Second law analysis

for a control volume

BITS Pilani Sachin U Belgamwar
Pilani Campus
ENTROPY AS A RATE
EQUATION
The change of entropy during a process
Q
dS 
T
The above equation can be rewritten as

Q
dS   S gen
T

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Take incremental change in S and divide by  t
we get

dS 1 Q  S gen
 
t T t t
This is the basis for the development of the
entropy balance equation in the general control
volume analysis for an unsteady situation.

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The final form of entropy equation for control
mass in rate form will be

dSC .M . 1  
  Q  S gen
dt T

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SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

We start with the second law expressed as change

of entropy for a control mass


dSC .M . Q 
   S gen
dt T
to which we will add mass flow rates in and out of
control volume

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The entropy balance for a control volume on a rate form

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Some entropy enters the system because of
inlet mass, some entropy leaves the system
because of exit mass and some entropy is
generated in the system.

That is, rate of change of entropy

= + in – out + generation
or

dSC .V .   Q C .V . 
  m i s i   m e se    S gen
dt T
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Since entropy generated is always positive

dSC .V .   Q C .V . 
  m i s i   m e se    S gen
dt T

dSC .V .   Q C .V .
  m i s i   m e se  
dt T

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STEADY STATE PROCESS
For steady state processes there is no change with time of
entropy per unit mass at any point within a control
volume, therefore dS C .V .
0
dt

dSC .V .   Q C .V . 
  m i s i   m e se    S gen
dt T

Hence,   Q C .V . 
 m e se   m i si  C.V . T  S gen
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If   
mi  me  m

 Q C .V . 
m ( se  s i )    S gen
C .V . T
dividing by mass flow rate

q
se  si    s gen
T
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• Since entropy generated for an adiabatic
process >=0, so for an adiabatic process
se  si
se  si  s gen  si
Where equality holds for a reversible adiabatic
process

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Steam enters a turbine with a pressure of 30 bar, a temperature of
4000C, and a velocity of 160 m/s. Saturated vapor at 100 0C exits
with a velocity of 100 m/s. At steady state, the turbine develops work
equal to 540 kJ per kg of steam flowing through the turbine. Heat
transfer between the turbine and its surroundings occurs at an
average outer surface temperature of 350 K. Determine the rate at
which entropy is produced within the turbine per kg of steam
flowing, in kJ/kg K. Neglect the change in potential energy between
inlet and exit.

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Air as an ideal gas flows through the compressor and heat
exchanger shown in Fig. A separate liquid water stream also
flows through the heat exchanger. The data given are for
operation at steady state. Stray heat transfer to the
surroundings can be neglected, as can all kinetic and potential
energy changes. Determine
(a) the compressor power, in kW, and the mass flow rate of
the cooling water, in kg/s.
(b) the rates of entropy production, each in kW/K, for the
compressor and heat exchanger.

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
An inventor claims to have developed a device requiring no
energy transfer by work, Wcv, or heat transfer, yet able to
produce hot and cold streams of air from a single stream of air
at an intermediate temperature. The inventor provides steady-
state test data indicating that when air enters at a temperature
of 200C and a pressure of 200 kPa, separate streams of air exit
at temperatures of 0 and 500C, respectively, and each at a
pressure of 100 kPa. Sixty percent of the mass entering the
device exits at the lower temperature. Evaluate the inventor’s
claim, employing the ideal gas model for air and ignoring
changes in the kinetic and potential energies of the streams
from inlet to exit.

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
TRANSIENT PROCESS
The second law for control volume is given by:-


d   Q C .V . 
( ms )C .V .   m i si   m e se    S gen
dt T

Integrating over time t

t
d
0 dt ( ms )C .V .dt  ( m2 s2 - m1 s1 )C.V.
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t 

 (  m i s i )dt   m i si
0
t 

( m
0
e s e )dt   m e se
t 

S
0
gen dt  1 S 2 gen

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 Therefore second law for transient process can be
written as

m 2 s2  m1 s1 C .V .   m i si   m e se

t
Q C .V .
 dt  1 S 2 gen
0
T

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example

A 0.18-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid water at

1200C. A valve at the bottom of the tank is now opened,
and one-half of the total mass is withdrawn from the tank
in the liquid form. Heat is transferred to water from a
source at 2300C so that the temperature in the tank
remains constant. Determine (a) the amount of heat
transfer and (b) the total entropy generation for this
process.

