Chemistry A

Module 2 - Chapter 3
Amount of substance
Mr Gundry
Please note that you may see slight differences between
this paper and the original.
Duration: 477 mins
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 1 When hydrated strontium chloride is heated, the water of crystallisation is removed, leaving a residue of
anhydrous strontium chloride.

A student carries out an experiment to find the value of x in the formula of hydrated strontium chloride,
SrCl2•xH2O.

The student’s method is outlined below.

Step 1
Weigh an empty crucible.
Add SrCl2•xH2O to the crucible and reweigh.

Step 2
Heat the crucible and contents for 10 minutes.
Allow to cool and reweigh.

Step 3
Heat the crucible and residue for another 5 minutes.
Allow to cool and weigh the crucible and residue.

Repeat step 3 a further two times.

The student’s results are shown below:

Mass of empty crucible / g 15.96

Mass of crucible + SrCl2•xH2O / g 18.65
First mass of crucible + residue / g 17.66
Second mass of crucible + residue / g 17.61
Third mass of crucible + residue / g 17.58
Fourth mass of crucible + residue / g 17.58

(i) Calculate the value of x in SrCl2•xH2O.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

n(SrCl2) = (17.58-15.96)/(87.6+35.5+35.5) = 9.61*10^-3

n(H2O) = (18.65-17.58)/(18) = 0.05944444

mol ratio = 0.059444.../9.61*10^-3 = 6

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 6
x = ...................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest why the student takes four readings of the mass of the crucible and residue.

The student needs to make sure that all the water has evaporated
and been removed. [1]

(iii) Suggest two modifications to the method that would reduce the percentage uncertainty in the mass of the
residue.

1
Use a balance that has a higher resolution and can show more
decimal places.

2 Use a greater mass of salt crystals.

[2]

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 2 A solution of magnesium nitrate can be prepared by reacting magnesium carbonate, MgCO3,with nitric acid,
HNO3(aq).

The equation is shown below.

MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Calculate the minimum volume, in cm3, of 1.75 mol dm–3 HNO3 that is needed to prepare a solution containing
5.00 g of Mg(NO3)2.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

n(Mg(NO3)2) = 5/(24.3+2(14+48)) = 0.033715 mol

n(2HNO3) = 0.067431 mol

V = n/C = 0.067431/1.75 = 0.0385 dm3 * 1000 = 38.5

cm3

38.5
volume =......................................................cm3 [3]

3 Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), as shown in the following equation.

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

A student investigates the rate of this reaction.

The student plans to react 50.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl with 0.200 g of zinc (an excess).

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen that should be produced at RTP.

volume = ..................................................... cm3 [3]

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 4 0.24 g of an element, X, is reacted with 0.0100 mol Cl 2 to form a chloride with the formula XCl 2.
What is element X?

A carbon

B magnesium

C molybdenum

D titanium

Your answer [1]

5 Which chemical process is the most sustainable in terms of the atom economy of the organic product?

A CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O

B CH3CH2OH + NaCl + H2SO4 → CH3CH2Cl + NaHSO4 + H2O

C CH3CH2Br + NaOH → CH3CH2OH + NaBr

D CH3CH2CH2CH2OH → CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O

Your answer [1]

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 6 8.0 dm3 of NO is mixed with 6.0 dm3 of O2 at room temperature and pressure (RTP).
The reaction below takes place until one of the reactants is used up.

2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

What is the volume of the mixture at RTP after the reaction has taken place?

A 8.0 dm3

B 10.0 dm3

C 12.0 dm3

D 14.0 dm3

Your answer [1]

7 What is the volume of 0.0100 mol of N2 at 350 °C and 200 kPa?

A 145 cm3

B 259 cm3

C 145 dm3

D 259 dm3

Your answer [1]

8 What is the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in (NH4)2CO3?

A 14.58%

B 17.95%

C 29.17%

D 37.50%

Your answer [1]

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 9(a) This question is about compounds of magnesium and phosphorus.

A student plans to prepare magnesium phosphate using the redox reaction of magnesium with phosphoric acid,
H3PO4.
3Mg(s) + 2H3PO4(aq) → Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2(g)

(i) In terms of the number of electrons transferred, explain whether magnesium is being oxidised or reduced.

[1]

(ii) The student plans to add magnesium to 50.0 cm3 of 1.24 mol dm−3 H3PO4.

Calculate the mass of magnesium that the student should add to react exactly with the phosphoric acid.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass of Mg = g [3]

(iii) How could the student obtain a sample of magnesium phosphate after reacting magnesium with phosphoric
acid?

[2]

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 (iv) Magnesium phosphate can also be prepared by reacting phosphoric acid with a compound of magnesium.

Choose a suitable magnesium compound for this preparation and write the equation for the reaction.

Formula of compound

Equation [2]

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 (b) Phosphine, PH3, is a gas formed by heating phosphorous acid, H3PO3, in the absence of air.

4H3PO3(s) → PH3(g) + 3H3PO4(s)

(i) 3.20 × 10−2 mol of H3PO3 is completely decomposed by this reaction.

Calculate the volume of phosphine gas formed, in cm3, at 100 kPa pressure and 200 °C.

volume of PH3 = cm3 [4]

(ii) When exposed to air, phosphine spontaneously ignites, forming P4O10 and water.

Construct an equation for this reaction.

[1]

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 10 This question is about energy changes and rate of reaction.

Magnesium reacts with aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), as in equation 23.1.

Mg(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) Equation 23.1

A student carries out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction, ΔrH.

• The student adds 25.0 cm3 of 0.512 mol dm−3 AgNO3 to a polystyrene cup.
• The student measures the temperature of the solution.
• The student adds a small spatula measure of magnesium powder, stirs the mixture and records the
maximum temperature

Temperature readings

Initial temperature = 19.5 °C

Maximum temperature = 47.5 °C

(i) Calculate ΔrH, in kJ mol−1, for the reaction shown in equation 23.1.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Assume that the density and specific heat capacity, c, of the solution are the same as for water and that all
the aqueous silver nitrate has reacted.

ΔrH = kJ mol−1 [4]

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 (ii) At the end of the experiment, the student adds a few drops of aqueous sodium chloride to the reaction
mixture in the polystyrene cup to test whether all the aqueous silver nitrate has reacted.

Explain how the results would show whether all the aqueous silver nitrate has reacted. Include an equation
with state symbols in your answer.

[2]

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 11(a) This question is about saturated hydrocarbons.

Compounds A, B and C are saturated hydrocarbons.

The structures and boiling points of A, B and C are shown below.

• Use the structures to explain what is meant by the term structural isomer.
• Explain the trend in boiling points shown by A, B and C in the table.

[5]

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 (b) Compounds A, B and C all react with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation to form organic compounds
with the formula C5H11Cl.

(i) Name the mechanism for this reaction.

[1]

(ii) Complete the table to show the number of structural isomers of C5H11Cl that could be formed from the
reaction of chlorine with A and B.

A B
Number of
structural isomers ........................ ........................
[2]

(iii) The reaction of compound A with excess chlorine forms a compound D, which has a molar mass of 175.5 g
mol−1.

Draw a possible structure for compound D and write the equation for its formation from compound A. Use
molecular formulae in the equation.

Equation [2]

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 12 1 mol of a compound reacts with 8 mol O2 for complete combustion.

What is the formula of the compound?

A C4H8

B C4H9OH

C C5H11OH

D C5H12

Your answer [1]

13 The structure of naphthalene is shown below.

What is the molecular formula of naphthalene?

A C10H8

B C10H10

C C12H10

D C12H12

Your answer [1]

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 14 What is the number of oxygen atoms in 88.0 g of CO2?

A 3.01 × 1023

B 1.20 × 1024

C 2.41 × 1024

D 4.82 × 1024

Your answer [1]

15 A compound has the composition by mass:

H, 5.00%; N, 35.00%; O, 60.00%.

Which compound has this composition?

A HNO3

B NH4NO3

C HNO2

D NH2OH

Your answer [1]

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 16 Sodium reacts with water as shown below.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Which mass of sodium reacts with water to produce 960 cm3 of hydrogen gas at RTP?

A 0.46 g

B 0.92 g

C 1.84 g

D 3.68 g

Your answer [1]

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 17(a)
1-Bromobutane is an organic liquid with a boiling point of 102 °C.

A student prepares 1-bromobutane by reacting butan-1-ol with sulfuric acid and sodium bromide. The student
boils the mixture for one hour.

The equation is shown below.

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + H+ + Br− → CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2O

The student obtains a reaction mixture containing an organic layer (density = 1.27 g cm−3) and an aqueous layer
(density = 1.00 g cm−3).

(i) * Draw a labelled diagram to show how you would safely set up apparatus for the preparation. Outline a
method to obtain a pure sample of 1-bromobutane from the reaction mixture.

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 [6]

(ii) The student used 0.150 mol of butan-1-ol. The student obtained a 61.4% percentage yield of
1-bromobutane.

Calculate the mass of 1-bromobutane obtained.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass = g [2]

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 (b) A student investigates the rate of reaction of 1-bromobutane with aqueous hydroxide ions.

The graph shows how the hydroxide ion concentration, [OH−(aq)], changes during the reaction.

Using the graph, calculate the rate of reaction, in mol dm−3 min−1, at 30 minutes.

Show your working on the graph and in the space below.

rate of reaction = mol dm−3 min−1 [2]

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 18 The reaction of ammonia, NH3, with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide, NO, is an important industrial process.

