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Fireand
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RobertE. Solomon,PE
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Quincy , Massachusetts

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16 15 14 13 12 JO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Ab out the Auth ors xi

SECTION 1 GENERAL 1
Chapter l The Fire In sp ecto r David Lind 2
Chapter 2 Inspecti o n Procedures David Lind 7
Chapter 3 Hou sekeeping and Building Procedures Jon Nisja 20
Chapter 4 Rep or t Writing and Record Keeping Ronald R . Farr 34
Chapter 5 Education, Training, Certification, and the Fire Insp ector Larry McDonald 43
Ch apter 6 Sustainable Design and Green Technologies Tracy Golinveaux , MSFPE
and Robert E. Solomon , PE 50

SECTION 2 BUILDING SYSTEMS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 69

Ch apt er 7 Building Co nstru ctio n Elements Richard J. Davis, PE, FSFPE 71
Chapter 8 Classific ation of Co nstructi on Types Richard J. Davis , PE, FSFPE 89
Chapte r 9 Co nstructi on, Alteration, and Demolition Operations
Richard J. Davis , PE, FSFPE 101
Ch apter 10 Pro tectio n of Openings in Fire Rated Assemb lies
Kristin Collette Bigda , PE, MSFPE 112
Chapte r l l Electric al Systems Jea n M. Blanc 129
Chapter 12 Heating Systems Allan B. Fras er 149
Chapter 13 Air-Conditioning and Ventil atin g Syst em s Allan B. Frase r 164
Cha pt er 14 Smoke -Con trol Systems Michael J. Ferreira, PE, MSFPE 173
Chapter 15 Fire Alarm and Carb on Monoxide Systems Lee Richardson 19 1
Ch apter 16 Water Suppli es Victoria B. Valentine, PE, MSFPE 229
Chapte r 17 Auto mati c Spr inkl er and Other Water -Based Fire Protection Systems
Bob Caputo and Roland Huggins 250
Ch apter 18 Water Mist Systems Jack R. Mawhinn ey, PE 270
Chapte r 19 Specia l Agent Ext in guishin g System s Gerald R. Back III 300
Chapt er 20 Clea n Agen t Exting uishin g Systems Tom Wysocki 3 12
Chapt er 2 1 Porta ble Fire Extinguis hers Mark Conroy 323
Ch apt er 22 Means of Egress Ron Cote, PE 337
Ch apte r 23 Interior Finish, Co nt ent s, and Furni shin gs
Kri stin Collette Bigda, PE, MSFP E 343
Chapter 24 Comm ission ing Process for Fire Protection Systems
Matth e w J. Klaus , MSFPE 35 1
Chap ter 2 5 Accessibility Requirements All a n B. Fraser 366
Chapter 26 Grass, Brus h, and Forest Fire Hazards Michele Steinberg 376
Chapter 27 Road Tunnel s William G. Connell and Matthew [Link], MSFPE 386
 Contents

SECTION 3 OCCUPANCIES 401

Chapter 28 Assembly Occupancies Josepl, Versteeg 402
Chapter 29 Educational Occupancies Josepl, Versteeg 412
Chapter 30 Daycare FacilitiesJosep/r Versteeg 418
Chapter 3 l Healthcare FacilitiesJoseph M. Jordi11
, PE 422
Chapter 32 Ambulatory Healthcare FacilitiesJoseph M. Jnrdi11,PE 437
Chapter 33 Detention and Correctional Occupancies Josep/rM. Jm-din, PE 445
Chapter 34 Hotels Josep/rM. ]'11rdi11,PE 458
Chapter 35 Apartment Buildings Joseph M. J11rdi11, PE 465
Chapter 36 Lodging or Rooming Houses Josep/rM. Jordi11,PE 477
Chapter 37 Residential Board and Care Occupancies JosephM. Jnrdi11,PE 485
Chapter 38 One- and 'I\1•0-Fami!)' Dwellings Joseph M. Jnrdi11
, PE 496
Chapter 39 Mercantile Occupancies Joseph Versteeg 503
Chapter 40 Business Occupancies Joseph Versteeg 509
Chapter 4 I Industrial Occupancies Joseph Versteeg 517
Chapter 42 Storage Occupancies Joseph Versteeg 527
Chapter 43 Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings Joseph Versteeg 538

SECTION 4 PROCESS AND STORAGE HAZARDS 551

Chapter 44 Waste-Handling and Processing Systems Sl,nro11S. Gilyeat,PE 553
Chapter 45 Radioactive i\faterials Wayne D. Ho/111es , PE, 1\!I
SFPE,FSFPE 562
Clu1pter 46 J'vlaterials-Handling Srstcms L, Jeffrey Mnllem 569
Chapter 47 General Storage Kristi11Collette Bigda, PE, MSFPE 586
Chapter 48 Slornge and Handling of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
A11tl,011y M, Ordile, PE 614
Chapter 49 Gas Hazards Denise Bench 633
Chapter 50 Combustible Dusts G11yColomrn,PE 645
Chapter 51 ""d
Combustible Metals Ke1•i11Kreilma11 Martha H. C11rlis 655
Chapter 52 Hazardous Materials Phillip A. Frida;\ PE 677
Chapter 53 Plastics and Rubber Ste11e11E. Yo1111is,PE 692
Chapter 54 Explosivesand Blasting Agents Lou D. Sn11tis 708
Chapter 55 Fireworks and Prroteclrnics Jol,11R, Steinberg,1'rIDn11dTTrnmnsHandel 715
Clrnpter 56 Heal-Utilization Equipment Ricl111rd A. Gnllng/Jer 73 I
Chapter 57 Spray Painting and Powder Coating Ste1•e11 J, Gr111sel,
PE 749
Chapter 58 Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work 1l11g11st [Link] nnd De11iseBeac/1 771
Chapter 59 Hazards of Manufactu ring Processes Peter J. Gore Wil/se, PE, FSFPE 782
Chapter 60 Aerosol Manufacturing and Storage Midwel [Link], PE, FSFPE 797
Chapter 61 Protection ofC0111111ercial Cooking Equip111cntR. T. Leicht 814

Pholo Credits 830

l11d
ex 831

iv
 Contents

[Link]/InspectionManual

111is text is packaged with a companion website access code that provides free access
to inspection forms, which accompany specific chapters in the manual, as listed below.
1l1eseresources will help you remember and record import ant details during your field
inspections. Redeem your access code today.

