RENAL
SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY: AREVALO
KIDNEY
Anatomy of the kidney
Sit just below the ribcage and behind the belly. Typically, one kidney sits on either side of the
spine. The kidneys reside between the intestines and diaphragm. A ureter connects each kidney to
the bladder.
Functions of the kidney
Control the acid-base balance (pH balance) of the blood.
Make glucose if the blood doesn’t have enough sugar.
Make a protein called renin that increases blood pressure.
Produce the hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin. Calcitriol is a form of vitamin D that
helps the body absorb calcium. Erythropoietin helps the body make red blood cells.
UTERUS
Anatomy of the uterus
Looks like a light bulb. It’s about the size of your fist. It’s also commonly
described as an upside-down pear. The uterus has two horn-like organs at
the top (the fallopian tubes). It connects to the cervix at the bottom, which
is the part that dilates during vaginal delivery.
Functions of the uterus
Pregnancy: The uterus stretches to grow the baby during pregnancy. It can
also contract to help push the baby out of the vagina.
Fertility: The uterus is where a fertilized egg implants during conception
and where the baby grows.
Menstrual cycle: The uterine lining is where blood and tissue come from
during menstruation.
BLADDER
Anatomy of the bladder
Located in the lower part of the abdomen. Bands of tissues (ligaments) connect
the bladder to other organs and the pelvis, which keeps it in place.
In men, it rests between the pubic bone in the front and the rectum in the back
In women, it rests in font of the vagina and the uterus
Functions of the bladder
Holds pee. The kidneys filter blood and remove materials such as salt, water,
toxins and waste products through pee. As the bladder fills with pee, it
expands like a balloon. When it fills with 200-350 mL of pee, nerves in the
bladder tell the brain to use the toilet. When you pee, your bladder shrinks back
down. Most people pee about 950-1,900 mL (about two quarts) each day.
URETHRA
Anatomy of the urethra
A passageway located in the body’s pelvic region. The walls of the tube are
thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective
tissue.
The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as
valves that open or close. There is an internal urethral sphincter, which is
located at the point where the urethra leaves the bladder. There’s also an
external urethral sphincter located in the pelvic floor. These muscles work
together with the bladder to get urine out of your body.
Functions of the urethra
Part of the urinary system. This system is made up of the kidneys, bladder,
ureters and urethra. The kidneys clean the blood and produce urine, a waste
product. From the two kidneys, two ureters move the urine to the bladder,
where it’s stored until you urinate (pee). Urine leaves your body through a
hole at the end of your urethra. That hole from the inside to the outside is
called the urethral meatus.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nephron
The structure of nephron comprises two major
portions:
Renal Tubule
Renal Corpuscle
RENAL TUBE
The renal tubule is a long and convoluted structure that emerges from the glomerulus
and can be divided into three parts based on function.
The first part is called the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) due to its proximity to
the glomerulus; it stays in the renal cortex.
The second part is called the loop of Henle, or nephritic loop because it forms a loop
(with descending and ascending limbs) that goes through the renal medulla.
The third part of the renal tubule is called the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and this
part is also restricted to the renal cortex.
The capillaries of the glomerulus are enclosed by a cup-like structure called Bowman’s
capsule. This structure extends to form highly coiled tubules called PCT. PCT continues
to form the loop of Henle which ascends to DCT, which in turn opens into the collecting
duct.
The major function of tubules is reabsorption and the process can either be through
active transport or passive transport. In addition, secretions by tubules help in the urine
formation without affecting the electrolyte balance of the body.
Proximal Convoluted
Tubule (PCT)
The blood brought by the renal artery is filtered by the glomerulus and then
passed to the PCT. Maximum reabsorption takes place in PCT of the
[Link] is the region of renal tubule where reabsorption of essential
substances like glucose, proteins, amino acids, a major portion of electrolytes
and water takes place. The surface area for reabsorption is facilitated by the
lining of the simple cuboidal epithelium in them. Reabsorption takes place at
the expense of energy, i.e., the process is [Link] selectively secretes ions
such as hydrogen, ammonia, and potassium into the filtrate and absorbs
HCO3–from it. Thus, PCT maintains the electrolyte and acid-base balance of
the body fluids.
LOOP OF HENLE
Loop of Henle has a descending and an ascending limb. Being parts of the same
loop, both the descending and ascending limbs show different permeability. The
descending limb is permeable to water but impermeable to an electrolyte, while
the ascending limb is permeable to electrolytes but impermeable to water. Since
the electrolytes get reabsorbed at the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate gets
diluted as it moves towards the ascending limb. But reabsorption is limited in this
segment.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
The DCT, which is the last part of the nephron, connects and empties its contents into
collecting ducts that line the medullary pyramids. The collecting ducts amass contents
from multiple nephrons and fuse together as they enter the papillae of the renal
medulla.
Similar to PCT, DCT also secretes ions such as hydrogen, potassium, and NH3 into the
filtrate while reabsorbing the HCO3–from the filtrate. Conditional reabsorption of
sodium ions and water takes place in DCT. Thus, it maintains the pH and sodium-
potassium level in the blood cells.
Renal Corpuscle
The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus surrounded by a
Bowman’s capsule. The glomerulus arises from an afferent arteriole
and empties into an efferent arteriole. The smaller diameter of an
efferent arteriole helps to maintain high blood pressure in the
glomerulus.
The Bowman’s capsule is divided into three layers:
1. Outer Parietal layer: It is made up of epithelial cells with minute
pores of diameter 12nm.
2. Middle Basement membrane: This layer is selectively permeable.
3. Inner Visceral Layer: It consists of large nucleated cells called
podocytes which bear finger-like projections called podocel.
Urine Formation
Urine formation occurs during three processes:
Filtration
a. During filtration, blood enters the afferent arteriole and flows
into the glomerulus where filterable blood components, such
as water and nitrogenous waste, will move towards the inside
of the glomerulus, and nonfilterable components, such as cells
and serum albumins, will exit via the efferent arteriole. These
filterable components accumulate in the glomerulus to form
the glomerular filtrate.
b. Normally, about 20% of the total blood pumped by the heart
each minute will enter the kidneys to undergo filtration; this is
called the filtration fraction. The remaining 80% of the blood
flows through the rest of the body to facilitate tissue perfusion
and gas exchange.
Secretion
a. During secretion some substances±such as hydrogen ions, creatinine, and
drugs—will be removed from the blood through the peritubular capillary
network into the collecting duct. The end product of all these processes is
urine, which is essentially a collection of substances that has not been
reabsorbed during glomerular filtration or tubular reabsorption.
b. Urine is mainly composed of water that has not been reabsorbed, which is
the way in which the body lowers blood volume, by increasing the amount
of water that becomes urine instead of becoming reabsorbed. The other
main component of urine is urea, a highly soluble molecule composed of
ammonia and carbon dioxide, and provides a way for nitrogen (found in
ammonia) to be removed from the body. Urine also contains many salts and
other waste components. Red blood cells and sugar are not normally found
in urine but may indicate glomerular injury and diabetes mellitus
respectively.
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