The equation for this reaction is shown in equilibrium 4.1 below.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH = −905 kJ mol−1 Equilibrium 4.1

The forward reaction in equilibrium 4.1 converts NH3 into NO.

(i) Complete the enthalpy profile diagram for this reaction.

On your diagram:
• Label the activation energy, Ea
• Label the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH
• Include the formulae of the reactants and products.

[2]

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 (ii) 5.10 tonnes of NH3 are converted into NO.

Calculate the energy released, in kJ, for this conversion.

Give your answer in standard form and to an appropriate number of significant figures.

energy released = kJ [4]

19 Selenium is in the same group of the periodic table as sulfur.

(i) Complete the full electron configuration of a selenium atom.

1s2 [1]

(ii) Sodium selenide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a toxic gas, B, with a relative molecular mass of 81.0.

Identify gas B and write an equation for this reaction.

Gas B

Equation [2]

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 20(a) A student carries out a titration to determine the molar mass and structure of a weak acid A.

The student follows the method below.

• Dissolve a weighed mass of A in 100 cm3 of distilled water and make the solution up to 250 cm3 in a
beaker.

• Add the solution of A to a burette.

• Titrate the solution of A with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

The student carries out a trial, followed by three further titrations.

The diagram shows the initial and final burette readings for the three further titrations.

The student measures all burette readings to the nearest 0.05 cm3.

Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3

Initial reading Final reading Initial reading Final reading Initial reading Final reading

(i) Record the student’s readings and the titres in the table below.

Calculate the mean titre, to the nearest 0.05 cm3, that the student should use for analysing the results.

Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3

3
Final reading/cm
Initial reading/cm3
Titre/cm3

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 mean titre = cm3 [4]

(ii) The uncertainty in each burette reading is ± 0.05 cm3.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty for the titre in Titration 1.

percentage uncertainty = % [1]

(iii) The student realised that the solution of A had not been prepared correctly.

How should the student have made up the solution?

[1]

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 (b) A student repeats the titration to determine the molar mass and structure of A.

• The student prepares a 250.0 cm3 solution from 1.513 g of A.

• The solution of A is added to the burette and titrated with 25.0 cm3 volumes of 0.112 mol dm−3 NaOH(aq).

• 1 mol of A reacts with 2 mol of NaOH.

• The student obtains a mean titre of 27.30 cm3.

(i) Calculate the molar mass of A from these results.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Show your working.

molar mass of A = g mol−1 [4]

(ii) A is an organic acid, containing C, H and O only.

One molecule of A contains two COOH groups.

Suggest the structure of A.

[1]

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 21(a) A student carries out an experiment to identify an unknown carbonate.

The student weighs a sample of the solid carbonate in a weighing bottle.

The student tips the carbonate into a beaker and weighs the empty weighing bottle.
The student prepares a 250.0 cm3 solution of the carbonate.
The student carries out a titration using 25.0 cm3 of this solution measured using a pipette with 0.100 mol
dm–3 hydrochloric acid in the burette.

The student carries out the final part of the experiment by adding 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to a burette
and performing a titration using a 25.0 cm3 sample of the aqueous carbonate.

The student reads the burette to the nearest 0.05 cm3.

The diagrams below show the initial burette reading and the final burette reading.

(i) Record the student’s readings and the titre.

[1]

(ii) Describe what the student should do next to obtain reliable results for the titration.

[1]

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 (b) The equation below represents the reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

M2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2MCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of M2CO3 used in the titration.

n(M2CO3) = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mol [2]

(ii) The student’s mass readings are recorded below.

Mass of weighing bottle + carbonate / g 14.92

Mass of weighing bottle / g 13.34

Use the student’s results to identify the carbonate, M2CO3.

Show all your working.

[4]

22 Alcohols can be converted into haloalkanes in a substitution reaction.

Plan an experiment to prepare approximately 0.1 mol of 2-bromopentane,

CH3CHBrCH2CH2CH3, from pentan-2-ol, CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2CH3.

Your plan should include a calculation of the mass of alcohol required and details of the chemicals to be used in
the reaction.

[2]

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 23 1.00 tonne of ammonia is reacted with carbon dioxide to prepare the fertiliser urea, NH2CONH2.

2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(1)

1.35 tonnes of urea are formed.

Calculate the percentage yield of urea.

Show all your working.

yield = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [3]

24 Bromine is a reactive element. It combines with other non-metals to form covalent compounds.
Phosphorus tribromide, PBr3, and iodine monobromide, IBr, are examples of covalent compounds used in
organic synthesis.

PBr3 can be prepared by heating bromine with phosphorus, P4.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction.

[1]

(ii) How many molecules are present in 1.3535 g of PBr3?

number of molecules = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [3]

(iii) The ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a molecule of PBr3 is given below.

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 Name the shape of this molecule and explain why the molecule has this shape.

name:

explanation:

[3]

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 25 A student plans to determine the concentration, in mol dm−3, of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, in a bottle of vinegar.
The student will carry out a titration with aqueous barium hydroxide, Ba (OH)2(aq).

The student’s method is outlined below.

Dilute 10.0 cm3 of vinegar from the bottle with distilled water and make the solution up to 250.0 cm3.
Add the diluted vinegar to the burette.
Titrate 25.0 cm3 volumes of 0.0450 mol dm−3 Ba(OH)2 with the diluted vinegar.

The mean titre of the diluted vinegar is 25.45 cm3.

The reaction in the student’s titration is shown below.

2CH3COOH(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → (CH3COO)2Ba(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(i) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm−3, of CH3COOH in the original bottle of vinegar.
Show your working.

concentration of CH3COOH = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mol dm−3 [4]

(ii) Suggest one assumption that the student has made that might mean that their calculated concentration of
ethanoic acid in the vinegar is invalid.
Predict, with a reason, how the experimental result would differ from the actual concentration of CH3COOH if
the assumption were not correct.

[2]

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 26 An alkene D is a liquid at room temperature and pressure but can easily be vaporised.

When vaporised, 0.1881 g of D produces 82.5 cm3 of gas at 101 kPa and 373 K.

Determine the molar mass and molecular formula of alkene D.

Show all your working.

molar mass = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g mol−1

molecular formula = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [5]

27 B and C are ionic compounds of two different Group 1 elements.

The molar masses of B and C are both approximately 140 g mol−1.

A student dissolves B and C in water in separate test tubes and analyses the solutions.

The observations are shown below.

Test Observation
B(aq) C(aq)
Addition of HNO3(aq) bubbles no change

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 followed by BaCl2(aq) no change white precipitate
Use this information and the observations to identify the formulae of B and C.

Explain your reasoning.

[5]

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 28 Data book values for the standard enthalpy changes of combustion, ∆cHθ , of the first four alkanes are shown in
the table.

Alkane methane ethane propane butane

∆cHθ / kJ mol−1 –890 –1560 –2219 –2877

(i) The values for the first three alkanes are plotted on the graph below.

Plot the value for butane on the graph.

[1]

(ii) Use the graph to estimate the energy released during complete combustion of 1.80 g of pentane.

Show relevant working below and on the graph.

energy released = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ [3]

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 29 Organic compounds can be prepared in the laboratory using synthetic routes with two or more stages.

A student devises a two-stage synthesis of cyclohexene from bromocyclohexane.

(i) Suggest the structure of intermediate E and the reagent(s) and conditions for step 2.

reagent(s) and conditions [2]

(ii) The student carries out this synthesis and obtains 1.23 g of pure cyclohexene from 5.50 g of
bromocyclohexane.

Calculate the percentage yield of cyclohexene.

Give your final answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

percentage yield = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [3]

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 30(a) Barium combines with oxygen, chlorine and nitrogen to form ionic compounds.

Barium oxide, BaO, has a giant ionic lattice structure.

(i) State what is meant by the term ionic bond.

[1]

(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in barium oxide.

Show outer electrons only.

[2]

(iii) Calculate the number of barium ions in 1.50 g of barium oxide.

Give your answer in standard form and to three significant figures.

number of barium ions = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

(b) Barium chloride, BaCl2, is soluble in water.

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 (i) Compare the electrical conductivities of solid and aqueous barium chloride.

Explain your answer in terms of the particles involved.

[2]

(ii) Describe the use of aqueous barium chloride in qualitative analysis.

[2]

(iii) Hydrated barium chloride can be crystallised from solution.

Hydrated barium chloride has the formula BaCl2•xH2O and a molar mass of 244.3 g mol −1.

Determine the value of x in the formula of BaCl2•xH2O.

Show your working.

x = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

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 31 The skeletal formula of an organic compound is shown below.

What is the molecular formula of the organic compound?

A C6H10O2
B C6H11O2
C C6H12O2
D C6H13O2

Your answer [1]

32 Samples of four hydrocarbons are completely burnt under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

Which sample produces the greatest volume of CO2?

A 0.4 mol C2H6

B 0.3 mol C3H8
C 0.2 mol C4H10
D 0.1 mol C5H12

Your answer [1]

33 Which reaction produces the smallest atom economy of BaCl2?

A BaCl2•2H2O → BaCl2 + 2H2O

B BaO + 2HCl → BaCl2 + H2O
C BaCO3 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
D Ba + 2HCl → BaCl2 + H2

Your answer [1]

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 34 An organic compound has the composition by mass:
C, 53.33 %; H, 11.11%; O, 35.56%.
What is the empirical formula of the organic compound?
A C4H8O2
B C4H10O2
C C2H4O
D C2H5O

Your answer [1]

35
A student was asked to carry out an experiment to determine the initial rate of reaction of zinc and
hydrochloric acid.