Form A-1 Ch,1pter 2, [Link] Procedures

Form A-2 Chapter 9, Cons truction, Alternlion, and Demolition Operations
Form A-3 Chapter 10, Protection of Openi ngs in Fire Rated Assemblies
Form A-4 Chapter 11, Electrical Systems
Form A-S Chapter 12, Heating Systems
Form A-6 Chapter 13, Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Srstems
Form A-7 Chapter 14, Smoke-Control Systems
Form A-8 Chapter IS, Fire Alarrn Systems
Form A-9 Chapter 16, Water Supplies
Form A - IO Chapter 17, Automatic Sprinkler and Other Waler-Based Fire Protection
Systems
FormA - 11 Chapter 18, Water Mist S)'Stems
FormA - 12 Chapter 19, Special Agent Extinguishing Systems
FormA - 13 Chapter 20, Clean Agent Extiugui hing Systems
form A- 14 Chapt er 21, Port,1ble Fire Extinguishers
Form A- IS Chapter 23, Interior Finish, Contents, and Furnishings
Forms A-16 Chapte r 24, Commissio ning Process for Fire Protection S}'stcms
and 17
Form A- 18 Chapter 25, Accessibility Requirements
form A-19 Chapter 26, Grass, Brush, <1ndForest Fire Hazards
Form A-20 Chapter 28, Assembl)' Occupancies
Form A-21 Chapte r 29, Educationa l Occupancies
Form A-22 Chapter 30, Day-Care Facilities
Form A-23 Chapter 31, Health Care Facilities
Form A-24 Chapter 32, Ambula tory Health Care Facilities
Form A-25 Ch<1pter33, Detention and Correctional Occupancies
Form A-26 Chapter 34, Hotels
Form A-27 Chap ter 35, Apartment Buildings
Form A-28 Chapter 36, Lodging or Rooming Houses
Form A-29 Chapter 37, Residential Board and Care:Occupancies
Form A- 30 Chapte r 38, One - and Two-Family Dwellings
FormA -31 Chapter 39, 1'v
lercantile Occupancie s
Form t\-32 Chap ter 40, Business Occupancies
Form A-33 Chapter 41, Industrial Ocrn pancies
Form A-34 Chapter 42, Stornge Occupa ncies
Form A-3S Chapte r 43, Special Struc tures and High-Rise Buildings

V
 PREFACE

INSPECTrON (in-'spek-shan) is defined by Webster's as the net of i11specti11g, which in

turn means to view closelyin critical appraisal. You may be inspec tin g, sur veying, audit -
ing, reviewing, or examin ing. Regard less of wha t you call it, the important elem en t is
that you gain familiarity wit h and kn ow where to seek out mor e in -depth information
for you r inspectio n pro cess and pro cedur e. ln this context, the inspection pro gram
can encompass new co nstn 1ction , buildin g renovation or rep air, and ongoing periodic
rev iew and assessmen t of exis ting build ings, processes, and systems.
i\foc h ha s transpired in the lire protection and life safety arena since the eigh th
edi tion of th is ma nual was up da ted in 2002. Relatively new concep t like system com-
miss ioni ng, expanded use of car bon monoxide detect ion systems, new sp rink ler tech -
nologies, implementa tion of mass notifi cation concepts, marria ge of fire alarm and
sec urity systems, and susta inable design prac tices are just a few of the eme rging techni -
cal and system -oriented ad vances that have been made in the last 10 years. 1here are
dozens more that co uld be added to thi s list. Inspection reports in some jurisdiction s
are no lo nger being filled ou t in triplicate with a copy being mailed to the owner. 1he y
are being comp leted o n a table t computing device, uploaded to the jurisdiction's Web
site, cross-c hecked with other reports from the heal th departme nt or zon ing board ,
and made part of the public record.
I would venhu e to say that every area of fire and life safety-systems, features, ma -
terials, how we tra ck performance- is expand ing and growing except for one: the re-
sourc es to carry out an effective inspect ion pro gra m.
City, county, town, town ship, boro ugh, and state author ities have had to closely
scrutiniz e their bud gets jus t as tho se in the private sector have had to do. lvlany juri s-
d ict ions have needed to scale back on their employee rosters, thus resu lting in fewer
inspec tor s to keep up with the same nu mber of inspections . Budg et adj ustm en ts often
become newswo rth y wh en the jobs of lire fighters, police officers , or teachers are on
th e line. Becaus e adequate staffing from all thr ee makes a community safe, sec ure, and
vibrant, all thr ee are importan t. "Insp ection Program Cu tback Foreseen" is not likely to
get too much attention in the da ily print or on -line edition of the local newspaper until
an occupa nt is inj ured in a fire or buildi ng emergency, a lire fighter is severe ly injured
at a lire in a buildi ng with a prev iously unknown hazardous materia l, or a downtown
city [Link] is destroyed because the kitchen hood in a comm erc ial res taura nt was not
clea ned and inspec ted .
While there is no guarantee that an inspection can find and identify every code
violation and ensure tha t every S)'Ste m will fun ction pre cisely as int ended, every rea-
sonable effort to achieve tha t goal mu st be mc1de. TI1e inspector is not there 24 hours
a da}', ln fact, the inspector may on ly be there once a year or less frequently. A code -
comp lying occupancy ca n be ou t of comp liance in less than 24 hours after the inspe c-
tor leaves. Jn mo st cases, build ing owners or tenants don 't usually say, "Hey, let's create
 Preface

