ROAD SAFETY ENGINEERING

Module-3

Road Safety In Transport Planning And Geometric Design: Vehicle And Human
Characteristics, Road Design And Safety Elements, Redesigning Junction, Cross Section
Improvements, Traffic Control, Traffic Calming Measures, Road Safety Furniture

Road Safety in Planning and Geometric Design:

Road safety in planning and geometric design refers to the design and planning of roads with
the aim of reducing the risk of accidents and injuries. This involves taking into account the
vehicle and human characteristics, as well as the design and equipment of the road itself.

Vehicle Characteristics:

Vehicle characteristics refer to the physical and mechanical properties of different types of
vehicles. Understanding vehicle characteristics is essential to designing safe roads and reducing
the risk of crashes.
1. Size: Vehicle size is an essential characteristic that affects road safety. Larger vehicles,
such as trucks and buses, have a more massive weight and require more space to maneuver,
making them more challenging to control and more prone to accidents. On the other hand,
smaller vehicles, such as cars and motorcycles, are more agile and can move more quickly, but
they are also more vulnerable to crashes.
2. Weight: Vehicle weight is another crucial characteristic that affects road safety. Heavier
vehicles have more momentum and require a more significant distance to stop, making them
more challenging to control and more prone to accidents. Additionally, heavy vehicles, such as
trucks and buses, can cause more significant damage in a crash.
3. Braking performance: Braking performance is an essential characteristic that affects road
safety. Vehicles with better braking performance can stop more quickly and are more
responsive to sudden changes in traffic conditions. On the other hand, vehicles with poor
braking performance are more prone to accidents, especially in high-speed situations.
4. Handling and stability: Handling and stability are crucial characteristics that affect road
safety. Vehicles with good handling and stability can maneuver more quickly and smoothly,

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making them less prone to accidents. On the other hand, vehicles with poor handling and
stability are more challenging to control and are more prone to rollover accidents.
5. Speed: Speed is an essential characteristic that affects road safety. Vehicles that travel at
high speeds are more prone to accidents because they require more distance to stop and are
less responsive to sudden changes in traffic conditions. Additionally, high-speed crashes tend
to be more severe, resulting in more significant damage and injuries.
6. Visibility: Visibility is an essential characteristic that affects road safety. Vehicles with
good visibility can see and be seen more easily, reducing the risk of collisions. On the other
hand, vehicles with poor visibility are more prone to accidents, especially in low-light
conditions.
7. Lighting and signaling: Lighting and signaling are crucial characteristics that affect road
safety. Vehicles with good lighting and signaling are more visible to other drivers and
pedestrians, reducing the risk of collisions. On the other hand, vehicles with poor lighting and
signaling are more prone to accidents, especially at night or in low-light conditions.
8. Tires and suspension: Tires and suspension are essential characteristics that affect road
safety. Vehicles with good tires and suspension can maintain proper traction and stability,
reducing the risk of accidents. On the other hand, vehicles with poor tires and suspension are
more prone to skidding, sliding, and rollover accidents.
Vehicle characteristics are critical to designing safe roads and reducing the risk of crashes. By
understanding the different characteristics of vehicles and how they impact road safety,
engineers and road safety professionals can design safer roads and promote better driving
behavior.

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The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) has defined vehicle characteristics that are used in the design
of roads and highways in India. These characteristics take into account the size, weight, and
speed of different types of vehicles. Here are the vehicle characteristics as per IRC:
 Passenger Cars: Passenger cars are defined as vehicles with a maximum length of 4.5
meters, a maximum width of 1.8 meters, and a maximum weight of 2,500 kilograms.
 Jeeps and Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs): Jeeps and LCVs are defined as vehicles
with a maximum length of 5.5 meters, a maximum width of 2.2 meters, and a maximum weight
of 3,500 kilograms.
 Trucks: Trucks are defined as vehicles with a maximum length of 18 meters, a maximum
width of 2.6 meters, and a maximum weight of 40,000 kilograms.
 Buses: Buses are defined as vehicle with a maximum length of 18 meters, a maximum
width of 2.6 meters, and a maximum weight of 16,200 kilograms.
 Motorcycles: Motorcycles are defined as vehicles with a maximum length of 2.5 meters, a
maximum width of 1.2 meters, and a maximum weight of 500 kilograms.
 Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic: Pedestrians and bicycles are considered vulnerable road
users and must be accommodated in the design of roads and highways. Footpaths and cycle
tracks must be provided for their safe movement.