The student plans to collect a total of about 72 cm3 of hydrogen at RTP and to use an excess of zinc.

The student selects the following apparatus:

the apparatus shown in the diagram
100 cm3measuring cylinder
stop clock
2 decimal place balance

Outline how the student could carry out the experiment and explain how the results could be processed
graphically.
Show all working in your calculations.

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 [6]

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 36 This question is about several unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The mass spectrum of an alkene is shown below.

(i) The empirical formula of the alkene is CH2.

Use the empirical formula and the mass spectrum to confirm the molecular formula as C6H12.

[1]

(ii) Further analysis showed that the alkene was hex-2-ene.

Suggest possible structures for the species responsible for the labelled peaks I and II in the mass spectrum
of hex-2-ene shown opposite.

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 peak I peak II

[3]

37(a) A student was provided with a mixture of two structural isomers. Each isomer has the percentage composition by
mass C, 29.29%; H, 5.70%; Br, 65.01%. The relative molecular mass of each isomer is less than 150.

Determine the structures of the two structural isomers.

Show your working.

In your answer you should link the evidence with your explanation.

[5]

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 (b) The student heats the mixture of the two structural isomers from (a) under reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide
to form two compounds, E and F. The student separates the two compounds.

Compound E is heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form compound G, which gives
the infrared spectrum below.

(i) Analyse the information and spectrum to determine the structures of E, F and G.

Include an equation for the formation of G from E.

In your answer you should link the evidence with your explanation.

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 [6]

(ii) Compound G is heated with compound F in the presence of a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid to
form organic compound H.

Draw the structure of the organic compound H.

[2]

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 38 By 2020, the EU has regulated that a car must emit less CO2 per kilometre than in 2015. A typical car will need
to emit 5.6 × 105 g less CO2 in 2020 compared with 2015.

Calculate how much less petrol would be consumed by a typical car in 2020 to meet this regulation.

Give your answer in litres of petrol (1 litre of petrol has a mass of 700 g).

Assume that petrol is liquid octane and that complete combustion takes place, as in the equation below.

C8H18 (l) + 12.5 O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (l)

volume of petrol = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ litres [4]

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 39 Alkenes can be prepared from alcohols. Cyclopentene can be prepared from cyclopentanol as shown in the
equation below.

A student plans to prepare 5.00 g of cyclopentene from cyclopentanol. The percentage yield of this reaction is
45.0%.

(i) What is the name of this type of reaction?

[1]

(ii) Calculate the mass of cyclopentanol that the student should use.

Show your working.

mass of cyclopentanol = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g [3]

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 40 Compound A is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that can be used as the starting material for the production of
organic compounds.

What is the molecular formula of compound A?

[1]

41 Compound B, shown below, can be used to synthesise organic compounds with different functional groups.

The structure of compound F is shown below.

(i) What is the empirical formula of compound F?

[2]

(ii) A student plans a two-stage synthesis for preparing compound F from compound B.

The synthesis first prepares compound E, as shown in the flowchart.

Draw the structure of compound E in the box and state the reagents for each stage on the dotted lines.

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 [3]

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 42(a) Aqueous lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2(aq), and aqueous potassium iodide, KI(aq), react together.
The equation is shown below.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

A student carries out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔrH, of this reaction.

The student follows the method outlined below.

Add 50.0 cm3 of 1.50 mol dm−3 Pb(NO3)2(aq) to a polystyrene cup.

Measure out 50.0 cm3 of a solution of KI(aq), which is in excess.
Measure the temperature of both solutions.
Add the KI(aq) to the polystyrene cup, stir the mixture and record the maximum temperature.

Temperature readings
Initial temperature of both solutions = 19.5 °C
Maximum temperature of mixture = 30.0 °C

Calculate ΔrH, in kJ mol−1, for the reaction shown in the equation above.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Assume that the density of all solutions and specific heat capacity, c, of the reaction mixture is the same as for
water.

ΔrH = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ mol−1 [4]

(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that the student carries out.

Include state symbols.

[1]

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 (c) The 50.0 cm3 of KI(aq) used inthe experiment contains 10% more KI than is needed to react with 50.0 cm3 of
1.50 mol dm−3 Pb(NO3)2(aq).

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Calculate the concentration, in mol dm−3, of KI that the student used.

concentration of KI =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mol dm−3 [2]

43(a) A student carries out an experiment to determine the amount of water of crystallisation in the formula of another
hydrated salt. The student intends to remove the water by heating the hydrated salt.

A diagram of the apparatus used by the student is shown below.

The student adds the hydrated salt to the crucible and weighs the crucible and contents.
The student heats the crucible and contents and allows them to cool.
The student weighs the crucible and residue.

The student's results are shown below.

Mass of crucible + hydrated salt / g 16.84

Mass of crucible + residue after heating / g 16.26

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 (i) The maximum error in each mass measurement using the balance is ±0.005 g.

Calculate the percentage error in the mass of water removed.

percentage error =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [1]

(ii) Suggest one modification that the student could make to their method to reduce the percentage error in the
mass of water removed.

[1]

(iii) The student is not sure that all the water of crystallisation has been removed.

How could the student modify the experiment to be confident that all the water of crystallisation has been
removed?

[1]

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 (b) A student prepares a solution of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, by adding 6.25 × 10−2 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid, H2SO4,
froma burette to 25.0 cm3 of 0.124 mol dm−3 NaOH in a conical flask.

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Calculate the minimum volume of the H2SO4 that the student would need to completely react with the NaOH
present.

volume of H2SO4 = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm3 [3]

44 A twenty pence coin contains copper and nickel.

The copper used to make a batch of coins is analysed by mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum is shown
below.

(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of the copper used to make the coins.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

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 relative atomic mass = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

(ii) One coin has a mass of 5.00 g and contains 84.0% of copper, by mass.

Calculate the number of copper atoms in one coin.

Give your answer in standard form and to three significant figures.

number of copper atoms = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

45 This question is about several salts.

A hydrated salt, compound A, is analysed and has the following percentage composition by mass:

Cr, 19.51%; Cl, 39.96%; H, 4.51%; O, 36.02%.

Calculate the formula of compound A, showing clearly the water of crystallisation.

Show your working.

formula of compound A =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [3]

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 46 Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, decomposes when heated, as shown below.

Ca(NO3)2(s) → CaO(s) + 2NO2(g) + ½O2(g)

A student decomposes 0.00500 mol of Ca(NO3)2 and collects the gas that is produced.

Calculate the volume of gas that the student should expect to collect, measured at room temperature and
pressure.

A 60 cm3
B 120 cm3
C 240 cm3
D 300 cm3

Your answer

[1]

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 47 A student reacts 35.0 cm3 of 3.00 × 10−2 mol dm−3 H2SO4(aq) with an excess of Al.

An equation for this reaction is shown.

2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Calculate the mass, in g, of Al 2(SO4)3 formed in solution.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Show your working.

mass = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g [4]

48 When magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, is heated, it decomposes as shown.

2Mg(NO3)2(s) → 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

A student heats 2.966 g of Mg(NO3)2, which decomposes as above.

Calculate the total volume of gas formed, in cm3, at room temperature and pressure, RTP.

total volume of gas formed = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm3 [3]

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 49(a) Calculate the amount, in mol, of nitrogen atoms in 5.117 × 1020 nitrogen molecules.

Give your answer in standard form.

amount of nitrogen atoms = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mol [2]

(b) N2O3 reacts with water to form an acid as the only product. This reaction is not a redox reaction. The empirical
formula of the acid formed is the same as the molecular formula.

(i) State what is meant by the term molecular formula.

[1]

(ii) Suggest the empirical formula of the acid formed.

empirical formula of acid = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [1]

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 50 This question is about the properties and reactions of butan-2-ol.

Some properties of butan-2-ol are listed in the table.

Melting point –115 °C

Boiling point 99.5 °C

20.2 g of butan-2-ol is reacted with excess sodium bromide and sulfuric acid.

CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 + NaBr + H2SO4 → CH3CHBrCH2CH3 + NaHSO4 + H2O

25.2g of CH3CHBrCH2CH3 is formed.

Calculate the percentage yield of CH3CHBrCH2CH3.

percentage yield = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [3]

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 51 * Organic compound C has the following percentage composition by mass:
C, 54.5%; H, 9.1%; O, 36.4%.

The infrared spectrum and mass spectrum of compound C are shown below.

In the mass spectrum, a secondary carbocation is responsible for the peak with the greatest relative intensity.

Identify compound C.

In your answer you should make clear how your conclusion is linked to all the evidence.

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 [6]

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 52(a) A student investigates the reaction between strontium carbonate and dilute nitric acid.

SrCO3 + 2HNO3 → Sr(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

The rate of reaction is determined from the loss in mass over a period of time.

(i) Explain why there is a loss in mass during the reaction.

[1]

(ii) An excess of strontium carbonate, SrCO3, is mixed with 20.0 cm3 of 1.25 mol dm−3 nitric acid, HNO3.

Calculate the mass of SrCO3 that reacts with the HNO3.

mass = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g [3]

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 (b) The student plots a graph of total mass (reagents + container) against time.

(i) Describe and explain the change in the rate of the reaction during the first 200 seconds of the experiment.

[2]

(ii) Using the graph, calculate the rate of reaction, in g s−1, at 200 seconds.

Show your working on the graph.

