sufficient. Putting them in two rows as
shown in the fig, they need
3∅Z +2˜/ = 3(20)+2(20)=100 mm < 138 mm … Ok!
This shows that the two row arrangement is possible.
43
 = −
= 600 − 65.5 = 534.5

20
= 25 + 8 + = 43
´
2
20
7 = 25 + 8 + 20 + 25 + = 88
2
3 ´ + 3 7 3(43) + 3(88)
= = = 65.5
6 6
≈ 65.5
44
 ? = 0.8 v " ( − 0.4 )
Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange

313.74 ∗ 10Y = 0.8( )(1600)(11.33)(534.5 − 0.4 )

7
− 1336.25 + 54084.15 = 0

= 41.78 mm < ℎ¨ = 120mm , which implies the

neutral axis falls within the flange.
0.8 0.8(41.78)(1600)(11.33)
4) = = = 1742.01
v " 7
(" 347.83
A¼ 1742.02
sh h ∅20 ! `, _ = 7 = = 5.55 ≈ 6
5∅ 5 ∗ 20 /4
7
; <
4
Therefore, 6Ø20mm main bars is ok for this section!
45
Example 12: T-Beam – Singly Reinforced – NA Web
Design a T-Beam with v = 1000 , ℎ¨ = 100 , ¾=
250 , d = 450 and Moment to be carried, M =
470 rs
Materials: Concrete C-20/25 and Steel S-460 (Class I Works)

Assume ˜ = 25 , ∅Z = 24 & ∅) = 8
=? =?
D = ? mm d = D − d =?−?=?

Note: All dimensions are in mm unless specified

: 4e = ?
46
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 20 !
For C-20/25 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 20
= = = 11.33 !
"
% 1.5
For S-460 steel:

( = 460 !
460
= = = 400 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15
47
Step 2: Determine location of neutral axis Web or Flange

? = 0.8 v " ( − 0.4 )

Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange

470 ∗ 10Y = 0.8( )(1000)(11.33)(450 − 0.4 )

Solving for in the quadratic equation gives = 130.33mm
0.8 = 0.8(130.33) = 104.26mm > ℎ¨ = 100
Thus, the beam shall be designed as T-Beam.

( v − ¾ )ℎ¨ " = 4)¨

From equilibrium in flange Only C = T
("
( − ¾ )ℎ¨ (1000 − 250) ∗ 100 ∗ 11.33
4)¨ = = = 2124.38
v " 7
(" 400
ℎ¨ 100
= 4)¨ (" ; − < = (2124.38)(400) y450 − z = 339.9 rs
J¨
2 2
48
 J¾ = J − J¨ = 470 − 339.9 = 130.1 rs

J¾ .
Now let us provide the reinforcement for this remaining moment

J¾ = 0.8 ¾ " ( − 0.4 ) = 4)¾ (" (( − 0.4 )

130.1 ∗ 10Y = 0.8( )(250)(11.33)(450 − 0.4 )

This give rise to a quadratic equation and after solving

it
= 146.72
130.1 ∗ 10Y
4)¾ = = = 831.18
J¾ 7
(" ( − 0.4 ) 400(450 − 0.4(146.72))

The total area of reinforcement will sum up to be

4) = 4)¨ + 4)¾ = 2124.38 + 831.18 = 2955.6 7

49
 Example 13: T-Beam – Doubly Reinforced – NA Flange
Calculate the moment of resistance of a doubly
reinforced T-section as shown in figure, having a
simply supported span of 5 m. Assume C16/20
concrete and steel having fyk of 400 MPa to be used.
Assume ∅Z = ? ∅) = ?
=? =?
D = ? mm d = D − d
=?−?=?

Note: All dimensions are in mm

unless specified
: ? =?
50
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 16 !
For C-16/20 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 16
= = = 9.1 !
"
% 1.5
For S-400 steel:

( = 400 !
400
= = = 347.83 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15
51
Step 2: Determining depth of neutral axis and determine whether
steel Yields or not

(4) − 4) ) (" (3000 − 1000) ∗ 347.83

Assuming that steel yields and NA lies in flange,

= = = 96.62
0.8 v " 0.8 ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.1
= 96.62 < 120 NA falls in flange
− 96.62 − 50
½) = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.00168
7
96.62
347.83
½(" = (" /1) = = 0.00173
2 ∗ 103

− 450 − 96.62
Hence Compression steel does not yield
½) = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.0128 > ½(" = 0.00173
96.62

Tension steel yields and ) q!_ f!r _ !` ("