some code violat ions in here:' 1l1ey may actually have good intent ions- to increase
production, increase efficienq', mitigate an inconvenient process, or improv e th e char~
acter of a sµace.
Building and fire codes are not unr easonab le, and most likely, the code developers
have de termi ned the best ways to do what the owne r ultimately wants. The permitting
and plan -revie w pr ocess is th ere as a mea sure to prot ect the own er from doin g so me -
thing that may create a dangerous situation . The inspe ctio n process is there to make
sure the work was done in accorda nce with the approved pla ns. The ongoi ng inspection
process is there to make sure that co ndit ions are not mod ified and that the installed
system s and feah1res cont inue to remain functional, operational, and appropriate for
the hazard.
How the n can the success of an ins pect ion program be measured and what too ls
are available to strive for that success? In July o f 2008, the Fire Protectio n Research
Foundation issued a report entitled MeasriringCode Compliance Effectivenessfor Fire-
Related Portionsof Codes.1 One statement in the Executive Summary notes that:
In 2002 -2005, an estim ated an nual average of 519,000 structure fires were
reported to municipal fire department s. These fires resulted in an average
of 3, 140 civilian fire deaths, 15,520 civilian fire injuries and an estimated
$8.7 billion in direct property loss, an nually. Approximately I 0-25% of these
structure fires, less than 5% of deaths, less than I 0% of injuries, and 20-30% of
prop erty dam age occ urred in areas in buildin gs subject to fire-code inspection s.
It is not a coincide n ce that the correspondi ng losses are lowe r in jurisdictions tha t
do have an inspection program of so me sort. The inspect ion program is but one of
several mechanisms that can be used to identify a potential probl em with a building
or a system . As J not ed in the preface of the 2002 edition of this manual, "The best fire
inspec tio n program is o ne nobody hears about; such a program ident ifies and correc ts
proble ms before they can have a nega tive im pact on the building or the public:'
TI1e information contained within the ninth edition of this manual offers the in-
spector the fundam en tal under sta nd ing of the system or feature to initiate an effective
insp ection program. TI1isinform ation should be viewed as a gateway to the awareness,
knowledge, and expert ise that the inspe ctor needs to br ing to customers. The compan -
ion forms online that accompany the manu al can be used as the guid e for your in spec-
tion techniq ue. Over time, you may even develop your own set of cus tom ized forms.
TI1ere may not be a lot of fame, fortu ne, :rnd glory as an inspector, but there should
be a tremendous amount of p ersonal satisfactio n. Just knowing that you keep many
hundred s or maybe eve n man) ' m illions of building occupants and first respo nders
safe from the potent ial hazards th at are around us every day means a lot to all of us.
Regardless if we venture out to our jobs, movie thea tr es, shoppi ng malls, or anywhe re
tha t we may enc ount er a potenti al hazard, it is likely tha t someone has inspected the
premises to keep us safe.
Robert E. Solomon , PE

1h tip:// [Link]/assets/files/POF/Rcsearch/[Link]

viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Jones & Bartlett Learning and the National Fire Protection Association appreciate the
time and effort the contributing authors and reviewers have made to the development
of this ninth edition of the Fire and Life Safety lllspection Mmrna/. A knowledgeable
group of contributors offered their perspectives on the topics at hand. \ Vhether updat-
1

ing or revising an existing chapter, developing text for a new chapter, or updating and
revising the on line forms, each chapter author has given inside information from his or
her perspective. Their individual biographies are listed in the following pages.
A special note of thanks is due to the team at Jones & Bartlett Learning for keeping
us all on schedule and in sync with the project. At the NFPA, Mike Barresi and Jo-
siane Dom enici kept the workflow moving, by helping with scheduling and cop)'right
permiss ions.
The editors and product management staff wish to thank all the individuals who
revised, wrote, reviewed, or otherwise made a contribution, in one form or another, to
this ninth edit ion of the Fireand L/fe Safety Inspection Manual.
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Gerald R. Ilack III , PE, MSFPE, a senior engineer with Hughes Associates, Inc. re-
ceived a BS degree in ivlechanical Engineering and an MS degree in Fire Protection
Engineering from the University of Maryland. He has served as the project manager/
lead engineer on a wide range of R&D fire protection programs for over 28 years. He
has extensive knowledge (having designed and tested) of the spectrum of fire suppres-
sion system technologies including aerosols, gaseous agents (halocarbons and inert
gases), powders, water mist, water spray/deluge systems, low,medium and high expan-
sion foam systems, and sprinkler systems. Recent eflorts have focused on fires caused
by the reactions oflit hium -ion batteries, including those that have occurred in electric
and hybrid vehicles.