Human Characteristics:
Human characteristics refer to the physical and mental abilities and limitations of humans that
affect their behavior on the road. Understanding human characteristics is essential to designing
safe roads and reducing the risk of crashes.

1. Vision: Vision is one of the most crucial human characteristics that affect road safety.
Good vision is essential for driving, as it allows drivers to see other vehicles, pedestrians,
road signs, and hazards. However, vision can be affected by various factors such as age, eye
conditions, and lighting conditions.
2. Hearing: Hearing is another essential human characteristic that affects road safety. Good
hearing is essential for driving, as it allows drivers to hear other vehicles, sirens, and warning
signals. However, hearing can also be affected by various factors such as age and noise
pollution.

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3. Reaction time: Reaction time is the time it takes for a driver to respond to a sudden change
in traffic conditions. Reaction time can be affected by various factors such as age, fatigue, and
alcohol consumption. Longer reaction times can increase the risk of accidents, especially in
high-speed situations.
4. Attention and concentration: Attention and concentration are crucial human
characteristics that affect road safety. Good attention and concentration allow drivers to stay
focused on the road and avoid distractions, reducing the risk of accidents. However, attention
and concentration can be affected by various factors such as fatigue, stress, and distractions
such as mobile phones and other devices.
5. Cognitive abilities: Cognitive abilities refer to the mental processes involved in driving,
such as perception, decision-making, and memory. Good cognitive abilities are essential for
safe driving, as they allow drivers to make quick and accurate decisions and remember
important information such as road signs and traffic laws.
6. Physical abilities: Physical abilities refer to the physical strength, dexterity, and
coordination required for driving, such as the ability to steer, brake, and accelerate. Good
physical abilities are essential for safe driving, especially in emergency situations where
quick reflexes and precise movements are required.
7. Emotional state: Emotional state refers to the emotional state of drivers, such as stress,
anger, and anxiety. Emotional state can affect driving behavior, increasing the risk of
accidents, especially in high-stress situations such as traffic congestion or road rage incidents.

Human characteristics are critical to designing safe roads and reducing the risk of crashes. By
understanding the different human characteristics that affect driving behavior, engineers and
road safety professionals can design safer roads and promote better driving behavior through
education and training programs. Additionally, promoting better health and wellness among
drivers can improve their physical and mental abilities and reduce the risk of accidents on the
road.

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Road Design:
Road design refers to the process of planning and designing roads that are safe, efficient,
and sustainable for all users, including pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists. Good road
design is critical to reducing the risk of accidents and creating a safe and enjoyable
experience for all road users.

1. Road classification: The first step in road design is to classify the road based on its
function and traffic volume. Different road classifications have different design standards
and requirements, such as lane widths, speed limits, and signage.
2. Horizontal alignment: Horizontal alignment refers to the curvature of the road in plan
view. The design of horizontal alignment is critical to ensuring safe and comfortable
driving conditions. Factors that affect horizontal alignment design include the terrain,
traffic volume, and speed limit.
3. Vertical alignment: Vertical alignment refers to the changes in elevation along the road.
The design of vertical alignment is critical to ensuring safe and comfortable driving
conditions, especially on hills and slopes. Factors that affect vertical alignment design
include the terrain, traffic volume, and speed limit.
4. Cross section design: The cross section of the road refers to the width and height of the
road surface, as well as the roadside features such as curbs, gutters, and sidewalks. Good
cross section design is essential to providing safe and comfortable driving conditions for
all road users, as well as ensuring proper drainage and accessibility.
5. Intersection design: Intersection design refers to the design of intersections, including
traffic signals, roundabouts, and stop signs. Good intersection design is critical to
reducing the risk of accidents and ensuring safe and efficient traffic flow.