52
From equilibrium, ˜ + ˜) = Ä
0.8 v " + 4) ) = 4) ("
−
0.8 + 4) ∗ 0.0035 ∗ ∗ 1 ) = 4)
7
v " ("
− 50
0.8( )(1000)(9.1) + (1000) ∗ 0.0035 ∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 103 = (3000)(347.83)

On Solving = 97.54mm < ℎ¨ = 120mm → NA falls in flange

? = 0.8 v "( − 0.4 ) + 4) ) ( − 7)

0.8(97.54)(1000)(9.1)L(450 − 0.4(97.54)M +
=] 97.54 − 50 ^ ∗ 10XY
1000 ∗ F0.0035 ∗ G ∗ 2 ∗ 103 (450 − 50)
?
97.54
NÆ = U”C. A RST
53
 Example 14: T-Beam – Doubly Reinforced – NA Web
Calculate the amount of steel required in a T – beam to
resist a factored moment of 500 kNm. The dimensions
are limited to b/d = 250mm/500mm as shown in the
figure. C20/25 concrete and steel S420 are used.

Assume ∅Z = 24 ∅) = 8
=? =?
D = ? mm d = D − d
=?−?=? take ˜ =
25

Note: All dimensions are in mm

: 4e = ?
unless specified
54
 Solution:
Step 1: Material Properties

= 25 !
For C-25/30 Concrete:

0.85 0.85 ∗ 20
= = = 11.33 !
"
% 1.5
For S-420 steel:

( = 420 !
420
= = = 365.22 Mpa
(
("
%) 1.15
55
Step 2: Determining depth of neutral axis and
determine capacity of a limited section

? = 0.8 v " ( − 0.4 )

Assuming NA lies in flange,

500 ∗ 10Y = 0.8( )(750)(11.33)(500 − 0.4 )

7
− 1250 + 183,877.61 = 0
On solving, x = 170.31 mm
0.8 = 0.8(170.31) = 136.24 > ℎ¨ = 100mm
NA falls in web
Step 3: Check the limiting capacity of the beam
Section shall be designed as a limiting section.
Limiting depth of NA, Zbc = 0.45d = 0.45(500) = 225
0.8 = 0.8(225) = 180
mm
Zbc

56
 ℎ¨
Moment of resistance of limiting section

= 0.8 "( − 0.4 Zbc ) +( − ¾ )ℎ¨ "y − z

Zbc Zbc ¾ v
2
Zbc = 0.8(225)(250)(11.33)L500 − 0.4(225)M +
100
(750 − 250)(100)(11.33) y500 − z
2
Zbc = 464 rs < 500 rs
J > Zbc : µ qf h_ ` ŸœO£¶Ç _ h q
57
 È0.8 Zbc ¾ " + ( v − ¾ )ℎ¨ " É
Step 4: Design of Double Reinforced T-Section

4)´ =
("

L0.8(225)(250)(11.33)M + (750 − 250) ∗ 100 ∗ 11.33M

4)´ =
365.22
4)´ = 2947.13 7

∆ = ? − ´ = ? − Zbc = 500 − 464 = 36 rs

∆M
Assuming compression steel yields
36 ∗ 10
4)7 = =
Y

(" (d − 7)
= 219.27
7
365.22(500 − 50)

Total area of tension steel, 4)

4e = 4)´ + 4)7 = 2947.13 + 219.27 = 3166.4 7
58
 − 225 − 50
Check whether compression steel yield or not
½) = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.0027
7
225
365.22
½(" = (" /1) = 3 = 0.0018
2 ∗ 10
Hence Compression steel yields (assumption is
correct)

− 500 − 225
½) = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.0035 ∗ = 0.0043 > ½(" = 0.0018
225

Tension steel yields and ) q!_ f!r _ !` ("

(assumption is correct)
59
 A¼ 3166.4
Step 5: Check Area of steel Against Min/Max Requirements

sh h ∅24 ! `, _ = = = 6.999 ≈ 7
5∅ 7 5 ∗ 24 /4
7
; <
4
75(247 )
4),¯°‹± = = 3166.73 7
4
0.26 = 0.26 = 0.00136
¨©ª« 2.2
.cb¦ = ! § ¨¬- 420
0.0013
∴ .cb¦ = 0.00136
4),cb¦ = .cb¦ = 0.00136 ∗ 250 ∗ 500 = 170.24 7

4),cx® = 0.044 = 0.04(250)(500) = 5000 7

4),cb¦ = 170.24 7
< 4),¯°‹± = 3166.7 7
< 4),cx® = 5000 7
……. œR!
 ˜g!`` Êh r!
Step 6: Detailing
END