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Work and Heat Transfer Reversible
and Steady State Process
The first law for a steady-state process in and out of a C.V.
involving a single flow of fluid can be written as

q  (hi  Vi / 2  gZ i )
2

 w  (he  V / 2  gZ e )e
2

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and the second law is


 Q C .V . 
m ( se  s i )    S gen
C .V . T

let us now consider two types of flow

- a reversible adiabatic process, and
- a reversible isothermal process

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For a reversible adiabatic process

se  si
Hence
Tds  dh  vdP
which is simplified to e
he  hi   v dP
i
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Substituting in first law, for a reversible
adiabatic process we have

Vi  V
2 2
w  hi  he   gZ i  Z e 
e
2

Vi  V
e 2 2
   v dP   gZ i  Z e 
e

i
2

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Now if the process is reversible and isothermal, the
second law reduces to

 1  Q C .V .
m ( se  si )   Q C .V . 
T T

Q C .V .
T ( se  s i )  
q
m
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The property relation

Tds  dh  vdP
is integrated to give

e
T ( se  si )  ( he  hi )   v dP  q
i

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Substituting in first law we get

q  (hi  Vi / 2  gZ i )
2

 w  (he  V / 2  gZ e )
e
2

Vi 2  Ve2
e
w    v dP   gZ i  Z e 
i
2
Hence the expression for reversible adiabatic process is same
as that of reversible isothermal process.
Also any reversible process is can be constructed, in limit, from
a series of alternate isothermal and adiabatic processes. Hence
the equation is valid for any reversible steady state process.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
APPLICATIONS IN REVERSIBLE
STEADY FLOW PROCESSES
For a nozzle W=0 and with incompressible fluid
(v = constant)

V  Vi
2 2
v  Pe  Pi   e
 gZ e  Z i   0
2
This is known as Bernoulli’s equation, is very
important in fluid mechanics.

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 Vi 2  Ve2
e
w    v dP   gZ i  Z e 
i
2

is also valid to the large class of flow processes,

involving work (such as compressor and
turbine), in which kinetic and potential energy
changes are very small.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

In such a case, it is simplified to

e
w    v dP
i

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It is important to note that this result applies to a very
special case
e


The area v dP is not same as the area
e i

 P dv
i
(Reversible boundary work in closed system)
The shaft work is closely associated with the specific
volume of fluid during the process.

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Simple steam power plant

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Simple steam power plant

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Reversible polytropic process

If we consider the reversible polytropic process for an ideal

gas, (discussed earlier for a control mass), for steady flow
process with no change in KE and PE

e
w    v dP
i

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 Pv  Pv C
n
1 1
n
2 2
e
dP
w    v dP   C 
e
1/ n
i
i P
n nR
 ( Pe v e  Pi v i )   ( Te  Ti )
n1 n1
For an isothermal process
e e
dP Pe
w    v dP  C    Pi v i ln
i i
P Pi
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An irrigation pump takes water from a river at 10°C, 100
kPa and pumps it up to an open canal at a 50 m higher
elevation. The pipe diameter in and out of the pump is
0.1 m and the motor driving the pump is 5 hp. Neglect
kinetic energies and friction, find the maximum possible
mass flow rate.

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PRINCIPLE OF THE INCREASE
OF ENTROPY

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dSCV A Q 
 m i si  m e se   S gen A
dt TA
dSCV B Q 
  m i si  m e se   S gen B
dt TA

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dS net dSCV A dSCV B
 
dt dt dt
Q  Q 
 m i si  m e se   S gen A  m i si  m e se   S gen B
TA TA
 Sgen A  S
gen B 0

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dSCV B Q  Q Q  Q
  m i si  m e se       m i si  m e se 
dt TA TA TB  TB
S net  SCV A  S Surr B
SCV A  m2 s2  m1s1 CV A
Q
S Surr B  me se  mi si 
TB

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CHANGE IN ENTROPY
To know the change in entropy over a time t for a transient
process, after integrating the equation over time t:

 S net   S C .V .   S surr

For the control volume:

 S C .V .  ( m 2 s2  m1 s1 )C .V .