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 rate of reaction = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g s−1 [2]

(c) Outline a method that could be used to obtain the results that are plotted on the graph.

Your answer should include the apparatus required and the procedure for the experiment.

[3]
53 Nitrogen forms several different oxides.

N2O is a useful anaesthetic and NO has been linked to the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.

N2O is supplied as a compressed gas in steel cylinders for use as an anaesthetic.

The cylinders are stored at 20.0 °C.

Calculate the gas pressure, in Pa, in a 2.32 dm3 steel cylinder containing 187 g of N2O gas.

Give your answer in standard form to three significant figures.

pressure = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pa [4]

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 54(a) Group 2 elements are metals that react with oxygen and water.

A student reacts a Group 2 metal, M, with water.

M(s) + 2H2O(l) → M(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

The student measures the volume of hydrogen gas produced.

0.162 g of the metal produces 97.0 cm3 of gas measured at room temperature and pressure.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that can be used to carry out this experiment.

[2]

(ii) Identify the Group 2 metal, M.

Show your working.

Group 2 metal = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [3]

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 (b) The student plans to repeat the experiment using the same mass of a Group 2 metal from further down the
group.

Predict whether the volume of hydrogen produced would be greater than, less than or the same as the volume in
the first experiment.

Explain your answer.

[1]

55(a) Butan-2-ol can be prepared using two different methods.

Comment on the atom economy of each method, giving your reasons.

[2]

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 (b) A student uses Method 2 to prepare 3.552 g of butan-2-ol from 2-bromobutane.
The percentage yield of butan-2-ol is 80.0%.

Calculate the mass of 2-bromobutane that the student uses.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass of 2-bromobutane = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g [3]

56(a) L, M, N and P are straight-chain organic compounds containing C, H and O only.

The flowchart shows reactions involving these compounds.

Analysis of compound L shows the following.

Percentage composition by mass: C, 40.00%; H, 6.67%; O, 53.33%.

Relative molecular mass of 90.0.
The infrared spectrum below.

IR spectrum of L

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 Calculate the empirical and molecular formulae of compound L.

Show your working.

[3]

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 (b) Analyse the information and spectrum to determine the structures of L and M.

Include an equation for the reaction of L to form M.

[5]
(c) Determine the structures of compounds N and P.

Estimate the number of repeat units in polymer P and write the equation for the formation of P from N.

[4]

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 57(a) Europium, atomic number 63, reacts with oxygen at room temperature.

4Eu + 3O2 → 2Eu2O3

Calculate the volume of oxygen, in cm3, required to fully react with 9.12 g of europium at room temperature and
pressure.

Volume = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm3 [2]

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 (b) A compound of thulium, atomic number 69, has the following composition by mass:

O 30.7% S 15.4% Tm 53.9%

(i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula.

[1]

(ii) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

Show your working.

Empirical formula = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

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 58 Hydrated strontium chloride, SrCl2·6H2O, has a molar mass of 266.6 g mol−1.

A student heats 5.332 g of SrCl2·6H2O.

The SrCl2·6H2O loses some of its water of crystallisation forming 3.892 g of a solid product.

Use the information above to determine the formula of the solid product.

Show your working.

formula of solid product = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [3]

59 This question is about compounds used in fertilisers.

A compound used as a fertiliser has the following composition by mass:

C, 20.00%; H, 6.67%; N, 46.67%; O, 26.66%.

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

empirical formula = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

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 60(a) An aqueous solution of aluminium chloride can be prepared by the redox reaction between aluminium metal and
dilute hydrochloric acid.

A student reacts 0.0800 mol of aluminium completely with dilute hydrochloric acid to form an aqueous solution
of aluminium chloride.

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed, in dm3, at room temperature and pressure.

volume of hydrogen gas formed = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dm3 [2]

(b) Calculate the mass of AlCl3 formed.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass of AlCl3 formed = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g [2]

(c) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 1.20 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid needed to react completely with 0.0800 mol of
aluminium.

volume = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm3 [2]

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 61 Compound B, CxHyO, can be oxidised to form a ketone C.

0.035 mol of B has a mass of 2.59 g.

Compound B reacts with compound D, C3H6O2, in the presence of an acid catalyst to form two compounds E
and F.

Calculate the molar mass of compound B.

Give the structures of compounds B, C, D, E and F.

[6]

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 62 1-Bromobutane (Mr, 136.9) can be made from a reaction of butan-1-ol, C4H9OH, as shown in the equation below.

C4H9OH + KBr + H2SO4 → C4H9Br + KHSO4 + H2O

(i) Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1-bromobutane in this reaction.

atom economy = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [1]

(ii) Suggest a reactant, other than a different acid, that could be used to improve the atom economy of making
1-bromobutane by the same method.

[1]

(iii) A student prepares a sample of 1-bromobutane.

5.92 g of butan-1-ol are reacted with an excess of sulfuric acid and potassium bromide. After purification,
9.72 g of 1-bromobutane are collected.

Calculate the percentage yield.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

percentage yield = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [3]

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 63 A student carries out a titration to determine the molar mass of an unknown acid, A.

The student dissolves 2.24 g of acid A in distilled water and makes the solution up to 250.0 cm3.
The student titrates a 25.0 cm3 portion of this solution with 0.120 mol dm−3 NaOH.
25.25 cm3 of 0.120 mol dm−3 NaOH are required to reach the end point.

The acid reacts with NaOH in a 1 : 1 molar ratio.

Calculate the molar mass of acid A.

molar mass of acid A = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g mol−1 [3]

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 64(a) In an experiment, a scientist prepared a 0.500 g sample of a salt made by neutralisation.

Analysis of the sample gave the following data.

Element Mass present / g

hydrogen 0.025
oxygen 0.300
nitrogen 0.175

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the salt.

empirical formula = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

(ii) Suggest the formula of the acid and base that the scientist used to prepare this salt.

acid:

base:

[1]

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 (b) This question looks at neutralisation reactions.

A student carries out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for a neutralisation reaction.

The student measures out 35.0 cm3 of 2.40 mol dm−3 KOH and 35.0 cm3 of 1.20 mol dm−3 H2SO4.
The temperature of each solution is 19.5 °C.

The student mixes the solutions. The KOH is all neutralised and the maximum temperature reached is 36.0 °C.

(i) Write the overall equation for the reaction that takes place.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction between 1 mol KOH and 1 mol HCl.

Assume that the density of the mixture is 1.00 g cm−3 and that the specific heat capacity for the solution is
the same as for water.

ΔH = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ [3]

(iii) Explain, why the answer to (ii) is the enthalpy change of neutralisation.

[1]

(iv) In this experiment, the student uses a thermometer with an uncertainty of ±0.5 °C in each reading.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the temperature rise.

percentage uncertainty = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [1]

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 65(a) Butane, C4H10, is a highly flammable gas, used as a fuel for camping stoves. Butane reacts with oxygen as in the
equation below:

C4H10(g) + 6.5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

(i) The use of portable heaters in enclosed spaces can result in potential dangers if incomplete combustion
takes place.
Explain the potential danger of incomplete combustion.

[1]

(ii) A portable heater is lit to heat a room.

The heater burns 600 g of butane and consumes 1.50 m3 of O2, measured at room temperature and
pressure.
Determine whether this portable heater is safe to use.
Show all your working.

conclusion, with reason:

[3]

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 (b) Alkane X can be used as a fuel.
Complete combustion of 0.0117 mol of X produces 2.00 × 10−3 m3 of carbon dioxide gas, measured at 24.0 °C
and 101 kPa.
Determine the molecular formula of X.
Show all your working.

molecular formula of X = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [4]

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 66 This question looks at groups in the periodic table.

Calcium and strontium are Group 2 metals. They both react with water.
A chemist reacts 0.200 g of strontium with 250 cm3 water, leaving a colourless solution containing strontium
ions. The volume remains at 250 cm3.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction between strontium and water.

Include state symbols.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm−3, of strontium ions in the resulting solution.

concentration of strontium ions = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mol dm−3 [2]

(iii) A student plans to carry out this experiment using 0.200 g of calcium instead of 0.200 g of strontium.
Predict the difference, if any, between the volume of gas produced by calcium and strontium.
Explain your reasoning and include a calculation in your answer.

[3]

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 67 An alcohol A contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. The alcohol is a liquid at room temperature and
pressure but can easily be vaporised.

1.15 g of A produces 761 cm3 of gas when vaporised, measured at 100 kPa and 366 K.

Determine the molar mass of compound A and draw a possible structure for A.

Show all your working.

molar mass = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g mol–1

[5]

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 68(a) Calculate the number of europium atoms in 0.0019 g of europium.

Give your answer in standard form to an appropriate number of significant figures.

= _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ atoms [2]
(b) Europium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid, forming a solution of europium sulfate and hydrogen gas.

A chemist reacts 0.608 g of europium with an excess of H2SO4(aq) and collects 144 cm3 of hydrogen gas at
room temperature and pressure.

Analyse the chemist’s results to write the overall equation for the reaction between europium and sulfuric acid.

Show all your working.

equation:

[6]

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 69(a) The organic compounds in the table below can be termed, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic.

Identify, using letters E, F, G, H, I, J, the compound(s) which are the following types.

Each response may contain more than one letter.

aliphatic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

alicyclic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

aromatic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
[3]
(b) Compound I has one alkyl group.

What is the general formula of alkyl groups?

[1]
(c) Compound H can be prepared in an elimination reaction by heating compound J with an acid catalyst.

