HSC Chemistry - Solution Sheet Marks: 25

Chapter 2: Solutions - Model Answers

Based on HSC Board Pattern 2026

SECTION – A
Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [4 Marks]

(i) Answer: (a) mol L−1 bar−1

Explanation: According to S = KH P , unit of KH = Concentration/Pressure = mol L−1 /bar.

(ii) Answer: (c) Ethanol and acetone

Explanation: Ethanol and acetone show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

(iii) Answer: (d) a colligative property

Explanation: Lowering of vapour pressure depends on the number of solute particles, hence it
is a colligative property.

(iv) Answer: (d) 336◦ C

Explanation: π = iM RT . For KCl, i ≈ 2. 10 = 2 × 0.1 × 0.082 × T ⇒ T ≈ 609K = 336◦ C.

Q.2. Answer the following very short questions: [3 Marks]

(i) Unit of molal elevation constant (Kb ):

• K kg mol−1 (or ◦ C kg mol−1 ).

(ii) Condition of reverse osmosis:

• The direction of osmosis can be reversed by applying a pressure larger than the os-
motic pressure on the solution side.

(iii) Relation between i and α:

i−1
• α= n−1 , where n is the number of ions produced per formula unit.

SECTION – B
Attempt any THREE of the following questions: [6 Marks]
Q.3. State and explain Raoult’s law for a solution containing a nonvolatile solute.
• Statement: The vapour pressure of a solvent over the solution of a nonvolatile solute is
equal to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by the mole fraction of the
solvent in the solution at constant temperature.

• Explanation: If P10 is the vapour pressure of pure solvent, P1 is the vapour pressure of
solution, and x1 is the mole fraction of solvent, then:

P1 = P10 x1

Q.4. Define Cryoscopic constant. Write its SI unit.

• Definition: Cryoscopic constant (Kf ) is defined as the depression in freezing point pro-
duced by a 1 molal solution (i.e., solution containing 1 mole of solute in 1 kg of solvent).

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HSC Chemistry - Solution Sheet Marks: 25

• SI Unit: K kg mol−1 .

Q.5. Numerical: Mole fraction of solute.

• Given: P10 = 640 mm Hg, P1 = 600 mm Hg.

P10 −P1
• Formula: P10
= x2 (Relative lowering of vapour pressure).

• Calculation:
640 − 600 40
x2 = =
640 640
1
x2 = = 0.0625
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• Answer: The mole fraction of solute is 0.0625.

Q.6. Distinguish between Ideal and Non-ideal solutions.

Ideal Solutions Non-ideal Solutions

1. Obey Raoult’s law over the entire range 1. Do not obey Raoult’s law over the entire
of concentrations (P1 = x1 P10 ). range of concentrations.
2. Enthalpy of mixing is zero (∆mix H = 0). 2. Enthalpy of mixing is not zero (∆mix H 6=
0).
3. Volume of mixing is zero (∆mix V = 0). 3. Volume of mixing is not zero (∆mix V 6=
0).
4. Solute-solute and solvent-solvent inter- 4. Interactions are different (stronger or
actions are similar to solute-solvent inter- weaker).
actions.

SECTION – C
Attempt any TWO of the following questions: [6 Marks]
Q.7. Derive the relation between molar mass of the solute and boiling point elevation.

1. Boiling point elevation (∆Tb ) is directly proportional to molality (m).

∆Tb ∝ m ⇒ ∆Tb = Kb m . . . (1)

2. Molality (m) is the number of moles of solute (n2 ) per kg of solvent (W1 ).

n2 W2 /M2 1000W2
m= = = . . . (2)
W1 (in kg) W1 /1000 M 2 W1

3. Substituting (2) in (1):

1000W2
∆Tb = Kb ×
M 2 W1

4. Rearranging for molar mass (M2 ):

1000Kb W2
M2 =
∆Tb W1

Where W2 = mass of solute, W1 = mass of solvent, M2 = molar mass of solute.

Q.8. Numerical: Freezing point of glucose solution.

