Mechanics of Materials

[Link]

Module – I
Simple Stresses and Strains
Dr. P. Seenuvasaperumal
SMEC, VIT Vellore
Classification of Mechanics
External effect of forces Internal effect of forces

Mechanics
[Branch of science
deals with forces]

Mechanics of
Mechanics of
deformable
rigid bodies
bodies

Statics Dynamics
Dealing with the
[forces act on the [forces act on the strength of the
Body at rest Body at moving members
condition] condition]
 Why we need to study
deformable body mechanics?

Which beam
has more
chance of
failure?
 Strength Vs. Design
Natural Tree Wind mill
 Why we need to study
mechanics?

Bar Axial Load

Transverse Load How the members

in a machine or
structure behave
Beam under the action of
forces?

As a learning Engineer, we must know

Torque the effect of forces and the
corresponding responses from the
Shaft system under the action of forces.
Practical Examples of different types of loadings

Self weight of gear

Supporting rod
is under
tension Axial load
Transverse
load
Gearbox shaft

Columns are
under
Self weight of fan
compression

Twisting of a wire rope

 “Rigid body”?
Under the action of forces, if the member or structure or
component is subjected to negligible or no deformation, then they
are called as “Rigid Bodies”.

In reality, no components are perfectly rigid. If the study focuses only

the internal effects of forces, then the member must be treated as a
deformable body.
 Actual structures and machines
are never rigid under the action
of external forces.

Heavy vehicle

Deformations induced are

usually very small which does
not affect the condition of
equilibrium.

Section view of an engine

SOLID MECHANICS:

A branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behaviour of

solid bodies subjected to various types of loadings (axial or radial).

STRENGTH OF MATERIAL:

Strength of materials refers to a material’s ability to withstand

applied loads without failure or permanent deformation.

STRESS:

When an external force is applied to a body, it is opposed by

internal forces that arise within the material due to cohesion. This
opposition is known as the resistance force per unit area, which
the body offers against deformation
NORMAL STRESS:
It is the internal resistance offered by a unit area of the material,
which is subjected to in-axis external loading acting perpendicular
to the plane of the cross-section.
(1). Tensile stress (2). Compressive stress
SHEAR STRESS:
It is the internal resistance offered by a unit area of the material,
which is subjected to parallel-axis external loading acting
tangential to the plane of the cross-section.
STRAIN:
Deformation of a body under the action of applied forces.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (∆𝐿)
Strain (e) =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝐿)

YOUNG'S MODULUS:
Young’s modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to
withstand changes by the applied force.
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎)
Young’s modulus (E) =
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑒)

Hook’s law:
Hook’s law states that, stress is directly proportional to the strain
within the elastic limit.
Stress (σ) α Strain (e)
 Resistance Example
Description
Force Type Materials/Scenarios
Resistance to tension or Steel under axial load,
Normal Stress
compression along an axis concrete in a column
Resistance to forces that cause Rivets in joints, adhesive
Shear Stress
layers to slide past each other layers
Drive shafts, wrenches under
Torsional Stress Resistance to twisting
torque
Beams in buildings, diving
Flexural Stress Resistance to bending
boards
Young’s Resistance to stretching or
Spring steel, nylon threads
Modulus compressing a material linearly
Resistance against shape Drive shafts, gears and joints
Shear Modulus changes when subjected to under operational shear
shear forces stresses
Resistance to uniform Fluids under pressure,
Bulk Modulus
compression (volume change) rubber in deep-sea diving
 Axial stress and strain

L = Initial length of the bar; L’ = Final length of the bar; d = Initial

diameter; d’ = Final diameter.
 𝐏 𝟒𝐏
Axial stress in the bar σ = =
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬−𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝝅𝒅𝟐

𝑳′ −𝑳 𝜹𝑳 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
Axial strain in the bar ε = = =
𝐋 𝑳 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡

𝒅−𝒅′ 𝜹𝒅 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫

Lateral strain in the bar εl = = − =
𝐝 𝒅 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫

❖ As the load on the bar is gradually increased, the stress and the strain
also gradually increase in the bar. The relationship between σ and ε is
linear within the elastic limit.