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6. Traffic calming measures: Traffic calming measures refer to design features that
reduce traffic speed and improve safety for pedestrians and cyclists, such as speed humps,
chicanes, and raised crosswalks. Traffic calming measures are critical to reducing the risk
of accidents in urban and residential areas.
7. Accessibility design: Accessibility design refers to the design of roads that are
accessible to all users, including people with disabilities. Good accessibility design is
critical to promoting inclusivity and ensuring that all road users can travel safely and
comfortably.
Road design is critical to reducing the risk of accidents and creating safe and enjoyable
driving conditions for all road users. By incorporating good design practices and
standards, engineers and road safety professionals can create roads that are safe, efficient,
and sustainable for all users. Additionally, ongoing maintenance and improvements to
road design can help ensure that roads remain safe and accessible for years to come.

Cross Section elements of highway

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 Road Safety Elements
Road safety features aim to reduce the severity and frequency of accidents by guiding,
warning, and controlling road users.

(a) Road Signs

 Regulatory Signs – Indicate laws and regulations (e.g., Speed Limit, Stop).
 Warning Signs – Caution the driver about hazards (e.g., Sharp Curve, School Zone).
 Informatory Signs – Provide information (e.g., Directions, Distances).

(b) Road Markings

 Center line: Separates traffic directions.

 Edge line: Indicates road boundaries.
 Zebra crossings: For pedestrian safety.
 Arrows: Guide lane movement.

(c) Safety Barriers

 Guard rails and crash barriers at curves, bridges, and embankments prevent vehicles
from running off the road.
o Types: W-beam, concrete barrier, metal railing.

(d) Delineators and Reflectors

 Cat’s eyes, road studs, and reflective markers improve visibility at night or during
fog.

(e) Speed Breakers and Rumble Strips

 Installed in urban or residential areas to control vehicle speed.

 Height ≈ 10 cm, length ≈ 3.7 m (IRC 99).

(f) Pedestrian Facilities

 Footpaths, underpasses, zebra crossings, pedestrian signals ensure safety of

vulnerable road users.

(g) Lighting and Visibility

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  Street lighting ensures night-time safety.
 Visibility triangles at intersections keep sight lines clear of obstruction.

Integrated Safety in Design

Design Element Safety Feature

Horizontal Curves Superelevation, sight distance
Vertical Curves Adequate stopping sight distance
Junctions Channelization, signals, markings
Cross Section Shoulders, drainage, barriers
Road Furniture Signs, markings, lighting

Redesigning Junctions:
Redesigning junctions refers to the process of improving the safety and efficiency of
intersections and other roadway intersections. By redesigning junctions, engineers and
road safety professionals can reduce the risk of accidents and improve traffic flow.

1. Junction analysis: The first step in redesigning a junction is to conduct a detailed

analysis of the existing conditions, including traffic volume, speeds, and crash history.
This analysis helps identify problem areas and opportunities for improvement.
2. Geometric design: Once the analysis is complete, the next step is to redesign the
geometric layout of the junction. This may involve changes to the alignment of the
roadway, widening of lanes, or changes to the positioning of traffic signals and signage.
3. Traffic control devices: Traffic control devices such as signals, signs, and pavement
markings play a critical role in the safety and efficiency of junctions. Properly designed and
installed traffic control devices can help reduce the risk of accidents and improve traffic
flow.
4. Pedestrian and cyclist facilities: Junctions should also include facilities that are safe
and convenient for pedestrians and cyclists. This may include crosswalks, bike lanes, or
shared use paths.
5. Landscaping and aesthetics: The visual appearance of a junction can also play a
role in its safety and efficiency. A well-designed junction can enhance the visual appeal of
a neighborhood or business district and promote economic development.

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6. Safety improvements: Redesigning junctions may also involve safety improvements
such as installing crash barriers or improving lighting.
7. Construction and implementation: Once the junction redesign is complete, the next
step is to implement the changes. This may involve construction work and temporary
traffic control measures.
8. Evaluation and monitoring: After the junction redesign is complete, ongoing
evaluation and monitoring are critical to ensure that the improvements are effective and
sustainable over the long term.