A student carries out this preparation using 7.65 g of compound J.

The student obtains 2.05 g of compound H.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction, using molecular formulae.

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 Calculate the percentage yield of compound H.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

percentage yield = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [4]

(ii) Describe a simple test that the student could carry out to confirm the presence of the functional group in
compound H.

Draw the structure of the organic product from the test.

test:

organic product =

[2]

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 70 A chemist collects 1.00 × 10−6 m3 of a gaseous compound at 295 K and 1.01 × 105 Pa.

What is the correct expression for the amount, in mol, of the gaseous compound

Your answer

[1]

71 0.010 mol of barium is added to 500 cm3 of water. The equation is shown below:

Ba(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

The volume of water does not change during the reaction.

Which statement is correct?

A The number of hydroxide ions formed is 0.010 × 6.02 × 1023.

B The volume of hydrogen gas produced is 0.24 cm3, measured at room temperature and pressure.
C The concentration of Ba(OH)2(aq) formed is 0.020 mol dm–3.
D 0.0050 mol of water reacts.

Your answer
[1]

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 72 An increasing amount of ethanol is made by the fermentation of glucose from plants, rather than by the hydration
of ethene. Fermentation is catalysed by enzymes from yeast at a temperature of 40 °C and a pressure of 100
kPa.

C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

Compare the sustainability of each process for the manufacture of ethanol, by considering their:

atom economies
raw materials
reaction conditions.

Suggest which process is the more sustainable.

[4]

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 73(a) The organic compounds labelled A to E below are all produced by living organisms.

Compound D reacts readily with hydrogen chloride in an addition reaction. Two products are
formed in this reaction, but one of the products is formed in much greater amounts than the other.

(i) Draw the structure of both possible addition products of this reaction.

[2]

(ii) State and explain which of the two possible products will be formed in greater amounts.

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 Include a diagram of the intermediate in the mechanism of this reaction in your answer.

[2]

(iii) 4.125 g of compound D is reacted with an excess of hydrogen chloride. The mixture of products contains
95% by mass of one product and 5% by mass of the other product.

Calculate the mass of each product formed.

[2]

(b) Analysis of one of the compounds A to E is shown below.

Percentage composition by mass: C, 78.94%; H, 10.53%; O 10.53%

Infrared spectrum:

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 Use this information to identify the compound.

Explain your reasoning, referring to all the evidence provided.

[3]

74 A student carried out the reaction of zinc (Zn) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a fume cupboard. The student
measured the volume of gas produced.

A mixture containing 0.27 g of powdered zinc and 0.38 g of powdered CaCO3 was heated strongly for two
minutes. The volume of gas collected in the 100 cm3 syringe was then measured. The experiment was then

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 repeated.

(i) Calculate the maximum volume of carbon monoxide, measured at room temperature and pressure, that
could be produced by heating this mixture of Zn and CaCO3.

Show all your working.

volume of carbon monoxide = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm3 [2]

(ii) The student did not obtain the volume of gas predicted in (i) using this procedure.

Apart from further repeats, suggest two improvements to the practical procedure that would allow the
student to obtain a more accurate result.

[2]

75 Which volume of oxygen gas, at room temperature and pressure, is required for complete combustion of 1.25 ×
10–3 mol of propan-1-ol?

A 105 cm3
B 120 cm3
C 135 cm3
D 120 cm3

Your answer
[1]

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 76 Which reagent would exactly neutralise 100 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)?

A 0.100 mol Al(OH)3

B 0.100 mol NH3
C 0.100 mol Ba(OH)2
D 0.100 mol NaOH

Your answer
[1]

77 A student mixes 100 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 NaCl(aq) with 100 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 Na2CO3(aq).

What is the total concentration of Na+ ions in the mixture formed?

A 0.100 mol dm–3

B 0.200 mol dm–3
C 0.300 mol dm–3
D 0.400 mol dm–3

Your answer
[1]

78 Which mass of substance contains the greatest number of atoms?

A 3.00 g of ammonia, NH3

B 3.00 g of chloromethane, CHCl3
C 4.00 g of hydrogen sulfide, H2S
D 4.00 g of hydrogen chloride, HCl

Your answer
[1]

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 79 A sample of a compound M contains 1.46 g of carbon, 0.482 g of hydrogen and 1.69 g of nitrogen.

What is the empirical formula of M?

A CH2N
B C4HN4
C CH4N
D C2H4N

Your answer
[1]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 i FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3

ANSWER LINE
If answer = 5.8 award 3 marks
--------------------------------------------------
(AO3.1x Calculator: 0.01021437579
2)

Calculator: 0.05944444444

ALLOW ECF from n(SrCl2) and/or n(H2O)

= 5.8 ✓
(AO3.2) Answer must be to TWO significant figures

ALLOW 2 marks for 5.83 (answer must be

to 2 SF)

Examiner’s Comments

Most students managed to gain some

marks on this question. The most common
error was rounding to 6, something they
have been taught to do for water of
crystallisation. This caused them to lose a
mark as the question asked for two
significant figures. Many rounded too early
so a variety of responses were seen.

ii To make sure all the water had been 1(AO3.4) IGNORE just ‘to weigh to constant mass’
removed ✓
Examiner’s Comments

The majority of candidates answered this

correctly, the main incorrect answer was
“to achieve constant mass”.

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

iii Use balance that weighs to 3/more decimal 2(AO3.4× ALLOW more precise/more accurate/ more
places ✓ 2) sensitive/higher resolution/smaller
division/weigh to 0.001

IGNORE ‘less error/smaller interval

balance’

Use a larger mass (of hydrated strontium

chloride) ✓ IGNORE any reference to lid on crucible
(water can’t escape)

IGNORE ‘weigh straight after heating’

IGNORE idea of repeating the experiment/

taking an average/ getting concordant
results /larger sample size, etc.

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates identified either using a

larger mass or a more accurate balance,
not many stated both. The most common
incorrect answers involved heating for
longer or taking less measurements.

Total 6

2 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3(AO2.8×

ANSWER LINE 3)
If answer = 38.5 cm3 award 3 marks
--------------------------------------------------

Calculator: 0.03371544167

n(HNO3) = 2 × 0.0337 …….. = 0.0674 ALLOW ECF from n(Mg(NO3)2)

……… (mol) ✓ Calculator: 0.06743088334

ALLOW ECF from n(HNO3)

3 SF required Examiner’s Comments

This question was answered well, with the

majority of the candidates obtaining 3
marks.

Total 3

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3 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3(AO2.6× ALLOW 120 cm3 for 2 marks (no ÷ 2)
ANSWER LINE 3) ALLOW 240 cm3 for 2 marks (× 2 not ÷ 2)
If answer = 60 cm3 award 3 marks
--------------------------------------------------

IGNORE absence of trailing zeroes,

e.g. for 0.100, ALLOW 0.1

ALLOW ECF from n(HCl)

Volume = 2.5(0) × 10–3 × 24.0 × 1000
= 60(.0) cm3 ✓ ALLOW ECF from n(HCl) and/or n(H2)

Examiner’s Comments

This was a well answered question, with

the majority of candidates obtaining all 3
marks

Total 3

4 B 1 (AO2.6)

Total 1

5 D 1 (AO1.2) Examiner’s Comments

This part discriminated extremely well.

Many scripts showed clear working of the
atom economy of each process, the usual
result being the correct response of D.
Candidates choosing an incorrect process
(usually A), often showed no working
suggesting the response was a guess. The
advice here is obviously to work through
calculations before choosing the answer.

Total 1

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6 B 1 (AO2.6) Examiner’s Comments

This question proved to be the most

difficult of the multiple-choice questions.
Candidates clearly did not use the clue in
the question: ‘until one of the reactants is
used up’. Many then responded with C, the
volume of NO2 formed from complete
reaction of 6 dm3 of O2. D was another
common error, which is simply the sum of
the volumes of NO and O2 provided in the
question. The correct answer of B required
candidate to identify that NO is in excess,
reacting with 4 dm3 of the O2 to form 8 dm3
NO2 and leaving behind 2 dm3 of O2, and
contributing to a total volume of 10 dm3 of
gas.

Total 1

7 B 1 (AO2.2) Examiner’s Comments

After the difficulties with Question 6, most

candidates were able to use the ideal gas
equation (annotated on many scripts) to
obtain either 259 cm3 or 259 dm3. The
correct value of B (259 cm3) revealed the
difficulties of unit conversions experienced
by many candidates.

Total 1

8 C 1 (AO1.2)

Total 1

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9 a i Oxidised 1 ALLOW Mg loses 6 electrons: 3 Mg in

AND equation
(Mg) transfers/loses/donates 2 electrons ✓ ALLOW Mg → Mg2+ + 2e–

2 essential IGNORE oxidation numbers (even if

wrong)

Examiner’s Comments

Despite the question clearly asking for a

response in terms of the number of
electrons transferred, most candidates
answered in terms of oxidation number
changes. Candidates are recommended to
read the question and to answer in terms
of its requirements. Underlining ‘number of
electrons’ may have helped candidates to
answer the question that had been set.