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For the surroundings:

Q C .V .
 S surr     m e se   m i si
To

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EFFICIENCY

Wnet
 th 
QH

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TURBINE EFFICIENCY

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TURBINE EFFICIENCY

WCV / m hi  he
turbine  
WCV / m s hi  hes
P1

W
T

P2

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

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Pe

C W

Pi

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COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

wIsothermal
 cooled compressor 
w

 compressor 
W CV/ m s hi  hes

W CV / m 
 hi  he

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
NOZZLE EFFICIENCY

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NOZZLE EFFICIENCY

2
V /2
 nozzle  e
2
V /2
es

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
PROBLEMS

Steam enters a turbine at 3 MPa, 450°C,

expands in a reversible adiabatic process
and exhausts at 10 kPa. Changes in
kinetic and potential energies between
the inlet and the exit of the turbine are
small. The power output of the turbine is
800 kW. What is the mass flow rate of
steam through the turbine?
Steam enters a turbine at 3 MPa, 450°C, expands in a reversible
adiabatic process and exhausts at 10 kPa. Changes in kinetic and
potential energies between the inlet and the exit of the turbine are
small. The power output of the turbine is 800 kW. What is the mass
flow rate of steam through the turbine?
C.V. Turbine, Steady single inlet and exit flows, Adiabatic
  
Continuity Eq.:
mi  me  m
 
First Law (Energy) Eq.: Q  mi (hi  Vi / 2  gZ i )
2

 
 W T  me (he  V / 2  gZe )
e
2

wT  hi  he
Steam enters a turbine at 3 MPa, 450°C, expands in a reversible
adiabatic process and exhausts at 10 kPa. Changes in kinetic and
potential energies between the inlet and the exit of the turbine are
small. The power output of the turbine is 800 kW. What is the mass
flow rate of steam through the turbine?

Second Law (Entropy) Eq.:


  Q C .V . 
 m e se   m i si  C.V . T  S gen
q
se  si    s gen
T
se  si
Steam enters a turbine at 3 MPa, 450°C, expands in a reversible
adiabatic process and exhausts at 10 kPa. Changes in kinetic and
potential energies between the inlet and the exit of the turbine are
small. The power output of the turbine is 800 kW. What is the mass
flow rate of steam through the turbine?
Inlet state:
hi  3344 kJ / kg si  7.0833 kJ / kgK
Exit state: se  si & se  s g
xe = (7.0833 - 0.6492)/7.501 = 0.8578,
he = 191.81 + 0.8578 × 2392.82 = 2244.4 kJ/kg
 
 WT WT 800
m    0.728 kg / s
wT hi  he  3344  2244.4 
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and
4000C and leaves at 50 kPa and 1000C. If the power
output of the turbine is 2 MW, determine (a) the
isentropic efficiency of the turbine and (b) the mass flow
rate of the steam flowing through the turbine.

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A stream of ammonia enters a steady
flow device at 100 kPa, 50°C, at the
rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the
device at equal mass flow rates; one is
at 200 kPa, 50°C, and the other as
saturated liquid at 10°C. It is claimed
that the device operates in a room at
25°C on an electrical power input of
250 kW. Is this possible?
 A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50°C, at
the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates;
one is at 200 kPa, 50°C, and the other as saturated liquid at 10°C. It is
claimed that the device operates in a room at 25°C on an electrical power
input of 250 kW. Is this possible?
  
Continuity Eq.:
m 1  m 2  m3

First Law (Energy) Eq.:

   
Q   m i (hi  Vi / 2  gZi )  W   m e (he  Ve2 / 2  gZe )
2

 1 h1  Q  W el  m
m  2 h2  m
 3 h3
A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50°C, at the rate of 1 kg/s.
Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates; one is at 200 kPa, 50°C, and the
other as saturated liquid at 10°C. It is claimed that the device operates in a room at 25°C
on an electrical powerinput of 250 kW. Is this possible?