Deni se Beach, BS, is a Senior Engineer with the NFPA who serves as the staff liaison
to several NFPA technical committees, including the National Fuel Gas Code Commit -
tee, the Liquefied Petroleum Gases Comm ittee, the Liquefied Natura l Gas Comm ittee,
and the LP-Gases at Utility Gas Plants Committee, where she is a technical resource for
NFPA members through the NFPA Advisory Service. In addition, she represents NFPA
on other associations' technical committees, including the International Association
of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, the Compressed Gas Association, and the Na-
tional Propane Gas Association. She received a Bachelor's of Mechanical Engineering
from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Kristi.11Collette Bigda, PE, MSFPE, is a senior fire protection engineer in the NFPA
Building Fire Protection and Lite SafetyDepartment and serves as staff liaison to several
Safety to Life and T3uiklingCode technical committees. She also assists in the develop-
ment ofN FPA L, Fire Code, and other documents pertaining to fire doors and windows,
contents and furnishings, and fire risk assessment methods. Prior to joining the NFPA
staff in 2007,she attended \Vorcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, where she re-
ceived a BSdegree in Civil Engineering and an MS degree in Fire Protection Engineer-
ing. She is also a registered Professional Engineer in Fire Protection in Massachusetts.

Jean M. Blanc, BS, is an associate electrical engineer in NFPA's Electrical Engineer-

ing Department. He received a BS degree in Electrical Engineering from Northeastern
University. He assisted in the development of the Nnfio1in/ E/eclricnl Code®. He is also
an active member of IAEI and IEEE (GOLD Committee) and serves on several UL
Standard Technical Panels.

Bob Caputo, CFPS, CET, has been working in the fire protectio n indust ry for more
than 35 years. He is a member of the NFPA 13 Sprinkler Installation and Discharge
commit tees as well as the NFPA 4 (Standard for J11t
egmted Testing of Fire Protection
 About the Authors

Sysle111s)and NFPA 25 (Standardfor tlie fospectio11,Testing,and lvlai11te11a 11ceof Water-

based Fire Protectio11S)1sfe111s)
committees.
As a member of both NFPA and AFSA faculties, he has written and presented semi-
nars and webinars throughout the world 011 fire protection and life-safety systems de-
sign and installation , hydraulic calcu lations, plan review, fire pumps, standp ipes, and
special haza rds. He is a regular speaker at NFPA and AFSA'sannual conventions and
is the author of AFSA'sProject Management Tools program. He was named San Diego
County Fire Prevention Officer of the Year in 1994 and Fire Protection Contractor
l\ilagazine's Person of the Year in 1997. He attended the University of Albuquerque,
New Mexico.

Guy Colonna, PE, is the Division Manager of the Indu strial and Chemical Engineer-
ing department for the NFPA. A registered Professional Engineer in Chemica l Engi-
neering in Massachusetts, he has been with NFPA for 25 years and holds engineering
degrees from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and Stanford University.
His responsibilities at NFPA include management of the Marine Chem ist TrainiJ1g
and Certificat ion Program and NFPA activities dealing with marine fire prot ection. He
also serves as Staff Liaison to committees dea ling with safeguards at dust hazard pro -
cess locations, explosives, indu strial fire brigades, explosion protection systems, and
pyrotechnics and specia l effects.
He developed and instructs NFPA's confined space safety training courses offered
to both the maritime and general industry and combustible dust and explosion pro -
tection seminars. He is the author of technical papers and presentations on confined
space safe practices, hot work safe practices, chemical hazard identification and clas-
sification, combustible dusts fire and explosion hazard protection, and pyrotechnics
and special effects.

\-Villiam G. Connell is the Technical Director of Mechanical Engineering and an As-

sistant Vice President for Parsons Brinckerhoff. He has more than 30 years' experience
working on major transportation infrastructur e projects and is an internationally rec-
ognized expert in the requirements of fire and life-safety related systems for road tun-
nels and has served as the Chairman of the Technical Committee for NFPA Standard
502 for Road Tunnel, Bridges and Limited Access Highways since 2005. In addition,
Bill has served on infrastructure safety research projects, including the Memorial 1\111-
nel Fire Ventilation Test Program, International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research
Project, and Vulnerabilil}' of Bridges and other Critical Transportation Infrastructure
to Extreme Fire and BLEVEs.

Mark Conroy, BS, is the senior engineer of technical services for Brooks Equipment
Com pan}' of Charlotte, North Carolina. He received a BS degree in Marine Engineer-
ing from the Massachusetts Maritime Academy. He serves as a principal member of
the NFPA Technical Committee on Portable Fire Extinguishers, which is respon sible
for NFPA IO. While working as an eng ineer at NFPA for 20 years, he developed many
products on portable fire extinguishers including books, magazine artic les, videos, and
brochures.
xii
 About the Authors

Ron Cote, PE, BS, Ml3A, is a Principal Life Safety Engineer in the National Fire Pro -
tection Association Buildin g Fire Protection and Life Safety Division , Quincy, Mas -
sachuse lt , USA. He joined the NFPA staff in 193l; serves as staff liaison and secre tary
to many of the Committees on the Life Safety Code ® and Committe es on the Building
[Link] and Sarety Code ®; and is co -editor of the Life Safety Code J--Iandbook.
Prior to bis employm ent with NFPA, Ron worked for seven years for the factory lvlu-
tual Engi neeri ng Association and the Factory Mutual Research Corporation (now FM
Global). He earned a BS degree in engineering and an MBA. Ron is a regis tered pro-
fessional engi neer in the discipline of tire protection in the Com monw ea lth of Mas-
sachusetts.