σ σ α ε → σ = Eε → Hooke’s Law
𝝈 𝑷𝑳
Where E is the constant of proportionality E = → 𝜹𝒍 =
𝜺 𝑨𝑬

E is also called as Young’s modulus of elasticity

ε
 Shear stress and shear strain

𝐀𝐀′
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = = 𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
𝐀𝐃
Within the elastic limit, ϕ is very small. Therefore tanϕ = sinϕ = ϕ
Φ → shear angle can be termed as shear strain

Shear stress is proportional to shear strain [within the elastic limit]

𝝉 𝜶 ∅ → 𝝉 = 𝑮∅ → 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑮 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑪 = 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐆 =
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
Stress – strain curve
 Geometry of the deformed specimen
at various points along the curve

Image Source: Materials Science and Engineering, William D. Callister, Jr.

Stress–strain curve
 Simple Tension test

1 2

3 4

Image Courtesy: [Link]

 Tensile tested samples

Ductile fracture of Aluminum alloy Brittle fracture of Cast Iron

Image Source: [Link]
Compression tested samples
 Tensile stress–strain behavior for brittle
and ductile metals loaded to fracture

Image Source: Materials Science and Engineering, William D. Callister, Jr.

 Effect of strain rate [𝐬 −𝟏 ]

Image source: [Link]

 Bars of Varying Cross-Sections

✓ Each section of the bar is subjected to the same force ‘P’, but the
cross-sectional area of the portions is different.

✓ Minimum normal stress occurs in portion I, and maximum normal

stress occurs in portion III

𝛔𝐈 𝟒𝐏 𝛔𝐈𝐈 𝟒𝐏 𝛔𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝟒𝐏
𝛆𝐈 = = 𝛆𝐈𝐈 = = 𝛆𝐈𝐈𝐈 = =
𝐄 𝛑𝐄𝐝𝟐𝟏 𝐄 𝛑𝐄𝐝𝟐𝟐 𝐄 𝛑𝐄𝐝𝟐𝟑
Total change in length of the bar

𝛿𝑙 = 𝛿𝑙𝐼 + 𝛿𝑙𝐼𝐼 + 𝛿𝑙𝐼𝐼𝐼

4PL1 4PL2 4PL3

𝛿𝑙 = 2 + 2 + 2
πEd1 πEd2 πEd3

𝟒𝑷 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑
𝜹𝒍 = + +
𝝅𝑬 𝒅𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝟑𝟐
 Poisson’s Ratio

𝑳′ −𝑳 𝜹𝑳
Linear or Axial strain in the bar ε= =
𝐋 𝑳

𝒅−𝒅′ 𝜹𝒅
Lateral strain in the bar εl = =−
𝐝 𝒅

𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧′ 𝐬 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
 Relation between true σ-ε and engineering σ-ε
𝐏 𝐋 𝐋
𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔 = 𝐝𝐋
𝐀 𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝛆 = න 𝐝𝛆 = න
𝐋𝐨 𝐋𝐨 𝐋
𝐀 → 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚;
𝐀𝐨 → 𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧
𝐋
𝐏 𝐏 𝐀𝐨 𝜺𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐋 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐋𝐨 = 𝐥𝐧
𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔 = = 𝐋𝐨
𝐀 𝐀 𝐀𝐨

𝐏 𝐏 𝐀𝐨 𝐋𝐨 + ∆𝐋
𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔 = = 𝜺𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 = 𝐥𝐧
𝐀 𝐀𝐨 𝐀 𝐋𝐨
𝐀𝐨
𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔 = 𝛔𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐠
𝐀 𝜺𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 = 𝐥𝐧[𝟏 + 𝛆]
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝐀. 𝐋 = 𝐀𝐨 𝐋𝐨

𝐋 𝐋𝐨 + ∆𝐋
𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔 = 𝛔𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐠 = 𝛔𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐠
𝐋𝐨 𝐋𝐨

𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔 = 𝛔𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐠 [𝟏 + 𝛆]

Q. A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar of diameter
30mm and gauge length 200mm. The following data’s were
obtained from the test.
Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21mm
Maximum load = 380 kN
Total extension = 60mm
Diameter of the bar at the failure location = 22.5 mm
Determine [1] Modulus of elasticity [2] Stress at elastic limit [3]
Percentage of elongation [4] Percentage decrease in cross-sectional
area.
Q. A steel bar is shown in the figure. If the bar is subjected to an
axial tensile load of 15 kN, find its total extension. Take Young’s
modulus 210 GN/m2.