Second Law (Entropy) Eq.:


  Q C .V . 
 m e se   m i si  C.V . T  S gen
Q 
m 2 s2  m 3 s3  m 1 s1   S gen
T0
A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50°C,
at the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass
flow rates; one is at 200 kPa, 50°C, and the other as saturated
liquid at 10°C. It is claimed that the device operates in a room at
25°C on an electrical power input of 250 kW. Is this possible?
Given T0  25C  298.15 K
1
State (1) m  1 kg / s , P1  100 kPa , T1  50C
 h1  1581.2 kJ / kg , s1  6.4943 kJ / kg K

State (2)m
2  0.5 kg / s , P2  200 kPa , T2  50C
 h2  1576.6 kJ / kg , s2  6.1453 kJ / kg K
State (3)  3  0.5 kg / s , T3  10C sat .liq .
m
 h3  h f  226.97 kJ / kg ,
s3  s f  0.8779 kJ / kg K
A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50°C,
at the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass
flow rates; one is at 200 kPa, 50°C, and the other as saturated
liquid at 10°C. It is claimed that the device operates in a room at
25°C on an electrical power input of 250 kW. Is this possible?

First Law (Energy) Eq.:

Q  m
 2 h2  m  1 h1  W el
 3 h3  m

Q  0.5  1576.6  0.5  226.97  1  1581.2  250
 Q  929.4 kW
 A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50°C,
at the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass
flow rates; one is at 200 kPa, 50°C, and the other as saturated
liquid at 10°C. It is claimed that the device operates in a room at
25°C on an electrical power input of 250 kW. Is this possible?

Second Law (Entropy) Eq.:

Q
S gen  m 2 s2  m 3 s3  m 1 s1 
T0
 0.5  6.1453  0.5  0.8779
 1  6.4943   929.4  / 298.15
 S gen  0.1345 kW / K 0
Hence this is possible.
A nozzle is required to produce a
flow of air at 200 m/s at 20°C,
100 kPa. It is estimated that the
nozzle has an isentropic
efficiency of 92%. What nozzle
inlet pressure and temperature is
required assuming the inlet
kinetic energy is negligible?
 A nozzle is required to produce a flow of air at 200 m/s at 20°C, 100 kPa.
It is estimated that the nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of 92%. What
nozzle inlet pressure and temperature is required assuming the inlet
kinetic energy is negligible?

Given P1  ?, Ti  ?, nozz  0.92, ( K .E .)i  0

Ve  200 m / s , Te  20C , Pe  100 kPa , ( P .E .)  0
C.V.: Nozzle
First law eq.:
   
Q   m i (hi  Vi / 2  gZi )  W   m e (he  Ve2 / 2  gZe )
2

Ve2 Ve2
hi  he  or C poTi  C poTe 
2 2
 A nozzle is required to produce a flow of air at 200 m/s at 20°C,
100 kPa. It is estimated that the nozzle has an isentropic
efficiency of 92%. What nozzle inlet pressure and temperature is
required assuming the inlet kinetic energy is negligible?

Ve2 2002
 Ti  Te   293.15   313.1 K
2 C po 2  1.004  1000
Now Ve2 2 Ve2 2
 nozz  2  Ves2 2   21.74 kJ / kg
Ves 2  nozz
Ves2 Ves2
hi  hes  or Tes  Ti   291.4 K
2 2 C po
Now  1.4
 Ti   1
  100 313.1 
0.4
Pi  Pe   128.6 kPa
 Tes   291.4 
Air in a large building is kept warm by heating it with steam in a
heat exchanger (Fig). Saturated water vapor enters this unit at
350C at a rate of 10,000 kg/h and leaves as saturated liquid at
320C. Air at 1-atm pressure enters the unit at 200C and leaves
at 300C at about the same pressure. Determine the rate of
entropy generation associated with this process.