Redesigning junctions is an important aspect of road safety, as it can help reduce the risk of
accidents and improve traffic flow. By incorporating good design practices, safety features,
and facilities for pedestrians and cyclists, engineers and road safety professionals can
create junctions that are safe, efficient, and sustainable for all road users.

Cross Section Improvements:

Cross section improvements refer to changes made to the physical layout of a roadway to
improve safety and efficiency. Cross section improvements typically involve changes to
the width of the roadway, the number and location of travel lanes, and the placement of
curbs and gutters.

1. Safety considerations: The primary goal of cross section improvements is to improve

safety for all road users. This may include reducing vehicle speeds, improving visibility,
and providing safe facilities for pedestrians and cyclists.
2. Width of the roadway: One of the key considerations in cross section improvements is
the width of the roadway. Narrower roads tend to reduce vehicle speeds and improve
safety for pedestrians and cyclists. However, wider roads may be necessary in some cases
to accommodate high volumes of traffic.
3. Number and location of travel lanes: The number and location of travel lanes is also
an important consideration in cross section improvements. In some cases, reducing the
number of travel lanes can help reduce vehicle speeds and improve safety. Additionally,
the location of travel lanes can affect visibility and safety for pedestrians and cyclists.
4. Curbs and gutters: Curbs and gutters are used to channel water away from the roadway
and provide a barrier between the roadway and adjacent properties. Properly designed
curbs and gutters can also provide a buffer zone for pedestrians and cyclists, improving
safety.

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5. Sidewalks and bike lanes: Cross section improvements should also consider facilities
for pedestrians and cyclists, such as sidewalks and bike lanes. These facilities should be
designed to be safe and convenient for users.

6. Landscaping and aesthetics: The visual appearance of a roadway can also play a role in
its safety and efficiency. Cross section improvements may include landscaping and other
aesthetic improvements that enhance the visual appeal of the roadway.
7. Cost considerations: Cross section improvements can be expensive, so cost
considerations must be taken into account. Road safety professionals must balance the cost
of improvements with the potential safety benefits.
8. Implementation: Cross section improvements typically require construction work,
which may involve temporary traffic control measures. Proper planning and
communication with the public are essential to minimize disruptions and ensure safety
during construction.
9. Evaluation and monitoring: After the cross section improvements are complete, ongoing
evaluation and monitoring are critical to ensure that the improvements are effective and
sustainable over the long term.

Cross section improvements are an important aspect of road safety, as they can help reduce
the risk of accidents and improve traffic flow. By incorporating good design practices,
safety features, and facilities for pedestrians and cyclists, engineers and road safety
professionals can create roadways that are safe, efficient, and sustainable for all road users.

Traffic Control

1. Introduction

Traffic control refers to the techniques, devices, and systems used to regulate, guide, and
manage the movement of vehicles and pedestrians on roads in a safe and efficient manner.
Its main goal is to reduce accidents, avoid congestion, and ensure smooth flow of traffic
under varying conditions.

2. Objectives of Traffic Control

1. To ensure safe and orderly movement of all road users.

2. To minimize traffic conflicts and accidents.
3. To reduce delays and travel time.

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 4. To ensure efficient utilization of the road capacity.
5. To provide information and guidance to drivers and pedestrians.

3. Types of Traffic Control

Traffic control can be broadly classified into three categories:

A. Fixed Control Devices

These are permanent installations used to guide and regulate traffic.

(a) Traffic Signs

Used to provide essential information to drivers about laws, warnings, and guidance.

Types of Traffic Signs (as per IRC:67–2012):

Type Shape Colour Examples

Regulatory Signs Circular Red, White, Black Stop, Speed Limit, No Entry

Warning Signs Triangular Red Border, Yellow Background Curve Ahead, School Zone

Informatory Signs Rectangular Blue Background Parking, Hospital, Bus Stop

Functions:

 Regulate traffic flow.

 Warn about potential hazards.
 Provide route and service information.

(b) Road Markings

These are lines, symbols, and legends painted on the pavement to guide drivers.

Types (IRC:35–2015):

 Longitudinal markings: Centre lines, lane lines, edge lines.

 Transverse markings: Stop lines, pedestrian crossings.
 Object markings: On obstructions and medians.
 Word/symbol markings: Turn arrows, speed limits.