40 mm 30 mm
Dia Dia
Q. The bar shown is subjected to a tensile load of 160 kN. If the
stress in the middle portion is limited to 150 N/mm2. Determine
the diameter of the middle portion. Find also the length of the
middle portion if the total elongation of the bar is 0.2mm. Take E =
2.1x105 N/mm2 and total length of the bar is 400mm.

= =
Q. Tensile load of 40 kN is acting on the rod of diameter 40mm
and length 4m. A drilled hole of diameter 20mm is made
centrally on the rod. To what length the rod should be drilled
so that the total extension will increase by 30% under the
same tensile load. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2.

𝛑 𝟐
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐝 = 𝐝 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝟒

𝐏. 𝐥 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝛅𝐥 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦
𝐀𝐄 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝟏. 𝟑 × 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠
= 0.8275mm
𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝
𝐏. 𝐥
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝛅𝐥 =
𝐀𝐄
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × [𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙]
= = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 [𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙] 𝐦𝐦
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐏. 𝐥 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × [𝒙]
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝛅𝐥 = =
𝐀𝐄 𝟗𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟖 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒙 𝐦𝐦

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 [𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝐱] + 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐱

0.8275 = 0.636 - 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 x + 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒙

X = 3599.6mm = 3.6 m
[Rod should be drilled upto a length of 3.6m
 Principle of Superposition
When number of loads are acting a body, the resulting strain
according to principle of super position will be algebraic sum
of strains caused by the individual loads.

50kN
50kN

20kN 20kN

10kN
10kN
Q. A brass bar having a cross-sectional area of 1000 mm² is
subjected to axial forces shown in the figure. Find the total
elongation of the bar. Modulus of elasticity of brass = 105
GN/m².

50kN
50kN

20kN 20kN

10kN
10kN
 𝑃1𝐿1 𝑃2𝐿2 𝑃3𝐿3
𝛿𝑙1 = 𝛿𝑙2 = 𝛿𝑙3 =
𝐴1𝐸 𝐴2𝐸 𝐴3𝐸
Take E= 105x103 N/mm2; and Cross-sectional Area = 1000 mm2
50 × 1000 × 600
𝛿𝑙1 = = 0.2857mm [Tension]
1000 × 105 × 1000

20 × 1000 × 1000
𝛿𝑙2 = = −0.1904mm [Compression]
1000 × 105 × 1000

10 × 1000 × 2200
𝛿𝑙3 = = −0.2095mm [Compression]
1000 × 105 × 1000
Total Change in length = 0.2857 − 0.1904 − 0.2095

= −0.1142mm [Compression]
𝛅𝐋 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟐
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 = = = −𝟒. 𝟎𝟕𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝐋 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎
 Elongation of circular taper rod

𝒅𝟐 − 𝒅𝟏
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝟏 + 𝒙 = 𝒅𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙
𝑳

𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
𝐂𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝑨𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅 + 𝒌𝒙
𝟒 𝟒 𝟏
 𝑷 𝟒𝑷
𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝝈𝒙 = =
𝑨𝒙 𝝅(𝒅𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙)𝟐

𝝈𝒙 𝟒𝑷
𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝜺𝒙 = =
𝑬 𝝅𝑬(𝒅𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙)𝟐

𝟒𝑷𝒅𝒙
𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝒅𝒙, 𝜹𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅𝑬(𝒅𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙)𝟐

𝑳
𝟒𝑷𝒅𝒙
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝜹𝑳 = න 𝟐
𝟎 𝝅𝑬(𝒅𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙)

𝟒𝑷 (𝒅𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙)−𝟏 𝑳 𝟒𝑷 𝟏 𝟏
= =− −
𝝅𝑬 −𝒌 𝟎 𝝅𝑬𝒌 𝒅𝟏 + 𝒌𝑳 𝒅𝟏