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HSC Chemistry - Solution Sheet Marks: 25

• Step 1: Calculate ∆Tf for Cane Sugar. Given: 5% solution ⇒ W2 = 5 g, W1 = 95 g.

Tf = 271 K, Tf0 = 273.15 K (approx 273 K can be used if specified, else 273.15). ∆Tf =
1000Kf W2 ∆Tf M2 W1
273.15 − 271 = 2.15 K. Formula: ∆Tf = M2 W1 ⇒ Kf = 1000W2

2.15 × 342 × 95 69853.5

Kf = = ≈ 13.97 K kg mol−1
1000 × 5 5000
*(Note: Standard Kf for water is 1.86, but derived values in problems may vary based on
data).*

• Step 2: Calculate Tf for Glucose. Glucose (C6 H12 O6 ) Molar mass M20 = 180 g mol−1 . 5%
solution ⇒ W2 = 5 g, W1 = 95 g.
1000Kf W2 1000 × 13.97 × 5
∆Tf0 = =
M20 W1 180 × 95
69850
∆Tf0 = ≈ 4.08 K
17100
Freezing point Tf0 = Tf0 − ∆Tf0 = 273.15 − 4.08 = 269.07 K

Q.9. Explain solutions with positive deviations from Raoult’s law.

• Definition: Solutions in which solute-solvent intermolecular attractions are weaker than

those between solute-solute and solvent-solvent molecules exhibit positive deviation.

• Characteristics: 1. Vapour pressure of solution is higher than predicted by Raoult’s Law

(P > x1 P10 + x2 P20 ). 2. ∆mix H > 0 (Endothermic). 3. ∆mix V > 0 (Expansion).

• Example: Ethanol and Acetone.

• Graph: The vapour pressure curve lies above the ideal straight lines connecting P10 and
P20 .

SECTION – D
Attempt the following questions: [6 Marks]
Q.10. Long Answer (Attempt Any One): (4 Marks)
Option 1: Derive the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and
molar mass.

1. Let P10 be the vapour pressure of pure solvent and P1 be the vapour pressure of the solu-
tion.

2. According to Raoult’s law: P1 = x1 P10 .

3. The lowering of vapour pressure ∆P = P10 − P1 = P10 − x1 P10 = P10 (1 − x1 ).

4. Since x1 + x2 = 1 ⇒ 1 − x1 = x2 (mole fraction of solute).

∆P P10 −P1
5. Therefore, ∆P = P10 x2 ⇒ P10
= P10
= x2 .
n2 n2
6. Mole fraction x2 = n1 +n2 . For dilute solutions, n2  n1 , so x2 ≈ n1 .

W2 W1
7. n2 = M2 and n1 = M1 .

8. Substituting in the equation:

P10 − P1 W2 /M2 W2 M 1
= =
P10 W1 /M1 W1 M 2

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HSC Chemistry - Solution Sheet Marks: 25

9. Rearranging for M2 :
W 2 M1
M2 = P10 −P1
W1 ( P10
)

OR
Option 2: How is molar mass determined by osmotic pressure?

1. Principle: Osmotic pressure (π) is a colligative property useful for determining molar
masses of polymers/biomolecules.

2. Derivation: According to Van’t Hoff equation for dilute solutions: π = M RT Where M is

molarity, R is gas constant, T is temperature.
n2 W2 /M2
3. M = V = V

4. Substituting M :
W2 RT
π=
M2 V

5. Rearranging for M2 :
W2 RT
M2 =
πV
Where W2 is mass of solute, V is volume of solution in Litres.

Q.11. Define van’t Hoff factor. Modified expression for osmotic pressure. (2 Marks)

• Definition: Van’t Hoff factor (i) is defined as the ratio of the observed colligative property
to the theoretical colligative property (calculated assuming no association or dissociation).

Observed Colligative Property

i=
Theoretical Colligative Property

• Modified Expression: For electrolyte solutions, the osmotic pressure equation becomes:

π = iM RT