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Functions:

 Provide visual guidance.

 Separate traffic streams.
 Indicate safe overtaking zones.

(c) Traffic Signals

Signals use coloured lights to control vehicle and pedestrian movement at intersections.

Standard Colors (IRC:93–1985):

 Red: Stop
 Amber: Prepare to stop
 Green: Proceed

Advantages:

 Time-based control reduces conflicts.

 Provides orderly movement at busy intersections.
 Reduces need for manual control.

Disadvantages:

 May cause delays during off-peak hours.

 Requires maintenance and power supply.

(d) Road Studs and Delineators

 Reflective studs (“cat’s eyes”) are used to mark lanes at night.

 Delineators guide vehicles on curves and narrow bridges.

B. Variable or Semi-Automatic Controls

Used when traffic flow changes dynamically throughout the day.

(a) Flashing Signals

 Flashing red: Stop and proceed when safe.

 Flashing amber: Proceed with caution.

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(b) Vehicle-Actuated Signals

 Operate using sensors or detectors placed on the roadway.

 Signal timings adjust automatically based on actual traffic demand.

(c) Adaptive (Smart) Traffic Signals

 Controlled by central computers or AI systems based on real-time traffic data.

 Used in modern cities for efficient traffic management.

C. Manual Control

Used where mechanical or electrical systems are not feasible or have failed.

(a) Police Control

 Traffic police use hand signals or batons to direct vehicles.

 Common at temporary road works or accident sites.

(b) Traffic Wardens

 Manage pedestrian crossings, school zones, and event traffic.

(c) Flagmen or Marshals

 Used in rural areas or work zones to regulate vehicles manually.

4. Methods of Traffic Control

Method Application Purpose

Time-based control Signal timing and phasing Manage conflicting movements

Emergency vehicles, bus
Priority control Give right-of-way to specific users
lanes
Volume-based control Vehicle actuated systems Adjusts timing based on flow
Area traffic control
Network-level management Coordinates multiple intersections
(ATC)
Controls vehicle entry onto
Ramp metering Expressways
highways

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5. Traffic Control in Special Conditions

1. Work Zones: Use barricades, flashing lights, and flagmen.

2. School Zones: Lower speed limits, warning signs, and pedestrian crossings.
3. Pedestrian Crossings: Zebra crossings, refuge islands, pedestrian signals.

Roundabouts: Self-regulating form of control for moderate traffic volumes.

6. Advantages of Effective Traffic Control

 Reduces accidents and conflicts.
 Improves capacity and efficiency of roads.
 Reduces travel time and fuel consumption.
 Enhances driver discipline and public safety.

7. Limitations

 Requires regular maintenance and public awareness.

 Overuse of signs or signals may confuse drivers.
 Power failure or signal malfunction can cause congestion.

Traffic Calming Measures

1. Introduction

Traffic calming refers to a set of physical design and management strategies used to reduce
vehicle speeds, improve safety, and enhance the quality of life in residential or urban
[Link] aims to create a safer road environment for pedestrians, cyclists, and other
vulnerable users without relying solely on traffic laws or enforcement.

2. Objectives of Traffic Calming

 To reduce vehicle speeds and control aggressive driving.

 To minimize road accidents, especially involving pedestrians and cyclists.
 To encourage walking and cycling by making roads safer.
 To reduce through-traffic in residential areas.
 To improve environmental quality by lowering noise and emissions.
 To enhance community livability and street aesthetics.

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3. Principles of Traffic Calming

 Roads should be designed for appropriate, not maximum speeds.

 Visual, psychological, and physical measures influence driver behavior.
 Measures must ensure safety, accessibility, and convenience for all users.
 The goal is to change driver behavior through design rather than enforcement.

4. Types of Traffic Calming Measures

Traffic calming devices can be classified into physical measures, non-physical measures,
and combined measures.

A. Physical Measures

These involve geometric or structural modifications to the road to slow down vehicles.

(i) Speed Humps

 Rounded raised areas across the roadway.

 Typical height: 75–100 mm, length: 3.7 m (IRC:99-2018).
 Effective in reducing speeds to 25–30 km/h.
 Used in residential or school zones.