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 3

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = 2.26 (3 SF) award 3 marks
-----------------------------------------------------
At least 3SF needed throughout BUT
ALLOW no trailing zeroes (e.g. 0.062 for
✓ 0.0620)

ALLOW ECF from n(H3PO4)

ALLOW ECF from n(Mg)

mass of Mg = 0.0930 × 24.3 = 2.26 (g) ✓
---------------------------------------------
3 SF required COMMON ERRORS for 2 marks
3:2 ratio omitted → n(Mg) = 0.062(0) → 1.51
(g)
Inverted 2:3 ratio → n(Mg) = 0.0413 → 1.00
(g)

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates are competent at

answering questions based on the mole.
Almost all candidates were able to
calculate the amount of H3PO4 as 0.062
mol. Candidates then needed to use the
2:3 mole stoichiometric ratio to show that
0.093 mol of Mg reacts, which has a mass
of 2.26 g to the required 3 significant
figures. The commonest errors were use of
the inverse 3:2 ratio to obtain 1.00 g Mg, or
to omit the ratio to obtain 1.51 g Mg, as
shown in the exemplar. Candidates are
advised to show clear working so that
credit can be awarded for such responses
by applying error carried forward.

Exemplar 1

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

iii Separation of solid 2 ALLOW

Filter to obtain solid/precipitate ✓ Removal of water
Requires realisation that solid is Evaporate/ distil water/solution/liquid
filtered off. ✓
Solid may be stated within in IGNORE ‘distil’ if product OR H2 is
‘removal of water’ distilled
Removal of water Collection of remaining solid ✓
Dry (solid) Requires realisation that solid
OR Evaporate (water/solution/liquid) remains
✓ IGNORE ‘Leave to crystallise’ (already
solid)

Examiner’s Comments

Candidates often struggle with questions

based on practical work. There were many
random responses to this question, with
relatively few candidates identifying that
solid magnesium phosphate could be
obtained by filtration, followed by drying.

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

iv Formula 2 In equation:
MgO OR Mg(OH)2 OR MgCO3 OR NO ECF from incorrect formula
soluble Mg salt ✓ ALLOW multiples
Equation IGNORE state symbols (even if incorrect)
3MgO + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O
OR
3Mg(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 +
6H2O Soluble Mg salts include
OR MgCl2, MgSO4, Mg(NO3)2, MgBr2, MgI2
3MgCO3 + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + If unsure, check with TL
3CO2 + 3H2O e.g. 3MgCl2 + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 6HCl

Examiner’s Comments

Candidates were expected to identify a

suitable reagent for this reaction, with most
choosing magnesium oxide, hydroxide or
carbonate. Credit was also given for using
a soluble magnesium salt such as its
sulfate, chloride or nitrate. The correct
equation often followed, but errors
sometimes appeared in the form of
incorrect formulae, such as MgOH for
magnesium hydroxide. The exemplar
shows a good clear response, using MgO
as the reagent.

Exemplar 2

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

b i FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 4 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 315 (cm3) award 4 marks
---------------------------------------------------------
Amount of PH3 ALLOW ECF throughout
-------------------------------------------------
Common Errors (3 marks)

Unit conversions Use of n(H3PO4) = 3.20 × 10–2 (Very

p conversion → Pa = 100 × 103 (Pa) common)
AND
T conversion → K = 473 (K) ✓
Evidence of use of rearranged gas = 1258.40704 cm3 (1260 to 3 SF)
equation
OR V No temperature conversion from °C to K

OR V
OR V = 3.15 × 10–4 ✓ = 133 cm3
Calculator: = 3.1460176 × 10–4
No p conversion from kPa to Pa
V conversion of m3 → cm3 ✓
V =3.15 × 10–4 × 106 = 315 cm3 ✓
= 315000 cm3
Calculator from unrounded cm3: 314.60176
cm3 No volume conversion from m3 to cm3
V = 3.15 × 10–4
Requires 3 OR MORE SF, correctly
rounded IGNORE use of 24/24000 for molar volume
e.g.
ALLOW use of R = 8.31 → 314.4504 → 314 3.2(0) × 10–3 × 24000 = 768 scores zero
to 3SF 8(.00) × 10–3 × 24000 = 292 scores 1st
mark only

Examiner’s Comments

Almost all candidates realised that the

calculation required the ideal gas equation.
Most candidates correctly rearranged the
equation and used the data from the
question to obtain a value for the volume of
phosphine. The most common errors were
with conversion of units into Pa and m3. It
is recommended that candidates learn how
to carry out these conversions. In their
calculations, many candidates used the
amount of phosphoric acid, 3.20 × 10–3
mol, rather than 8.00 × 10–3 mol of

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

phosphine, obtaining a volume of 1258

cm3. Error carried forward ensured that 3
of the available 4 marks could be credited,
provided that the working was clear. The
exemplar shows such a response.

Answer = 315 cm3

Exemplar 3

ii 4PH3 + 8O2 → P4O10 + 6H2O ✓ 1 ALLOW multiples

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates were able to write a

correctly balanced equation for this
reaction.

Total 13

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

10 i FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 4 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

ANSWER LINE
IF ΔrH = –457 OR –458 (kJ mol–1) award 4
marks ------------------------------------------------
IF ΔrH = ±229 OR 457 (kJ mol–1) award 3 ALLOW ECF throughout
marks ---------------------------------------
----------------------------------- ALLOW 2930 J OR 2.93 kJ
Energy released in J OR kJ DO NOT ALLOW < 3 SF
= 25.0 × 4.18 × 28.0 = 2926 (J) OR 2.926 IGNORE any sign and units
(kJ)✓ i.e. ALLOW correctly calculated number in
J OR kJ
Correctly calculates n(AgNO3)

-----------------------------------------------------
Alternative approach using 1 mol Mg
ΔH per mole AgNO3 in kJ AND 3 SF
Answer MUST divide energy by n(AgNO3) Energy released = 2926 (J) OR 2.926 (kJ)
✓
= ±228.59375
n(AgNO3) = 1.28 × 10–2 (mol) ✓
= ±229 (kJ) ✓
= 6.4 × 10–3 (mol) ✓
3 SF needed Sign NOT needed

ΔH for 2 mol AgNO3 AND – sign AND 3 SF

ΔHr = 2 × –228.59375 = –457 (kJ mol–1)

OR 2 × –229 = –458 (kJ mol–1) ✓ – sign AND 3 SF needed

Examiner’s Comments

Candidates are well-versed with the

relationship q = mcΔT and most were able
to calculate that 2.926 kJ of energy was
released in this reaction. It was also
common to see the amount of AgNO3
correctly calculated as 1.28 × 10–3 mol.
Candidates were expected to determine
the amount of energy released from 1 mol
AgNO3 as 229 kJ and finally to multiply
this value by 2 for the molar quantities in
the equation to match the ‘enthalpy change
of reaction’. It was common to see –229
given as the final answer but this was
rarely multiplied by 2. The question also
required the final answer to be given to an
appropriate number of significant figures.
Many candidates seemed to be unaware
that this reflects the least significant figure
provided in the data, in this case 3

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

significant figures. The exemplar shows a

typical response for 3 of the available 4
marks. Many omitted the negative sign in
their ΔH value to consider the
exothermicity of the reaction. Candidates
are also advised to only round at the end of
a multi-step calculation. Rounding of
intermediate values introduces rounding
errors in the final answer.

Answer = –457 kJ mol–1

Exemplar 4

ii Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s) ✓ 2 ALLOW AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s)

State symbols required + NaNO3(aq)

White precipitate AND AgNO3/Ag+ NOT

ALL reacted
OR Observation needs to be linked to
NO white precipitate AND AgNO3/Ag+ ALL conclusion
reacted ✓
Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates recognised that silver

nitrate and chloride ions react together to
form a white precipitate, but many did not
make the link between this observation and
whether any silver nitrate was left
unreacted. Many candidates did not give a
correct equation, with missing or incorrect
state symbols being common. This
question discriminated extremely well.

Total 6

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

11 a Structural isomers: 1 mark 5 For ‘structural’:

Different structural formulae ALLOW different structure
AND same molecular formula ✓ OR different displayed/ skeletal formula

DO NOT ALLOW any reference to

spatial/space/3D

Same formula is not sufficient (no

Common molecular formula: 1 mark ‘molecular’)
C5H12 for all 3 hydrocarbons ✓
Different arrangement of atoms is not
sufficient
(no ‘structure’/‘structural’)

ALLOW 5 carbons and 12 hydrogens

ALLOW for 2 marks:

Different structural formulae
AND same molecular formula ✓ of C5H12
✓

Boiling point and branching: Comparisons needed throughout

1 mark ORA throughout
Boiling point decreases with
more branching ALLOW comparison between any alcohols,
OR more methyl/alkyl groups/side e.g.
chains A is least branched and has highest b pt
OR shorter carbon chain ✓ C is most branched and has lowest b pt

Branching and London forces: 1 mark ALLOW induced dipole(–dipole)

Could be seen anywhere within response interactions
More branching gives less (surface) IGNORE van der Waals’/vdw forces
contact ALLOW SA for surface area
AND
fewer/weaker London forces ✓ ALLOW ‘harder to overcome
intermolecular forces
Energy and intermolecular forces: 1 mark ALLOW more energy to separate the
molecules
Less energy to break London forces/
intermolecular forces/intermolecular IGNORE just ‘bonds’
bonds/ ✓ intermolecular/London forces required

Examiner’s Comments

This question discriminated well and

resulted in a full range of marks. Most
candidates were aware that structural
isomers have different structural formulae

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but the same molecular formulae. It was

common though for candidates to refer to
different arrangements of atoms in space,
clearly confusing with stereoisomerism.
The best candidates used the structures
(as in the question) to show that the
common molecular formula was C5H12.
Candidates were expected to link the
amount of surface contact between
molecules with induced dipole–dipole
forces or London forces. ‘Contact’ or the
name of the intermolecular forces was
often omitted. Finally, candidates were
expected to link the amount of branching to
the strength of the intermolecular forces
and the energy needed to change state.
Lower ability candidates often let
themselves down by being unable to
construct a well-reasoned response. There
was often a gulf between the clear
responses of able candidates and those of
lower ability candidates.

b i Radical substitution ✓ 1 ALLOW Free radical substitution

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates identified this reaction as

radical substitution.

ii A B 2
Examiner’s Comments
3✓ 2✓
Most candidates achieved at least one
mark, particularly for isomer A. Successful
candidates often drew structures of the
isomers alongside the table to help with
their response.