Martha H. Curtis, BS, is a Senior Chemical Specialist in NFPA's Industrial and Chemi-
cal Engineering Departm ent. She serves as staff liaison to 8 tech nical committ ees that
are respons ible for 11 codes and standards. She has been with NFPA for 30 years in
the Engineering Division as staff liaison lo many of [Link]'s hazardous chemicals and
combustible dusts committees.
She is curre ntly responsible for aerosol produ cts fire protection (NFPA 3013);dry -
clea n ing plants (N FPA 32); chem ical laboratories fire protection (NFPA 45); agricul -
tura l dusts (NFPA 61); combus tible metals and me tal dusts (NFPA 484); woodworking
and wood processing facilities (NFPA 664); underground coa l mining (NFPA 120);
underground non-metal mining (NFPA 122); and electri cal equipm ent in chemical
proces sing areas (NFPA 497, NFPA 499, and NFPA 496). She earned a BS in che mistq '
at Wheaton College in Norton, 1vlassachusetts.

Richard J, Davis, PE, FSFPE, is an AVP and Senior Engineering Technical Special -
ist with FM Global's Eng ineering Standards Division and is responsibl e for training
and wri ting engi neerin g standards related to bu ildin g con truction. He is a Member
of NFPA and its Buildi ng Cons tructi o n; Co nstructio n, Alterations and Demolition;
Smoke Manage ment; and Fire Test Committees. A Fellow and past -president ofSFPE,
as well as a Member of its Engineering Licensing Committe e and Chair of its Higher
Educat ion Committee, he is a member of rec and a registered Profess ional Engineer
in Fire Prot ect ion Engin eer ing and Structural Eng ineerin g.

Ronald R. Farr, Lead Regulatory Engineer at Underwriters I aborator ies, is the form er
Michigan State Fire Marshall and Fire 1vlarshal with the Kalamazoo Township Fire De -
partment in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He ha s more than 30 years ' experience in fire safety.
He is a membe r of NFPA an d the International Fire 1vlarshals Association.

Michael J. Ferreira, PE, MSFPE, is a senior Fire Prot ection Engi neer and project man-
ager at Hughes Associates, a fire science and engineering consu lting company . He has
pub lished several articles on the innovativ e use of computer models for smoke manage -
ment syste m design, using the CO NTAJ'vlbuilding air flow and cont amina nt dispersal
model to evalua te the performance of pressur ization systems an d the Fire Dyna mics
Simulator CFD model to eva luate smoke tenab ility conditions. He received a BS degree

xiii
 About the Authors

in Mechanical Engineering and an MS degree in Fire Protection Engineering from

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts. As a member of the NFPA'sCommit-
tee on Smoke Management Systems, he is responsible for contributing to the develop-
ment ofNFPA 92A and NFPA 928.

Allan B. Fraser,CBI, CPCA, is NFPA'sSenior Building Code Specialist in the Building

Fire Protection and Life Safety Department . He staffs seven technical committees and
NFPA'sDisability Access Review and Advisory Committee (DARAC).
He authored NFPA'sE111e1gency Evnwatio11P/n1111i11gGuidefor People with Disabili-
ties and created e-ACCESS,NFPA'squarterly newsletter on fire and life safety infonna-
tion for people with disabilities. He represents NFPA on A NSl/lCC A 117.1, Stnndard
for Accessiblennd Usable Buildings and Facilities, ASHRAE's Standards Committee,
SSPC 90.l, SSPC 90.2, and its Code Interaction Subcommittee and RESNA'sStandards
Committee on Stair Descent Devices.

Phillip A. Friday, PE, has more than 14 years' experience in the industry. He is an
expert in fire protection system design, building and fire code analysis, fire origin and
cause determination, forensic fire reconstruction and computer fire modeling, and
fire protection system failure analysis. Phil is also an active member of National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA), serving as a voting member of the NFPA Hazardous
Chemicals Committee. He is Professional Member of Society of Fire Protection Engi-
neers (SFPE). He has a BS in Chemistry from the University of Tennessee and an M.S.
in Fire Protection Engineering from the University of Maryland.

Richard A. Gallagher, BS, is a Line of Business Director for Zurich Services Corpo-
ration with more than 30 years' experience fo the loss control industry. His primary
responsibilities include development of technical knowledge, policies, and procedures
for the property line of business. He has a BS in Civil Engineering from the University
of Delaware. He is a member ofNFPA, is a principal member on the Technical Com-
mittee on Fundamentals of Combustion System Hazards, and is a principal member
and chair of the Technical Committee on Ovens and Furnaces.

Sharon S. Gilyeat, PE, has a BS degree in Fire Protection Engineering from the Uni-
versity of Maryland and is a principal for Koflel Associates, Inc., a fire protection and
engineering consulting firm headquartered in Columbia, MD. She has also served as a
Fire Protection Engineer and manager for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and
the U.S. Government Printing Office.
She serves on the NFPA 99 Technical Committee on Health Care Management and
Security and is a past chair of the Technical Committee on Incinerators and Waste
Handling Systems. She has developed and taught courses on NFPA 101®, Life Safety
Code®, the Fire Safety Evaluation S)'stem, and NFPA 99, Hen/th Care FacilitiesCode.
She currently is an instructor for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, Basic Life
Safety Code course. She is a registered Professional Engineer in Maryland, Virginia,
and Washington, DC, and was recently appointed to her final term as a Maryland State
Fire Commissioner.
xiv
 Abou t the Aut hors

Naval Facilities Engineering Command in Charleston, SC. Since corning to NFPA in

1986, he has hel d several positions, including staff liaison for the NFPA water extin-
guishing systems projects. He has been an ed itor for sevenil tech nical handbooks for
NFPA including th e A11to111ntic Sprinkler Systems Hn11dbook,and as an associa te ed itor
for the NFPA FireProtectionI-ln11dbook, 20th Ed ition.