(ii) Speed Tables

 Flat-topped raised platforms, longer than humps (length ≈ 6–9 m).

 Easier for buses and emergency vehicles.
 May include pedestrian crossings.

(iii) Raised Pedestrian Crossings

 Elevates the crosswalk to the level of the sidewalk.

 Improves pedestrian visibility and slows vehicles.

(iv) Rumble Strips

 Transverse grooves or ridges that produce noise and vibration when driven over.
 Warn drivers to reduce speed before intersections, toll plazas, or school zones.

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(v) Chicanes (Deflection)

 Series of alternating curb extensions or islands forcing a zigzag path.

 Reduces speed without complete stopping.

(vi) Road Narrowing (Lane Narrowing)

 Reduces lane width or introduces median islands to make drivers cautious.

 Can be created using pavement markings or physical curbs.

(vii) Central Islands / Refuge Islands

 Provided at pedestrian crossings or mid-blocks.

 Allow pedestrians to cross in two stages safely.

(viii) Raised Intersections

 Entire intersection is elevated slightly to slow down approaching vehicles.

(ix) Road Surface Treatments

 Use of textured pavements or colored surfaces to give visual cues for slowing.

B. Non-Physical (Regulatory or Psychological) Measures

These measures use signs, markings, or regulations to influence driver behavior.

(i) Speed Limits and Warning Signs

 Displayed prominently to remind drivers of restricted zones.

(ii) Pavement Markings

 Use of optical illusions (like narrowing lines) to give a sense of speed.

(iii) Gateway Treatments

 Special markings, colored pavements, or landscaping at entry points of residential

zones to indicate a transition from high to low-speed areas.

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(iv) Parking Control

 On-street parking can act as a natural speed-reducing feature by narrowing lanes.

(v) Community Awareness Campaigns

 Educating local drivers about safe speeds and traffic behavior.

C. Combined or Area-Wide Measures

These involve a combination of physical and non-physical methods applied systematically

over a network.

Examples:

 Home zones / Woonerfs – Streets shared by vehicles and pedestrians with minimal
segregation.
 Shared spaces – Use of common road surface with limited traffic signage to
encourage cautious driving.
 Local area traffic management schemes – Integrate humps, signage, and one-way
systems.

5. Selection of Traffic Calming Measures

Factors to consider:

 Traffic volume and composition (cars, buses, trucks).

 Speed characteristics of vehicles.
 Pedestrian activity in the area.
 Emergency vehicle access requirements.
 Drainage and road geometry.
 Community acceptance and enforcement feasibility.

6. Advantages

 Reduces accident frequency and severity.

 Improves pedestrian and cyclist safety.
 Reduces noise and air pollution.

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 Encourages walking and social activities.
 Enhances aesthetics and livability of residential areas.

7. Limitations

 May delay emergency vehicles.

 Increases vehicle operating costs due to frequent acceleration and braking.
 Possible driver discomfort or complaints.
 Requires maintenance and periodic evaluation.

8. Applications in India

As per IRC:99–2018, traffic calming measures are recommended in:

 Residential streets.
 School and hospital zones.
 Market areas.
 Near intersections with poor visibility.
 Areas with high pedestrian activity.

Common Indian applications include:

 Speed breakers near schools.

 Raised pedestrian crossings in urban roads.
 Rumble strips before toll gates.

Signage and marking-based calming in rural highways entering built-up areas.

Road Safety Furniture

1. Introduction

Road safety furniture refers to the fixed installations and devices provided along roads to
guide, regulate, and protect road users, thereby improving safety, efficiency, and comfort
of travel. They play a vital role in reducing accidents, improving visibility, and
communicating road information effectively.

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According to IRC:67 (2022) and IRC:99 (2018), these elements are essential parts of road
design and maintenance for safe and efficient operation.

2. Objectives of Road Safety Furniture

1. To guide and warn road users about road conditions.

2. To control the movement of traffic safely and efficiently.
3. To protect pedestrians, vehicles, and roadside properties.
4. To reduce accident severity and enhance post-crash safety.
5. To enhance night-time visibility and road aesthetics.