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iii 2
Structure of D
Structure of a trichloro isomer of A, ALLOW correct structural OR displayed
e.g. OR skeletal formula OR mixture of the
above (as long as unambiguous)

IGNORE molecular formula

✓
ALLOW any trichloro isomer of A
CHECK carefully

Equation ALLOW multiples,

C5H12 + 3Cl2 → C5H9Cl3 + 3HCl ✓ e.g. 2C5H12 + 6Cl2 → 2C5H9Cl3 + 6HCl
Molecular formulae required

NO ECF from incorrect structure of D Examiner’s Comments

Many candidates correctly drew the

structure of compound D but comparatively
few were able to construct a correct
equation. For this equation, candidates
needed to apply their knowledge and
understanding of monosubstitution of
alkanes to substitution of three H atoms by
three Cl atoms. This task proved to be one
of the most difficult questions on this
paper. The exemplar shows an excellent
response. The candidate has drawn a
trisubstituted structure that fits the molar
mass of 175.5 g mol–1 and a correct
equation for its formation. Many attempts
at this equation showed H2 as the second
product rather than HCl.

Exemplar 6

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Total 10

12 D 1 Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates selected A or D, with D

being the correct option. Presumably, A
was chosen by halving the ‘8’ in C4H8
without considering that each H2O
molecule contains two H atoms. The
successful answer of D usually resulted
from the candidate constructing equations.

Total 1

13 A 1 Examiner’s Comments

Many candidates added H atoms to the

structure to aid their choice. Most
candidates selected the correct response
of A, with a sizeable number selecting B
(by adding two H atoms where the two
rings join).

Total 1

14 C 1 Examiner’s Comments

Candidates found this question difficult with

comparatively few obtaining the correct
response of C. Many candidates selected
B instead, the number of CO2 or O2
molecules, and not the number of O atoms.
Good advice is to read the question
carefully and to underline any key features.

Total 1

15 B 1 Examiner’s Comments

Nearly all candidates responded with the

correct response of B.

Total 1

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16 C 1 Examiner’s Comments

This part discriminated well, with most able

candidates selecting the correct answer of
C. A sizeable number selected B,
presumably by not considering the 2:1
stoichiometric ratio in the equation.

Total 1

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

17 a i Please refer to the marking instructions on 6 Indicative scientific points may include:
page 5 of this mark scheme for guidance
on how to mark this question. Apparatus set up for reflux:
Level 3 (5–6 marks) • round-bottom/pear shaped flask
Correctly labelled diagram of reflux • heat source
apparatus that works, with no safety • condenser
problems Detail: water flow in condenser bottom to
AND top; open system.
An appreciation of most of the purification Purification
steps required to gain a pure sample • Use of a separating funnel to separate
organic and aqueous layers
There is a well-developed line of reasoning Detail: Collect lower organic layer
which is clear and logically structured. The density greater
information presented is relevant and • Drying with an anhydrous salt,
substantiated. Detail: e.g. MgSO4, CaCl2, etc.
• Redistillation
Level 2 (3–4 marks) Detail: Collect fraction distilling at 102°C.
Labelled diagram of apparatus (either
reflux or distillation) but with
safety/procedural problems OR clear Examiner’s Comments
diagram of reflux apparatus without
labelling Candidates were not prepared to answer
AND this type of question and the diagrams
Some details of further purification steps were hard to give credit to. Many had
significant safety implications such as open
There is a line of reasoning presented with beakers of butan-1-ol being heated by a
some structure. The information presented Bunsen burner. Most mis-read the question
is relevant and supported by some and just outlined the method for purification
evidence. and struggled to recall the practical details.
Very few candidates mentioned the use of
Level 1 (1–2 marks) anhydrous salts, referring instead to
Diagram of apparatus (reflux OR ‘boiling off’ the water.
separation OR distillation) drawn with no
labelling OR labelled diagram with
significant safety/procedural
AND / OR
Few or imprecise details about further
purification stages

There is an attempt at a logical structure

with a line of reasoning. The information is
in the most part relevant.

0 marks
No response or no response worthy of
credit.

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Exemplar 4

This candidate was credited 4 marks for

this level 2 answer. Although they have
drawn distillation apparatus instead of
reflux, they have considered the boiling
point of the product, detailed using a
separating funnel, a drying agent and that
the lower organic layer would be drawn off
first.

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ii FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 2 Common errors:

ANSWER LINE 33.4 (0.150 × 100/61.4 = 0.244 × 136.9)
IF answer = 12.6 (g) award 2 marks 1 mark

• ALLOW ECF for incorrect moles or

incorrect Mr of 1-bromobutane (provided
• Mass 1-bromobutane = 0.0921 × 136.9 = answer is to 3 SF)
12.6 (g) ✓ DO NOT ALLOW 6.82 (using Mr of
3 SF required butan-1-ol)

ALLOW calculation using masses, e.g.

• Theoretical = 0.150 × 136.9 = 20.535 (g)

✓
(ALLOW 20.535 rounded back to 20.5)
•

(20.5 also gives 12.6)

Examiner’s Comments

This question was well answered, but a

significant number of candidates incorrectly
used the Mr of butan-1-ol when calculating
the mass of 1-bromobutane.

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b Tangent on graph 2 DO NOT ALLOW interpolation (taking a

drawn at approximately t = 30 min direct reading from graph), answer must be
(±10 mins) ✓ derived from taking a gradient

Calculation of rate
= Gradient (y/x) of tangent drawn ALLOW ecf from incorrectly drawn tangent
Tolerance:
Readings from y axis should be ± 0.01 mol
dm–3 (i.e. within 1 square)

Readings from x axis should be ± 5

minutes (i.e. within 0.5 of a square)

IGNORE units
IGNORE sign

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates knew they had to draw a

tangent to the curve but calculating the
gradient led to careless errors. Many drew
tiny triangles and mis-read readings of
coordinates. It is far easier, and more
accurate, to use large triangles using the
axes for coordinates. Lower ability
candidates just interpolated the graph at
30s and were not credited marks for this.

Total 10

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18 i 2 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

CROSSES ETC

IGNORE state symbols

ALLOW 1 mark for a correctly labelled

endothermic diagram

Ea ALLOW no arrowhead or arrowheads

at both end of Ea line.

Ea line must reach maximum (or near

Reactants, products and Ea to maximum) on curve
Reactants on LHS 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)
AND For Ea, ALLOW AE OR AE
Products on RHS 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
AND
Activation energy correctly labelled / Ea
✓ ΔH DO NOT ALLOW –ΔH
DO NOT ALLOW double headed
arrow on ΔH
ΔH
ΔH labelled with product below reactant ALLOW ΔH arrow even with small gap
AND at the top and bottom, i.e. line does
Arrow downwards ✓ not quite reach reactant or product
line.

ALLOW –905 for ΔH

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates were able to gain the first

mark, but many lost the second mark by
putting a double headed arrow or –ΔH.

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ii FIRST CHECK ON ANSWER LINE 4 IGNORE (-) SIGN

If answer = 6.79 × 107 (kJ) award 4 marks Throughout: IGNORE trailing zeroes in
If answer = 2.72 × 108 (kJ) award 3 marks intermediate working,
(no ÷ 4) e.g. For n(NH3) ALLOW 3 × 105 for 3.00 ×
__________________________________ 105
n(NH3) ______________________________________

Stoichiometry and ΔH
1 mol NH3 releases OR 226.25 (kJ) ✓

Energy released
ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NH3) OR
905/4

ALLOW 3 SF up to calc value correctly

rounded.
Value will depend on intermediate rounding
Final answer to 3SF AND standard form
Common Errors
= 6.79 × 107 (kJ) ✓
1.09 × 109 (× 4 instead of ÷ 4) 3 marks
standard form AND 3 SF required
2.72 × 108 (no ÷ 4) 3 marks
6.79 × 101 (no tonnes → g) 3 marks

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates were able to convert from

tonnes to moles and then went on to
complete the majority of the calculation
steps. Many omitted to divide by 4 and
were credited 3 marks. Some candidates
lost marks by not stating the answer to
standard form or quoted their answer to
more than 3 significant figures. A number
of candidates attempted to use Q = mcΔT
and did not get very far in the calculation.

Total 6

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19 i (1s2) 2s22p63s23p63d104s24p4 ✓ 1 ALLOW subscripts

Look carefully at (1s2) 2s22p63s23p6 ALLOW in any order i.e. 3d10 after 4s2 or
– there may be a mistake after 4p4

ALLOW upper case D, etc and subscripts,

e.g. ……3S23P6

DO NOT ALLOW [Ar] as shorthand for

1s22s22p63s23p6

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates answered this correctly.