John R. Steinberg, iVID,holds a BS in Biochemistry fro m Mich iga n State Un iversity

and was awarded th e degree of Doctor of Medicine by the University of Maryland
School of Medic ine . He ha s served as Presid ent and Second vice -president of the Py-
rote chni cs Gui ld International and is at present th e PG! regulatory representative to
NFPA, ATF, and ot her entitie s. A licensed pyrote chnic display op rator in ivlaryl and,
he serves as a member of th e Mary lan d Explosives Advisory Cou ncil within the Office
of th e State Fire J\farshal. He is a principal member of the NFPA Technical Co mmitt ee
on P)•rotechnics and an alternate member on th e NFPA Special Eflects Technical Com-
m ittee. He is currently the pr esident of his own con sulting bu sine ss and conduct s in -
vestigatio ns, provides expert forensic services, designs pyrotechnic co mpo sitions and
component s, and provides train ing and teaching for law enforcement , fire enforcemen t
officials, an d pyrotechnic disµlay operators.

Michele Steinberg, MA, is the Firew ise® Co mmunitie s Program manager for the
NFPA in Quincy, Massachusetts. She oversees th e national Firewise Communities/
USA® Recognition Program, wh ich reaches more tban one m illion res idents of wild-
fire -prone comm uniti es in 40 states . Since 1989, she ha s work ed in the areas of natural
hazards and land use planning, as well as disaster safety out rea ch. She has worked
for NFPA since 2002 an d has also served as staff liaison to the Technical Co mmitt ee
on Fo rest and Rural Fire Protection. lvlichele is th e author of num ero us articles and
technica l do cuments on disaster safety and m itigation pla nning, and received a degree
in Eng lish from Brandeis University and an advanced degree in urban planning from
Boston University.

Victoria B. Valentine , PE, MSFPE, works with th e National Fire Sprinkler Associa -
tion. She is a gradua te of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, with a BS in
Civil Engineering and an MS in Fire Protection Engineering . She serves on numerou s
techn ical committees for NFPA, ASCE, and TSO. Her exper tise lies in water -based fire
protection product standards and eart hqua ke µrotect ion of water-based fire protection
systems. She lrns written many articles for SQ Magazine as well as other publications.

Joseph Versteeg is a code comp liance and fire safety consultant based in Torrington,
Co nn ect icut. He was with th e Co 1rnect icut Department of PublicSafetyforover 20 years;
most recent!) ' he was th e Ch ief of th e Technical Serv ices for the State Fire Mars hal's
Office.
He curre ntl y serv es on several Technical Committees for the NFPA in addition to
being the cha irpe rson for th e Technica l Committee on Building Construction within
NFPA 5000, B11ildi11g Construction nnd Safety Code; NFPA 220, Stn11dard011 1)'pesof
Building Co11slructio11, and N FPA 101A, Guide 011 Alfernativc Approachesto L!le Safety.
xix
 About the Auth o r

Tracy Goliuveaux, MSFPE, is an associate Fire Protection Engineer in the Building

Fire Protection and LifeSafety group at NFPA. She joined the NFPA staff in 2010 and
serves as staff liaison to several technical committees, including the Building Construc-
tion and Structures, Construction, and Materials committees. She received a BSdegree
in Civil Engineering and an MS degree in Fire Protection Engineering from Worcester
Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts.

Steven J,Gunsel, PE, is a safety consultant with more than 30 years' experience in fin-
ishing operations, including liquid and powder electrostatic applications. He is a reg-
istered professional engineer and the curren t chairman of the National Fire Protection
Association Finishing Processes Committee for NFPA 33, Sta11rlnrdforSpray Appfirn-
tio11Usi11gFfam111able or Combustible Materials, and NFPA 34, Standardfor Dipping
m,d Coati11g ProcessesUsingFlammable or CombustibleLiquids. He is an active member
on the Teclrnical Committee for Static Electricity for NFPA 77, Reco111me11derlPractice
fo r Static Electricily and the ANSI Z9 AccreditedSta11dardsCa111111ittee011 Health and
Safety Standardsfor VentilationSystems.

Thomas Handel, BS,has been involved with fireworks for almost 50 years. He is a mem -
ber and past First Vice-President of the Pyrotechnics Guild International, Inc., a member
and past Publications Vice-President of the Crackerjacks, Inc. (mid-Atlantic p)•rotech-
nics association), and a member of the International Association of Bomb Technicians
and Investigators. He has developed and provided extensive training in pyrotechnics
and explosives for law enforcement organizations at the federal, state and local level,
including among others the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and
the New York City Police Department Bomb Squad. He is also an accomplished and
published fireworks photographer.
A graduate of the Universit)' of Mar)•land (Computer Science, 1981), he spent his
professional career in the United States intelligence community, primarily serving the
US Navy (as a civilian) in analytic, management and executive functions. He retired
from foderal service in 2004.

·wayne D. Holmes, PE, J\l[SFPE,FSFPE, provides independent consulting services for

complex, high-technology facilities. He is a former Vice President ofHSB Professional
Loss Control and Technical Director for American Nuclear Insurers. He earned an
MS degree in Fire Protection Engineering from V"orcester Polytechnic Institute, Mas-
sachusetts, and is a Fellow of the Society of Fire Protection Engin eers. He has been a
member of numerous NFPA technical commi ttees and has been awarded the NFPA
Standards Medal and the NFPA Committee Service Award.