𝟒𝑷 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝑷 𝒅𝟐 − 𝒅𝟏 𝟒𝑷𝑳
𝜹𝑳 = − − = =
𝝅𝑬𝒌 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟏 𝝅𝑬𝒌𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝝅𝑬𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
 Elongation of tapered flat bar

𝑩−𝒃
𝑩𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒃𝒙 = 𝒃 + 𝒙 = (𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙)
𝑳

𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙 𝐭

 𝑷 𝑷
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩 𝝈𝒙 = =
𝑨𝒙 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙 𝒕

𝝈𝒙 𝑷
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩 𝜺𝒙 = =
𝑬 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙 𝒕

𝑷. 𝒅𝒙
𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝒅𝒙, 𝜹𝒅𝒙 =
𝑬 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙 𝒕

𝑳 𝑳
𝑷. 𝒅𝒙 𝑷
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝜹𝑳 = න = 𝒍𝒏 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙
𝟎 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙 𝒕 𝑬𝒕𝒌 𝟎

𝑷
𝜹𝑳 = [𝒍𝒏 𝑩 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒃 ]
𝑬𝒕𝒌

𝑷 𝑩
𝜹𝑳 = × 𝒍𝒏
𝑬𝒕𝒌 𝒃

𝑷𝑳 𝑩
𝜹𝑳 = × 𝒍𝒏
𝑬𝒕(𝑩 − 𝒃) 𝒃
A round, tapered rod 4m long is subjected to a load as shown
in the figure. Find the change in length of the bar and take
E= 120 GN/m2.

Diameter of the bar at “B”

Diameter of the bar at “C”

Compressive load of 30kN

Tensile load of 20kN

Compressive load of 50kN

Total change in length

Poisson's ratio
Two-dimensional Stress System
 Three-dimensional Stress System

Normal strain
 Volumetric Stress and Volumetric Strain

Stress acts on a body equally from all the directions is known as

“volumetric stress”.
Example: Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure on the sphere ‘p’ = wh; V – Initial Volume; V’ – Final
Volume; δV – Change in volume
 Bulk Modulus [K]
𝛅𝐕
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 =
𝐕
As the depth of the body in the liquid increases, the pressure
also increases on the body. Volumetric strain is proportional
to pressure.

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐩
𝐁𝐮𝐥𝐤 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐊 = =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝛆𝐯

Until elastic limit, pressure is linearly proportional to the

volumetric strain.
 Q. A cast iron block having 300 mm height and 30mm x 50mm
uniform cross section is acted upon by the following forces
uniformly distributed over the respective cross-sections as shown.
Take Poisson’s ratio as 0.25 and Young’s modulus as 140x103
N/mm2 . 50mm

25 kN −𝟑𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍
30mm 𝛔𝐱 =
𝟑𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
200 kN
𝛔𝐱 = −𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝐍/𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍
350 kN 𝛔𝐲 =
350 kN 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
300mm
𝛔𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐍/𝐦𝐦𝟐
200 kN
𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍
𝛔𝐳 =
𝟑𝟎𝟎 × 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝛔𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐍/𝐦𝐦𝟐
25 kN
 𝛔𝐱 𝛔𝐲 𝛔𝐳
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐱 − 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝛆𝐱 = − − 𝛝 − 𝛝
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
𝛔𝐲 𝛔𝐱 𝛔𝐳
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐲 − 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝛆𝐲 = + 𝛝 − 𝛝
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
𝛔𝐳 𝛔𝐱 𝛔𝐲
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐳 − 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝛆𝐳 = + 𝛝 − 𝛝
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝛆𝐯 = 𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 + 𝛆𝐳

= [-3.31 + 1.647 + 1.349]x10-4

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝛆𝐯 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧

𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝛅𝐕 = 𝛆𝐯 . 𝐕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝟑

Relation between Young’s modulus and Bulk
modulus

𝛔 𝐱 = 𝛔 𝐲 = 𝛔𝐳 = 𝛔

Consider the strain of ‘AB’

under the action of ‘σ’ in all
three directions
Strain of ‘AB’ in x-direction due to stress in x-direction =
𝛔
→ Longitudinal strain
𝐄
Strain of ‘AB’ in x-direction due to stress in y-direction =
− 𝛝𝛔
→ Lateral Strain
𝐄
Strain of ‘AB’ in x-direction due to stress in z-direction =
−𝛝𝛔
→ Lateral Strain
𝐄
𝛔 𝛝𝛔 𝛝𝛔
Total strain in x – direction 𝛆𝐱 = − −
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
𝒅𝑳 𝛔
𝜺𝒙 = = [1-2υ]
𝑳 𝐄
Volume of the cube V= L3 ; dV = 3L2dL

