1 (B) Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

An object is dropped from the height of 49 m.

(a) Find the distance travelled by object

(i) before striking the ground.
The object is dropped from a height of 49m.
Therefore, the distance travelled before striking the ground is 49 meters.

(ii) in last second of its journey.

We need to find the distance travelled in the last second.
We can use the equation of motion: s = ut + (1/2)at2
Where:
s is the distance travelled
u is the initial velocity (0 m/s in this case, as the object is dropped)
a is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)
t is the time

First, let's find the total time taken to fall:

Using the equation s = ut + (1/2)at2 and substituting the values:

49 = 0 + (1/2)(9.8)t2
t2 = 10
t = √10 ≈ 3.16 seconds

Now, let's find the distance travelled in the first 2.16 seconds:
s = 0 + (1/2)(9.8)(2.16)2
s ≈ 22.94 meters

Finally, the distance travelled in the last second:

Distance in last second = Total distance - Distance in first 2.16 seconds
= 49 - 22.94
≈ 26.06 meters

(b) Find the time taken by object before falling on the ground.
We already calculated this in part (a)(ii).
The time taken is approximately 3.16 seconds.

(c) Calculate the velocity with which it strikes the ground.

We can use the equation: v = u + at
where:
v is the final velocity
u is the initial velocity (0 m/s)
a is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)
 t is the time (3.16 seconds)

Substituting the values:

v = 0 + (9.8)(3.16)
v ≈ 30.97 m/s
Therefore:
The distance travelled before striking the ground is 49 meters.
The distance travelled in the last second is approximately 26.06 meters.
The time taken to fall is approximately 3.16 seconds.
The velocity with which it strikes the ground is approximately 30.97 m/s.

2. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

(B) Rakesh runs a laundry shop. Water in his locality does not form lather with soap. What
is the term given to such water? Suggest some methods which can help Rakesh to get rid
of this problem.
Ans: The water in Rakesh's locality is called hard water. It contains dissolved minerals like
calcium and magnesium that prevent soap from forming lather. Methods to resolve this
problem include:
1. Boiling: Temporarily removes hardness caused by bicarbonates.
2. Using Water Softener: Removes calcium and magnesium ions.
3. Adding Washing Soda: Precipitates calcium and magnesium ions, softening the water.
Ans. The water in Rakesh's locality is known as hard water. Hard water contains dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium, which
prevent soap from forming lather easily. To solve this issue, Rakesh can use the following methods:
1. Boiling: Boiling hard water can temporarily remove hardness caused by bicarbonates.
2. Using a Water Softener: Installing a water softener system can remove calcium and magnesium ions, making the water soft.
3. Adding Washing Soda: Washing soda (sodium carbonate) can be added to precipitate calcium and magnesium ions, softening the
water.
3. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
(A) Name the big change or revolution due to which India became self-sufficient in the
field of agriculture. Which agricultural scientist was credited for this revolution? Also
briefly explain the initiatives that brought the revolution.
Ans: The Green Revolution made India self-sufficient in agriculture. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan is
credited for this revolution. It introduced improved practices like high-yield variety seeds,
modern irrigation methods, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This led to
higher productivity, especially for wheat and rice, ensuring food security for India’s
population.
Ans. The significant change that made India self-sufficient in agriculture is known as the Green Revolution. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, a
renowned agricultural scientist, is credited for this transformation. The Green Revolution initiated improved farming practices for wheat
and rice, leading to increased agricultural yields through advanced technology, fertilizers, and irrigation. This revolution enhanced food
security for India's growing population. However, it also posed challenges for sustainability, prompting a shift towards organic farming
to maintain ecological balance and soil health.

4. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.

(A) ‘X’ is a chemical substance whose solution in water is used for white washing the walls.
A small amount of substance ‘X’ is taken in a beaker. Then water is added to it slowly (as
shown in figure). The side of the beaker is touched with the hand.
(a) Identify the substance ‘X’ and therefore write its common name, chemical name and
chemical formula.

Ans. Common Name: Lime

Chemical Name: Calcium hydroxide
Chemical Formula: Ca(OH)2

(b) Write the chemical equation for the chemical reaction between substance ‘X’ with
water:
Ans. When quicklime (calcium oxide) reacts with water, it forms calcium hydroxide:

CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)

(c) Why water is added slowly to the beaker containing substance ‘X’?
Ans: Water is added slowly to prevent a vigorous exothermic reaction. The release of heat
during the reaction can cause splattering or boiling if water is added too quickly.
Ans. Water is added slowly to avoid a vigorous exothermic reaction. The reaction between quicklime and water releases a significant
amount of heat, which can cause splattering or boiling of the mixture if water is added too quickly.

(d) Classify the reaction discussed in part (b) as combination, decomposition, displacement
or double displacement reactions.
Ans: It is a combination reaction as calcium oxide and water combine to form calcium
hydroxide
Ans. The reaction between quicklime and water is classified as a combination reaction because two substances (calcium oxide and water)
combine to form a single product (calcium hydroxide).