3. Classification of Road Safety Furniture

Road safety furniture can be broadly classified into the following categories:

1. Traffic Signs
2. Road Markings
3. Road Delineators and Studs
4. Guardrails and Barriers
5. Kerbs and Pedestrian Facilities
6. Lighting and Reflectors
7. Miscellaneous Safety Devices

4. Elements of Road Safety Furniture

A. Traffic Signs

Purpose: To regulate, warn, and guide road users.

 Regulatory Signs:
Indicate laws and regulations (e.g., STOP, No Entry, Speed Limit).
→ As per IRC:67, red circles and octagonal shapes are used.
 Warning Signs:
Warn about hazards ahead (e.g., curve, narrow bridge, pedestrian crossing).
→ Triangular with red border.

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  Informatory Signs:
Provide directions, distances, services (e.g., hospital, petrol pump).
→ Rectangular with blue background.

Importance:

 Help drivers make quick, informed decisions.

 Standardized for uniformity and recognition.

B. Road Markings

Purpose: To convey information through lines, symbols, and patterns on the road surface.
As per IRC:35 (2015).

Types:

1. Longitudinal Markings: Lane lines, center lines, edge lines.

2. Transverse Markings: Stop lines, pedestrian crossings.
3. Object Markings: On kerbs, islands, or obstructions.
4. Arrow Markings: Indicate turning movements.
5. Word/Symbol Markings: “SLOW”, “SCHOOL AHEAD”, etc.

Functions:

 Lane discipline and safe overtaking.

 Improved night visibility with reflective paint.

C. Road Delineators and Studs

Purpose: To enhance visibility and guide drivers, especially at night or in poor weather.

 Delineators:
Small reflectorized devices installed along road edges or curves (black & white
posts with reflectors).
Help drivers judge road alignment.

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  Road Studs (Cat’s Eyes):
Embedded on pavement to reflect headlights.
Types: white (lane), yellow (median), red (no entry), green (side entry).

D. Guardrails and Barriers

Purpose: To prevent vehicles from leaving the carriageway or hitting dangerous obstacles.

 W-Beam Crash Barrier (Steel):

Most common; used on highways, bridges, and medians.
Absorbs kinetic energy and redirects vehicles.
 Thrie-Beam Barrier:
Heavier version used for high-speed roads.
 Concrete Barriers (New Jersey type):
Used in medians to prevent cross-over crashes.
 End Terminals & Impact Attenuators:
Reduce severity at barrier ends or near obstacles.

E. Kerbs and Pedestrian Facilities

 Kerbs:
Separate carriageway from footpath; protect pedestrians.
Types: Mountable, semi-barrier, and barrier kerbs.
 Pedestrian Railings:
Guide pedestrian movement near crossings or schools.
 Footpaths, Ramps & Crossings:
Improve safety for non-motorized users.

F. Lighting and Reflectors

 Street Lighting:
Improves night-time visibility and reduces accidents.
Uniform illumination should meet IRC:SP:91 recommendations.
 Retro-Reflectors:
Enhance sign and marking visibility at night using light reflection principles.

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G. Miscellaneous Safety Devices

1. Rumble Strips: Alert drivers near intersections or crossings.

2. Speed Breakers: Used in residential/school zones.
3. Bollards: Restrict vehicular access in pedestrian areas.
4. Median Markers: Reflective indicators on medians.
5. Chevron Signs: Used on sharp horizontal curves.

5. Design Considerations

 Placement as per IRC:67 (Traffic Signs), IRC:35 (Road Markings), and IRC:119
(Barriers).
 Should not obstruct visibility.
 Must withstand environmental and impact conditions.
 Use retro-reflective materials for night-time effectiveness.
 Regular maintenance and cleaning required.

6. Importance of Road Safety Furniture

 Enhances driver information and awareness.

 Reduces accident rates and injury severity.
 Improves aesthetic appeal and public confidence in road use.
 Essential for smart and sustainable transportation systems.

Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Roads:

Reconstruction and rehabilitation of roads refers to the process of repairing, upgrading or
rebuilding roads that have deteriorated due to age, traffic volume or other factors. The
goal of reconstruction and rehabilitation is to improve the quality and safety of the road,
and extend its service life.