𝐝𝐕 3L2dL 3dL 𝟑𝝈
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 = = 3
= = [1−2υ]
𝐕 L L 𝑬

𝐝𝐕 𝟑𝝈
= [1−2υ]
𝐕 𝑬

𝟑𝝈 𝟑𝝈
E= 𝒅𝑽 [1−2υ] E= [1−2υ]
𝜺
𝑽

E = 3K [1−2υ]
 Relation between Young’s modulus and
Shear modulus

σt

σc

𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐁𝐃 𝝈 𝛕

𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐁𝐃 = = =
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
𝛝𝛕
𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐁𝐃 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐀𝐂 =
𝐄
𝛕
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 = [𝟏 + 𝛝]
𝐄
The Shear modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to resist transverse
deformations

𝐄 = 𝟐𝐆 [𝟏 + 𝛝]
 Relation between Young’s modulus, Bulk
modulus and Shear modulus [E, K and G or C]

E = 3K [1−2υ]
𝑬 𝟑𝑮 − 𝑬
=
𝑬 𝟑𝑲 𝑮
= 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝑
𝟑𝑲
𝟗𝑲𝑮 − 𝟑𝑲𝑬
𝑬=
𝑬 𝑬 𝑮
= 𝟏 − 𝟐( − 𝟏)
𝟑𝑲 𝟐𝑮
𝑬𝑮 + 𝟑𝑲𝑬 = 𝟗𝑲𝑮
𝑬 𝑬
= 𝟏 − +𝟐 𝑬 𝟑𝑲 + 𝑮 = 𝟗𝑲𝑮
𝟑𝑲 𝑮
𝟗𝐊𝐆
𝑬
= 𝟑 −
𝑬 𝐄=
𝟑𝑲 𝑮 𝟑𝐊 + 𝐆
 Compound Bar
A bar made up of two or more bars of equal length but if different
materials rigidly fixed with each other and behaving as one unit for
extension or compression when subjected to axial tensile or
compressive loads.
Q. Three bars made of different materials Copper, Zinc and Aluminum with
equal length having their cross-sectional areas as 500 mm2, 750 mm2, and
1000 mm2 respectively. They are rigidly connected at their ends. If this
compound bar subjected to a longitudinal pull of 250 kN, estimate the
proportional of the load carried on each rod and the induced stresses EAl =
0.8x105 N/mm2, ECu = 1.3x105 N/mm2 and EZn = 1.0x105 N/mm2.

𝛆𝐂𝐮 = 𝛆𝐙𝐧 = 𝛆𝐀𝐥

𝛔𝐂𝐮 𝛔𝐙𝐧 𝛔𝐀𝐥

= =
𝐄𝐂𝐮 𝐄𝐙𝐧 𝐄𝐀𝐥

𝛔𝐂𝐮 = 𝟏. 𝟑 𝛔𝐙𝐧

𝛔𝐀𝐥 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝛔𝐙𝐧
 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 = 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐝 + 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐙𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝐫𝐨𝐝 +
𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐦 𝐫𝐨𝐝
𝟐𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝛔𝐂𝐮 × 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 + 𝛔𝐙𝐧 × 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 + 𝛔𝐀𝐥 × 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚

𝟐𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟑 𝛔𝒁𝒏 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎 + 𝛔𝐙𝐧 × 𝟕𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝛔𝒁𝒏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝐍
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐙𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝐫𝐨𝐝 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝐦𝐦𝟐

𝐍
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐝 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟕
𝐦𝐦𝟐

𝐍
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐦 𝐫𝐨𝐝 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟗
𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐝 = 𝛔𝐂𝐮 × 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 73850 N

𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐙𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝐫𝐨𝐝 = 𝛔𝐙𝐧 × 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 85218 N

𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐀𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐦 𝐫𝐨𝐝 = 𝛔𝐀𝐥 × 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 90900 N