Roland Huggins, PE, BS, is the vice president of engineering and technical services
for the American Fire Sprinkler Association. He obtained his BS degree in Fire Pro-
tection Engineering from the University of Maryland, is a registered professional en-
gineer, and is a member oft he NFPA. Roland is a member of multiple NFPA technical
commi ttees, including NFPA 13, NFPA 25, and NFPA 5000. He has been instrumental
in expanding the use of fire modeling to support changes to NFPA 13. Other NFPA
 About the Authors

activities include participating in the editing of the NFPA Automatic Spri11klerSys-

tems Handbook. Other nation al activities involve the NFPA Fire Protection Research
Foundation, UL Standard Technical Panels, and NICET. He is a member of the NFPA
Standards Council.

Joseph M. Jardin, PE, is a Battalion Chief with the New York City Fire Department. A
former member of the NFPA Standards Council and former Chair of the Safety to Life
Residential Occupancies Committee, he current I>•chairs the Building Service and Fire
Protection Equipment Technical Committee .

Matthew J. [Link] , MSFPE, i a en ior Fire Protection Engineer at the NFPA, where he
is responsible for NFPA documents addre ssing systems commissioning, inspection
testing and maintenance of water-based systems . He presently holds a BS i.n Civil
Engineering and an MS in Fire Protection Engineering from Worcester Polytechnic
Institute.
Serving as project manager for projects in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, and the King-
dom of Bahrain, as well as projects across the United States, has given him extensive
fire protection engineering consulting experience. His proj ect work includes the use
of lire and egress modeling software for engineering analyses of roadway tunnel s, rail
systems, football stadiums, high-rise buildings, shopping malls, and transportation
hubs.

Kevin Kreitman is a fire chief in Redding, California, with 32 years' experience in fire
service and dealing with the hazards of combustible metals. He has been an instructor
at the National Fire Academy and is a graduate of the National Fire Academy Executive
Fire Officer program. He is principal member of the NFPA 484 and 400 committees
and is Chair of the Combustible Dust Technical Correlating Committee. He has as-
sisted NIOSH with an Injury Investigation Repor t involving combus tible metals and is
the author of several papers, articles, and presentations on the hazards of combustible
metals and dusts.

R. T. Leicht is the Chief Fire Protection Specialist in the Delaware State Fire Marshals
Office. He holds a BS degree in Fire Protection and an MS degree in Public Safety.
Having [Link] in 1973, he is both a Professional lvlember of SFPE and a Life Member
ofNFPA. He is cur rently Vice President of the International Fire Marshals Association
and serves on numerous NFPA committees including NFPA 96, Standard for \1e11tila -
tio11Control and Fire Protectio11of Co111mercinl Cooking Opemtio11s,currently serving
as Chairman .

David Lind has more than 28 years' experience as a Building and Fire Code Official.
He is currently the Fire Marshal for the North Shore Fire Department and is Secretaq 1/
13oard tvlember for the International Fire Marshals Association. His credentials in -
clude: Certified Fire Protection Specialist (CFPS), Certified Building Inspector (CBI),
Cert ified Fire lnspector II (CFJ-II), and Certified Fire Plans Examiner (CFPE)

xvi
 About the Authors

He has also served as Subject iVfallerExpert for the NFPA for the CFPS, CPE, and
CFT-I & II Credentialing Exams and is actively involved as a member of5 NFPA Tech-
nical Committees.

Michael [Link], PE, FSFPE,is a Senior Engineer for Hughes Associates, Inc., work-
ing out of their Los Angeles area Office. I e has been a member of the NFPA Technical
Comm ittee on Aerosol Products for 24 years, including 10 years as Committee Chair.
A member of NFPA and the International Code Council, he is a Fellow of the Society
ofFire Protection Engineers.

August F. Manz, J\tIS,president of A. F. .Manz Associates, Union, NJ, a consultant in

welding and cutting safety and technology, is chair of ANSIZ49.l technical committee
and a past chair ofNFPA's Technical Committee on Hot Work Operations. The author
of several welding books and a contr ibutor to safety chapters in more than two dozen
other welding-related books, he holds an MS in electrical engineer ing from New Jersey
Institute of Technology.

L. Jeffrer Mattern, FSFPE,now retired, was employed for 36 years by FM Global, last
serving as Operations Chief Engineer and Senior Account Engineer. A Life Member
ofNFPA, he served for 6 years on the NFPA Standards Council. He also chaired and
served on various NFPA Technical Committees. He is a Fellow of the Society of Fire
Protection Engineers.

Jack R . .i\fawh inn ey, PE, is a senior engineer at Hughes Associates, Tnc. in Baltimore,
Maryland , where he works on fire suppress ion systems research and development
and forensics. Prior to joining Hughes Associates in 1996, he was a senior research
officer at the Institute for Research in Construction, in Ottawa, Canada, where he
conducted research on the development of water mist S}'Slems. He has authored nu -
merous papers on water mist systems technology. including the NFPA and SFPE
Handboo k chapters.

Larry McDonald is the certification project manager for the NFPA. Before join ing
NFPA in 2007, he served as the director of the Massachusetts Firefighting Academy.
Appointed the first full-time fire chief in the Town of Dudley, Massachusetts, he served
from 2004- 2006. He is a retired Senior Master Sergeant from the U.S. Air Poree, where
he served in Fire Protection for 21 years. During his Air Force career he held positions
from entq ' level firefighter to Deputy Fire Chief His last assignment was as the Fire
Protection Career Field i\ilanager at Headquarters Air Force Civil Engineer Support
AgenC)', Tyndall AFB, Florida. Tn this capacity he also managed the Department of
Defense Firefighter Certification System.