5. Answer anyone of the following questions in 100-150 words.

(B) (a) "If you consider the 24 hours geological clock with the origin of life set at midnight,
we can say that humans have come on this planet just less than a minute ago." Explain the
statement in the light of history of life on earth.

Ans. Life on Earth began approximately 3.8 billion years ago with simple microscopic
organisms like prokaryotes. Over billions of years, more complex life forms emerged,
including multicellular eukaryotes and eventually plants and animals. Events like the
Cambrian explosion brought significant biodiversity. Dinosaurs ruled for 150 million years
before their extinction about 65 million years ago. However, humans appeared only 2 million
years ago.

If Earth's history were compressed into a 24-hour geological clock, life originated at
midnight, and humans appeared less than a minute ago. This analogy emphasizes how brief
our existence has been compared to Earth’s 4.5-billion-year history, highlighting the vast
timescale of evolution.
(b) Identify the type of epithelial tissue from its location in human body as given below.
Write its name and any one function of each
(i) Epithelial tissue that forms outermost layer of skin.

Ans. Name: Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function: Protects against mechanical injury, pathogens, and dehydration through multiple
layers of cells.

(ii) Epithelial tissue that forms Inner lining of the stomach and the intestine.

Ans. Name: Simple Columnar Epithelium

Function: Aids in nutrient absorption and mucus secretion for lubrication and protection.

6. Prepare any one project as given below.

(B) Explore about the vehicles that runs on conventional fossil fuels and the vehicles that
runs on electricity. Write a report of your findings which should include detailed
comparative analysis of the two types of vehicles. (Hints: Compare about Advantages,
disadvantages, impact on environment, Limitations, challenges, future perspectives,
sustainable development, etc.) Also, explain how the electric vehicles can be a game
changer and provide solution to the challenge of fossil fuel dependence.

Vehicles Powered by Fossil Fuels vs. Electric Vehicles

Introduction
As we face growing challenges like climate change and energy scarcity, it is important to
explore alternatives in transportation. This report compares vehicles running on fossil fuels
(like petrol and diesel) with electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on their pros, cons,
environmental impact, and potential for a sustainable future.

Detailed Comparison
Criteria Fossil Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Advantages - Established fuel infrastructure. - Low running and maintenance costs.
- Longer range and quick - Environmentally friendly with zero
refuelling. emissions.
- Quiet and smooth operation.
- Contribute to pollution and
Disadvantages - Higher initial cost.
global warming.
- Dependence on non- - Limited charging stations in some
renewable fuel sources. areas.
- High maintenance and - Longer charging time compared to
fluctuating fuel prices. refuelling.
Criteria Fossil Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Environmental - Emit harmful gases like CO₂,
- Produce zero tailpipe emissions.
Impact leading to air pollution.
- Contribute to global warming - Reduce carbon footprint, especially
and habitat destruction. when charged with clean energy.
- Expensive battery production affects
Challenges - Fossil fuel depletion.
affordability.
- Need for extensive charging
- Global oil price dependency.
infrastructure.
- Possible shift to hybrids or - Rapid development in battery
Future Prospects
biofuels. technology and charging networks.
- Tightening emission standards - Integration with renewable energy
worldwide. sources.
Sustainable - Non-renewable and - Align with global goals to reduce
Development environmentally harmful. fossil fuel dependency.

Key Insights
1. Advantages and Disadvantages
Fossil fuel vehicles are convenient due to their established infrastructure and long
range. However, they harm the environment and are costly to maintain.
EVs, on the other hand, are cost-effective and eco-friendly but face challenges like
limited range and high upfront costs.
2. Environmental Impact
Fossil fuel vehicles are major contributors to air pollution and global warming. EVs
help reduce greenhouse gases and promote cleaner air, especially when powered by
renewable energy sources like solar or wind.
3. Challenges and Solutions
Fossil fuel vehicles depend on limited resources and face geopolitical risks. EVs
struggle with battery production costs and range limitations, but these challenges are
being addressed through technological advancements.
4. Future and Sustainability
While fossil fuel vehicles may rely on cleaner fuels in the future, EVs offer a more
sustainable path. Governments and industries are investing in better batteries,
charging networks, and renewable energy integration to support EV adoption.

Electric Vehicles as a Game Changer

EVs are transforming transportation. They address key issues like pollution, oil dependency,
and rising fuel costs. By running on renewable energy, EVs help reduce environmental
damage. Innovations in batteries and charging infrastructure are making EVs more practical,
paving the way for a future less reliant on fossil fuels. EVs also create jobs in technology and
energy sectors, contributing to economic growth.
Conclusion
Electric vehicles present a cleaner, more sustainable alternative to fossil fuel vehicles. While
challenges remain, advancements in EV technology are driving a global shift toward greener
transportation. Adopting EVs is a crucial step in reducing fossil fuel reliance and ensuring a
healthier planet for future generations.