Maximum load has been taken by the Aluminum rod

which has more cross-sectional area.
Q. A compound bar consists of central steel strip 40mm wide and
5mm thick placed between two strips of brass of 40mm wide and ‘x’
mm thickness. The strips are firmly fixed together to form a
compound bar. Determine the thickness of the brass strips when Eeq
= 160 MPa. And also determine the maximum axial pull the bar if
the stress is not to exceed 160 MPa , in either the brass or steel.
Take Es = 207 GPa and Eb = 114 GPa.
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐫,
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩 = 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐬
𝛔𝐬 𝛔𝐛
=
𝐄𝐬 𝐄𝐛

𝟐𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝛔𝐬 = 𝟑
. 𝛔𝐛
𝟏𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎
𝛔𝐬 = (𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟔)𝛔𝐛
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐏
= 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩 + 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐬

𝐏 = 𝛔𝐬 . 𝐀 𝐬 + 𝛔 𝐛 . 𝐀 𝐛
𝐏 = (𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟔)𝛔𝐛 . 𝐀𝐬 + 𝛔𝐛 . 𝐀𝐛
𝐏 = 𝛔𝐛 [𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟐 + 𝟖𝟎𝒙]
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩 = 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐬

𝝈 𝑷 𝛔𝐛 [𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟐 + 𝟖𝟎𝒙]
𝜺= = =
𝑬 𝑨. 𝑬 𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎𝒙 . 𝟏𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑

𝛔𝐬 𝛔𝐛 𝛔𝐛 [𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟐 + 𝟖𝟎𝒙]
= =
𝐄𝐬 𝐄𝐛 𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎𝒙 . 𝟏𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑

𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝐦𝐦

𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐫 = 𝐏 = 𝛔𝐬 . 𝐀𝐬 + 𝛔𝐛 . 𝐀𝐛

𝑵 𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝛔𝐬 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 ൗ 𝟐 ; 𝛔𝐛 = = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟏 𝑵ൗ
𝒎𝒎 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐏 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟗 𝐤𝐍
Q. A steel rod and two copper rods together support a load of 370 kN
as shown. The cross-sectional area of steel rod is 2500 mm2 and of
each copper rods 1600 mm2. Find the stresses in the rods. Take E for
steel = 2x105 N/mm2 and for copper = 1x105 N/mm2.

𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐨𝐝 ≠ 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐬

𝐁𝐮𝐭, 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐬.
𝛔𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥
𝛅𝐋𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 = × 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐨𝐝
𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥
𝛔𝐂𝐮
𝛅𝐋𝐂𝐮 = × 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐬
𝐄𝐂𝐮

𝛔𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝛔𝐂𝐮

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 = 𝐏𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 + 𝐏𝐂𝐮𝟏 + 𝐏𝐂𝐮𝟐

𝟑𝟕𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝛔𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 . 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝛔𝐂𝐮 . 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐍 𝐍
𝛔𝐂𝐮 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟕 𝛔𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝐦𝐦𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝟐
Extension of a bar due to self weight
𝐀. 𝐲. 𝒘
𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱 − 𝐱 𝛔𝐲 = = 𝐲. 𝒘
𝐀
𝝈𝒚 𝒘. 𝒚
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 ′𝒅𝒚′ 𝜺𝒚 = =
𝑬 𝑬

𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 ′𝜹𝒅𝒚′

𝒘. 𝒚
= . 𝐝𝐲
𝑬
𝑳
𝒘. 𝒚
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝜹𝒍 = න . 𝐝𝐲
𝟎 𝑬

𝒘 𝑳𝟐 𝒘. 𝑨. 𝑳𝟐 [𝒘. 𝑨. 𝑳]𝑳 𝑾. 𝑳
𝜹𝒍 = = = =
𝑬 𝟐 𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝑨𝑬

𝑾. 𝑳
𝜹𝒍 =
𝟐𝑨𝑬
Q. An aluminum bar of diameter of 10mm and a length of 400mm is
rigidly fixed at its upper end. It is subjected to an axial load of 12 kN
as shown. Take E = 67 kN/mm2 for aluminum. Gap between the lower
end and the floor is 0.2mm. Determine the stresses in portions AB and
BC of the bar.
P1 = Tensile force in portion AB
P2 = Compressive force in portion BC