Jon Nisja has more than 33 years' fire service experience. He has served as Fire Mar-
shal for two commu nities and has been a Fire Safety [Link] with the Minnesota
State Fire Marshal Division since 1990. He supervises fire code development, the fire

xvii
 About the Aul hors

protection section, fire loss data section, and public fire safety education for the State
Fire Marshal Division.
A former President of the Fire Marshals Association of Minnesota and also a past
president of the International Fire Marshals Association, his areas of fire protection
interest include fire safety histoq 1, means of egress, fire protection systems, building
construc tion, and using performance measures to show effectiveness.

Anthony M. Ordile, PE, is a principal engineer employed by Haines Fire & Risk Con-
sulting Corporation, a fire protection, process safety, and code consulting and engi-
neering firm located in Southampton, New Jersey, but doing work worldwide. With
37 years' fire protection engineering experience, he is a member of NFPA and SFPE
and has served as a principal member on the NrPA 'lechnical Committees on Flam-
mable and Combust ible Liquids and Hazardous Chemicals since 1993. He also served
as chair of the NFPA'Technical Committee on Storage and Warehousing of Containers
and Portable Tanks from 1996to 2006.

Lee Richardson, BS, is a Senior Electrical Engineer at NFPA, where he is responsible

for NFPA 72®,Natio11nlFireAlarm n11dSig11a/i11g Code®; and NFPA 720, Stn11dmdfor
the I11stal/atio11
of Cnrbo11Monoxide (CO) Detection and Wnming Eq11ip111e11t. He is a
member of the ASME Al 7.1 Elevator and Escalator Safety Code, Emergency Opera-
tions Committee .
He received a BS degree in Electrical Engineering from Lowell Technological Insti-
tute (now part of the University of Massachusetts). Prior to being employed by NFPA,
he worked for more than 20 years as an instrumentation and controls engineer in the
engineeri ng and design of comme rcial power plants, particularly nuclear power plants.
He is coeditor of the 2002 & 2007 editions of the National Fire Alarm Code fla11d-
book and the 2010 edition of the Nalio11a/FireAlnr111and Sig11ali11gCode Ha11dbook.

Lon D. Santis, MS, graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with an MS in Min-
ing Engineering. He worked a short time for the Ensign-Bickford Company as an
explosives sales representative before 12 years of employment at the Pittsburgh Re-
search Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, now operated by NIOSH.
In 1998 he became the .Manager of Technical Services at the Institute of Makers of
Explosives (HvIE)in \Vashington, DC. At IM£, he manages the IME Technical Com-
mittee, the Transportation and Distribution Committee, and the Security Comm it-
tee. He interacts with all federal agencies with interest in commercial explosives, has
testified before Congress on explosives safety and secu rity, and oversees IME's safety
library. He is the chair of the NFPA Technical Committee on Explosives and a member
of the NFPA Lightning Protection and Static Electricity Technical Committees. He is
also the chair of the ANSI A 10.7 Subgroup on Explosives safety in construction.

Robert E. Solomon, PE, is the Division Manager for NFPA'sBuilding Fire Protection
and Life Safety Department . He oversees the operations of the department, whose
projects include NFPA 101, Life Safety Code and the NFPA Building Co11stmctio11
n11d
Safety Codew. Upon graduation from the University of Maryland, he worked for the
xviii
 About the Authors

A coauthor of Pe1formi11g Pinn Reviewsfor Compliancewith the L!feSafety Code,he

is also a cert ified Fire Marsha l and Building Official in Connecticut.

Peter J. Gore Willse, PE, FSFPE, is the Directo r of Research at XL GA PS and Deputy
Fire Marshal, Portland, Connecticut . A graduate of the University of Rhode Island
with a BS degree in Civil Engineering , he is currently a graduate student at Worces-
ter Polytechnic Institute majoring in Fire Protection Engineering. He has been with
XL GAPS (formerly Industrial Risk Insurers) for the past 33 years and has conducted
inspections of industrial and commercial properties in the United States, Europe, and
Africa . He serves on many NFPA committees as well as ASCE and SFPE committees
and is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Connecticut Fire !vlarshal
Association, International Association of Arson Investigators, Middlesex County Fire
Chiefs, NFPA, and Society of Fire Protection Engineers.

Tom lVysocki is President and Senior Consultant at Guardian Services Incorporated

in Frankfort, Illinois. Since 1973, he has work ed in developing system hardware and
design software for most of the major manufacturers of special hazards systems in the
United States and many international clients. He has supervised design, installation,
and testing of systems protecting a wide variet) ' of hazards including commercial kitch -
ens, oil pipelines and pump stations, steel and aluminum mills, both fossil-fueled and
nuclear power plants, and data processing centers.
He is a member of the NFPA Technical Committees on Carbon Dioxide, Clean
Agents, Halon 1301, and Protection of IT Equipment. A member of the Society of
Fire Protection Engineers, he current!)' serves as Technical Director for the Fire Sup-
pression Systems Association. In 2003, he was awarded the NFPA Standards Council
Special Achievement Award for significant contributions to the development of U.S.
national fire codes and standards.

Steven E. Younis, PE, is a Registered Professional Fire Protection Engineer. He has

been involved on a wide variety of NFPA Technical Comm ittees for over 15 years.
He was employed at NFPA as a Senior Fire Protection Engineer, where he served as
Staff Liaison for a multitude ofTCs to include Life Safety Code, Air Conditioning, Fire
Doors & Windows, Aerosols, Fire Tests, and the development of NFPA 5000, among
others. Recently, he has been involved in NFPA Gases TCs, as well as safety instrnction
and training development for gases to include LP-Gas, natural gas, compressed gases,
and cryogenic fluids . He is also active in other safety organizations such as ASTM, UL,
and SFPE. One of his main missions is working with the U.S. Arlll) ' on weapon S)'Stems
fire protection and safety for soldiers.

x..x