1. Assessment and Planning: The first step in reconstruction and rehabilitation is to

assess the condition of the road and identify the necessary repairs or upgrades. This
involves conducting a detailed survey of the road, including measurements of the
pavement condition, traffic volume and other factors. Based on this assessment, a plan is
developed for the necessary repairs or upgrades.

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2. Pavement Design: Pavement design is an important aspect of reconstruction and
rehabilitation. The design should take into account factors such as the expected traffic
volume, climate, and soil conditions. The type of pavement used, such as concrete or
asphalt, will also depend on these factors.
3. Drainage: Proper drainage is essential for the long-term durability of the road.
Improper drainage can cause water to collect on the surface of the road, leading to
pavement damage and safety hazards. Drainage systems should be designed to channel
water away from the road surface and into appropriate collection points.
4. Traffic Management: During reconstruction and rehabilitation, traffic management is
a critical consideration. Traffic control devices, such as signs and barricades, should be
used to direct traffic safely through the work zone. Lane closures and detours may also be
necessary to ensure worker safety and minimize disruptions to traffic flow.
5. Construction: The actual construction of the road involves several steps, including
pavement removal, grading and compacting the subgrade, and placing and compacting
the new pavement. Construction should be closely monitored to ensure that the design
specifications are being met and the work is being performed safely.
6. Quality Control: Quality control is an important aspect of reconstruction and
rehabilitation. It involves testing the materials and construction methods used to ensure
that they meet the design specifications and the necessary standards for durability and
safety.
7. Monitoring and Maintenance: After reconstruction and rehabilitation are complete,
ongoing monitoring and maintenance are necessary to ensure that the road continues to
perform as expected. This may include periodic inspections, routine maintenance such as
cleaning and patching, and periodic resurfacing or reconstruction as needed.

Reconstruction and rehabilitation of roads is a critical aspect of road safety and

infrastructure management. By assessing the condition of the road, developing a plan for
repairs or upgrades, and implementing proper construction and maintenance practices,
engineers and road safety professionals can help ensure that roads are safe, efficient, and
durable over the long term.

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Road Maintenance:

Road maintenance refers to the process of preserving, repairing, and restoring the physical
condition and safety of roads. Road maintenance is essential to ensure that roads are safe
for drivers, passengers, and pedestrians and to extend their lifespan.

1. Routine Maintenance: Routine maintenance involves regular inspections, cleaning, and

minor repairs to keep the road in good condition. It includes activities such as filling
potholes, repairing cracks, removing debris and litter, and maintaining drainage systems.
2. Periodic Maintenance: Periodic maintenance involves more extensive repairs and
maintenance work that is necessary to restore the road to its original condition. It may
include resurfacing, patching, or sealing the road, improving drainage systems, and
repairing or replacing damaged guardrails and signs.
3. Emergency Maintenance: Emergency maintenance involves repairing or clearing the
road after an accident, natural disaster, or other unforeseen event. This may include
removing debris from the road, repairing damaged guardrails or signs, or repairing potholes
or cracks.
4. Winter Maintenance: Winter maintenance involves clearing snow and ice from the
road to ensure safe driving conditions during the winter months. This includes activities
such as salting, sanding, and plowing.
5. Equipment and Tools: Road maintenance requires specialized equipment and tools to
perform the necessary repairs and maintenance work. This includes equipment such as
graders, rollers, and asphalt pavers, as well as hand tools such as shovels, rakes, and
brooms.
6. Personnel: Road maintenance crews are responsible for performing the necessary
repairs and maintenance work on roads. Crews may include engineers, equipment
operators, maintenance workers, and supervisors.
7. Funding: Funding for road maintenance may come from a variety of sources, including
federal, state, and local governments, as well as private sources such as tolls and user fees.

Road maintenance is a critical aspect of road safety and infrastructure management. By

performing routine, periodic, emergency, and winter maintenance, road maintenance crews
can help ensure that roads are safe, efficient, and durable over the long term. Proper
maintenance can also help reduce the cost of more extensive repairs or reconstruction in
the future.

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