𝐏 = 𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝟐

𝐏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐁, 𝜹𝒍𝐈 =
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝐀𝐄

𝐏𝟐 × 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐂, 𝜹𝒍𝐈𝐈 =
𝐀𝐄
Total possible extension on the bar is 0.2mm.
𝜹𝒍𝑰 − 𝜹𝒍𝑰𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝐦𝐦 𝐠𝐚𝐩
 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟔

𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝐏𝟐 + 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟒

𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍

𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟏 𝐍

𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟗

Stresses in portions AB and BC

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟏 𝐍
𝛔𝐈 = + = 𝟏𝟐𝟗 [Tensile Stress]
𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝟐

𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟗 𝐍
𝛔𝐈𝐈 = − = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟖 [Compressive Stress]
𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝟐
 Strain Energy
✓ If the external forces are removed,
then strain energy absorbed is
fully recovered, which is said to be
resilience of the body.
Work done on the body is
absorbed as strain energy ✓ Within the elastic limit, strain
in the body. energy is fully recoverable.

Strain energy per unit volume

𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝑼 = 𝝈. 𝜺 =
𝟐 𝟐𝑬
𝝈𝒆𝟐
Total Strain energy absorbed = .V
𝟐𝑬
𝝈𝒆𝟐
→ 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐫
𝟐𝑬
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞
In case of shear stress and shear strain,

𝝉𝒆 𝟐
Modulus of resilience =
𝟐𝑮

In case of volumetric stress and volumetric

strain,

𝒑𝒆𝟐
Modulus of resilience =
𝟐𝑲
 Bolt and Tube Assembly

𝛑 𝟐
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐏𝐭 = 𝛔𝐭 × (𝐝𝟐 − 𝐝𝟐𝟏 )
𝟒
𝛑 𝟐
𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐭 𝐏𝐛 = 𝛔𝐛 × (𝐝 )
𝟒
These loads are developed due to tightening of the nut on the bolt.
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐏𝐭 = 𝐏𝐛
 Bolt and Tube Assembly
𝛔𝐭
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝛆𝐭 =
𝐄𝐭

𝛔𝐛
𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐭 𝛆𝐛 =
𝐄𝐛

𝛔𝐭
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝛅𝐭 = .𝐋
𝐄𝐭

𝛔𝐛
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐭 𝛅𝐛 = .𝐋
𝐄𝐛

Axial movement of the Nut = 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐭

+ 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞
Q. A steel bolt of diameter 18mm passes through a copper tube of inner
diameter 20mm and outer diameter 30mm. Washers are placed on both
the sides of the tube. The bolt has threads of pitch 2.4mm at one end. Nut
is turned on the bolt through 60° so as to tighten the assembly. Determine
the stresses developed in the bolt and the tube. The length of assembly is
400mm. Es = 2Ecu = 210 kN/mm2.
 Thermal Stress
Locally heated – laterally expands –
Stress free plate @ Uniform Temperature
generates compressive residual stress

Cooling to room temperature – resisting to shrink by

the surrounding – generates tensile residual stress
 Thermal Stress in a single bar
Free End

𝛂. ∆𝐓. 𝐋 𝛂. ∆𝐓. 𝐋
𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐫 = 𝛂. ∆𝐓. 𝐋

𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 = (𝐋 + 𝛂. ∆𝐓. 𝐋)

If this force becomes excessive and the bar buckles.

If the temperature is reduced, tensile stress will be developed.

Since the ends are fixed, the compressive force will be exerted by the supports and thus the
length is compressed to L.
𝛂. ∆𝐓. 𝐋
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 = = 𝛂. ∆𝐓
𝐋
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝝈𝑻 = 𝛂. ∆𝐓.E → Thermal stress
Q. A rail line is laid so that there is no stress in rails at 30°C.
The rails are 30m long and there is a clearance of 5mm
between the rails. If the temperature of the rail rises to 60°C,
what is the stress developed in the rails? Take α for the rail
material = 11.5x10-6/°C and E = 210 GPa.

𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 = 𝛂. ∆𝐓. 𝐋

∆𝐋 = 11.5x10−6 × 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒎

𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬

= 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 − 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟓
= 5.35mm
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬
= 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 × 𝐄
𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 𝟑
𝐍
𝛔𝐜 = 𝛆. 𝐄 = 𝐱 𝟐𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟒𝟓
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
Q. The temperature of a composite bar of Brass (AB) and
Aluminium (BC) as shown in Fig., is raised by 90°C. Determine
the compressive force developed in the bars and the change in
length of the bar. Take, EBrass = 1.1 x 105 N/mm2, EAluminium = 8 x
104 N/mm2, αBrass = 18 × 10−6/°C, αAluminium = 23 × 10−6/°C.
 Thermal Stress in a composite bar

𝐁𝐚𝐫𝟐 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝛂𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝟐

During temperature change both bars expand or contract by the same

amount.
𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝟏 = 𝛂𝟏. ∆𝐓. 𝐋

𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝟐 = 𝛂𝟐. ∆𝐓. 𝐋

But, both bars strains together by ΔL which less than 𝛂𝟏. ∆𝐓. 𝐋 and greater
than 𝛂𝟐. ∆𝐓. 𝐋. Therefore compressive strain is developed in bar1 and tensile
strain is developed in bar2.
 𝛂𝟏 ∆𝐓. 𝐋 − ∆𝐋
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝟏 =
𝐋
∆𝐋 − 𝛂𝟐 ∆𝐓. 𝐋
𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝟐 =
𝐋

𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝟏 𝛂𝟏 ∆𝐓. 𝐋 − ∆𝐋 ∆𝐋 − 𝛂𝟐 ∆𝐓. 𝐋

+ 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝟐 = 𝐋
+
𝐋

𝛆𝟏 + 𝛆𝟐 = [𝛂𝟏 − 𝛂𝟐 ]∆𝐓

𝛔𝟏𝐓 𝛔𝟐𝐓
+ = [𝛂𝟏 − 𝛂𝟐 ]∆𝐓
𝐄𝟏 𝐄𝟐

Under equilibrium, compressive force in bar1 is equal to tensile force in

bar2.
𝛔𝟏𝐓 𝐀𝟏 = 𝛔𝟐𝐓 𝐀𝟐
Q. A brass tube of 50 mm external diameter and 28 mm internal
diameter encloses an Aluminum rod of 20 mm diameter to
which it is rigidly joined at each end. If, at a temperature 70 °C
there is no longitudinal stress, calculate the stresses in the rod
and tube when the temperature is raised to 225 °C. Take young’s
modulus for brass and aluminum as 1 x 105 N/mm2 and 0.8 x
105 N/mm2 respectively. The value of αAl = 23 x 10-6 / °C, αb =
18 x 10-6 / °C respectively.
 Impact Loading

Consider an elastic system loaded by a falling weight ‘W’

W = Falling Weight (N)

h = height through which the weight falls (mm)
δ = displacement of the point of load application (mm)
L = length of the bar (mm)
A = Cross sectional area of the bar mm2
P = impact force which produces deflection δ (N)
E = Modulus of elasticity of bar material (N/mm2)
σi = impact stress in the bar
Energy released by the falling weight = potential energy = W (h + δ)
𝟏
Energy absorbed by the system = strain energy = Average load x deflection = 𝟐 𝑷 𝜹

𝟏
Equating the above two equations, 𝟐
𝑷𝜹=𝑾 𝒉+𝜹

𝜹 𝝈𝒊 𝝈𝒊 𝒍
Also, P = 𝝈𝒊 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝜺= OR 𝜹 =
𝒍 𝑬 𝑬

Substituting the above values, we get

𝑨𝒍 𝑾𝒍
𝝈𝒊 𝟐 − 𝝈𝒊 − 𝑾𝒉 = 𝟎
𝟐𝑬 𝑬

The above equation is a quadratic equation. Solving the equation and using the positive sign
for getting maximum value
𝑾 𝟐𝒉𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝒉𝑨𝑬
𝝈𝒊 =
𝑨
𝟏+ 𝟏+
𝑾𝒍
→P=W 𝟏+ 𝟏+ 𝑾𝒍
𝑷
Where , = shock factor which indicates the magnification of the load W into the impact
𝑾
force P during impact.
Thank you