The most common error seen was 4p6
instead of 4p4

ii Gas B 2
H2Se / Hydrogen selenide / Selenium ALLOW SeH2
hydride ✓
ALLOW correct multiples
Equation
Na2Se + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2Se IGNORE STATE SYMBOLS

All formulae and balancing ✓ DO NOT ALLOW H2S for gas B

BUT ALLOW ECF from H2S for equation:
Na2S +2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S

Examiner’s Comments

The majority of candidates obtained 1 or 2

marks on this question. The most common
errors seen were identifying the gas as
H2S or incorrect balancing.

Total 3

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20 a i Final 27.30 27.00 27.75 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

reading/ CROSSES ETC
cm3
Initial 0.45 0.60 1.25
reading/
ALLOW missing zeroes for burette
cm3
readings
Titre/cm3 26.85 26.40 26.50 i.e. 0.6 for 0.60
27 OR 27.0 for 27.00
Initial and final readings
All burette readings (×6) correct ✓ ALLOW ECF from incorrect burette
readings
Titres recorded to two decimal places with
the last figure either 0 or 5
Correct subtractions to obtain final IF MEAN IS CALCULATED FROM ECF, IT
titre values ✓ MUST BE FROM CLOSEST TITRES

Mean titre calculated from concordant ALLOW ecf from incorrect mean
results DO NOT ALLOW 26.5 cm3
Correct mean titre = 26.45 (cm3) ✓ Question asks for nearest 0.05 cm3

Mean titre recorded to accuracy of burette Examiner’s Comments

Final answer recorded to two
decimal places with Most candidates were able to accurately
the last figure either 0 or 5 ✓ record the burette readings and made the
correct subtractions. Despite the
examination question requesting the mean
titre to be recorded to the accuracy of the
burette, many candidates did not do this. A
common error was taking a mean of all
three readings instead of only the
concordant results; this led the candidates
to give an answer of 26.58 which lost them
2 marks.

ii 1 ALLOW 0.4 up to full calculation display of

0.372439478
ALLOW ECF FOR CORRECT
CALCULATION FROM 1 (c) (i) OR USE
OF ANY TITRE

Examiner’s Comments

A good attempt by many candidates but

some did not know how to calculate this or
did not multiply by 2.

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iii Use a (250 cm3) volumetric flask (instead 1 IGNORE graduated flask
of a beaker)✓
Examiner’s Comments

Although there were some excellent

descriptions of the correct processes, such
as inverting the apparatus to ensure mixing
and then making the solution up to the
mark, many candidates could not name a
volumetric flask.

b i FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

LINE CROSSES ETC
If answer = 118 (g mol–1) award 4 marks Throughout: IGNORE trailing zeroes in
If answer = 108 (g mol–1) award 3 marks intermediate working,
___________________________________ e.g. For n(NaOH) ALLOW 0.0028 for
n(NaOH) 0.00280

n(A) in 25.0 cm3 ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NaOH)

ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(A) OR

3 n(NaOH)
n(A) in 250 cm
ALLOW 3 sig fig up to full calculator
display correctly rounded (0.012820512)

ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NaOH)

Molar mass, M(A) to nearest whole _____________________________________
number. Possible ECFs for 3 marks
1.513 ÷ (0.00140 × 250/25) = 108
1.513 ÷ 0.00140 = 1081
No ÷2 for n(A)
• Molar mass A = 59 (g mol–1)
Using mean titre of 26.45 cm3 from 1c(i)
• Molar mass A = 114 (g mol–1)
Using 27.3 × 0.112 in M1 and then 25.0 in
M3
• Molar mass A = 99 (g mol–1)

Examiner’s Comments

Although there were some excellent

descriptions of the correct processes, such
as inverting the apparatus to ensure mixing
and then making the solution up to the
mark, many candidates could not name a
volumetric flask.

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ii Structure of dicarboxylic acid 1 ALLOW correct structural OR skeletal OR

HOOCCH2CH2COOH OR displayed formulae OR a combination
HOOCCH(CH3)COOH ✓
ALLOW incorrect connectivity e.g –HO
STRUCTURE MUST MATCH Mr from
answer to 1 d) i) (within 10 AMU) ALLOW ECF from incorrect molar mass in
(d)(i) but only if 2 × COOH possible and Mr
is a close match to (d) (i) within 10 AMU

Examiner’s Comments

Most candidates that obtained a sensible

value for the previous question managed to
draw a creditable structure. Allowing error
carried forward meant that feasibly derived
structures could be credited a mark.

Total 11

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21 a i Initial reading = 0.60 (cm3) 1

Final reading = 22.80 (cm3)
Titre = 22.20 cm3

Initial and final values recorded to two

decimal places AND titre recorded to the
nearest 0.05 cm3 with correct units

ii Suggests repeating the titration to obtain 1

consistent / concordant results (those that
agree to within 0.1 cm3)
AND calculating the mean titre

b i n(HCl) = (0.100)(answer to (c)(i)/1000) = 2 allow ecf from (b)(i)

0.00222 (mol) (1)

n(M2CO3) = 0.00222/2 = 0.00111 (mol) (1)

ii n(M2CO3) in total = 0.00111 x 10 = 0.0111 4

mol (1)

Molar mass = 1.58/0.0111 = 142.3 g mol–1

(1) Note: molar mass is between K2CO3
(138.2) and SrCO3 (147.6); only possible
Mass of M = (142.3 – 60)/2 = 41.15 (= K) match for a Group 1 carbonate is K2CO3.
(1)

K2CO3 (1)

Total 8

22 (Minimum) n(pentan-2-ol) required = 0.1 × 2

88 = 8.8 g (1)

React the alcohol with a mixture of NaBr allow HBr

AND H2SO4 AND warm (to distil off the
product) (1)

Total 2

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23 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 3 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 76.5 (%) award 3 marks using working below

n(NH3) = (1 × 106) / 17 = 5.88 × 104 allow up to full calculator display

(58824) (mol)

AND

Theoretical yield:
n(NH2CONH2) = 5.88 × 104 / 2 = 2.94 × 104
(29412) (mol) (1)

Actual yield: For 2nd and 3rd marks, allow calculation in

n(NH2CONH2) = 1.35 × 106 / 60 = 2.25 × mass.
104 (22500) (mol) (1)
Theoretical mass yield:
% yield = (2.94 × 104 / 2.25 × 104) × 100% m(NH2CONH2) = 60 × 5.88 × 104 / 2 =
= 76.5(%) (1) 1.764 tonne

% yield = (1.35 / 1.764) × 100 = 76.5%

allow 76% (2 sig figs) up to calculator

answer correctly rounded from previous
values
allow ecf from calculated actual and
theoretical yields

Total 3

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24 i P4 + 6Br2 → 4PBr3 1 ignore state symbols

ii FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 3 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ecf credit possible using
If answer = 3.01 × 1021 award 3 marks working below.

Mr(PBr3) = 270.7 (g mol–1) (1) allow in working shown as 28.1 + 35.5 × 4

n(PBr3) = 1.3535 / 270.7 = 5.000 × 10–3 allow ecf from incorrect molar mass of PBr3
mol (1) allow 0.005(00) (mol) for two marks

number of molecules = 5.000 × 10–3 × 6.02 allow ecf for incorrect amount of PBr3
× 1023 = 3.01 × 1021 molecules (1) allow calculator value or rounding to 3
significant figures or more but ignore
‘trailing’ zeroes, e.g. 0.200 allowed as 0.2

do not allow any marks for:

1.3535 × 6.02 × 1023 = 8.15 × 1023

iii Pyramidal (1) 3

(because there are) 3 bonded pairs and 1

lone pair (around the central phosphorus
atom) (1)

and electron pairs repel each other as far

apart as possible so will take on a
tetrahedral arrangement (giving a
pyramidal shape overall) (1)

Total 7

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25 i FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 4 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

ANSWER LINE ---------------------------------------------------------
If answer = 2.21 (mol dm–3) award 4 marks
--------------------------------------------------------- ALLOW 3 SF or more correctly rounded
TITRATION throughout
Apply ECF where appropriate

ALLOW ECF from n(Ba(OH)2)

---------------------------------------------------------
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR M3
AND M4:

---------------------------------------------------------

Examiner’s Comments
This was a challenging unstructured
titration calculation for AS level. Very able
candidates rose to the challenge to secure
all four marks. Many obtained the correct
concentration of 0.0884 mol dm–3 for the
diluted vinegar, but did not then use the
dilution factor to convert this to the
concentration of the original vinegar.
Weaker candidates often obtained two
relatively straightforward marks for the
amounts of barium hydroxide and ethanoic
acid used in the titration. Some otherwise
good responses were not awarded full
marks by excessive intermediate rounding,
e.g. 0.0884 to 0.088, which then gave a
rounding error in the final answer.
Answer: 2.21 mol dm–3

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ii Assumption: 2 For credit, the response must refer to other

Vinegar contains (ethanoic acid and) acids
no other acids ✓ IGNORE impurities, solution is pure, etc

Prediction: ONLY award the ‘prediction’ mark if

Expermental result is greater than ‘assumption’ mark is correct
conc of CH3COOH
OR conc of CH3COOH is less than
experimental result ✓
Examiner’s Comments
This question proved to be the most
difficult on the paper. Very few candidates
realised the key assumption that ethanoic
acid was the only acid in the vinegar. Most
candidates responded with mistakes made
in the procedure such as overshooting the
end point, the meniscus not being read
properly, faulty apparatus, etc.

Total 6

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26 FIRST check the molar mass on answer 5 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED
line ---------------------------------------------------------
MUST be derived from pV = nRT,
Award 4 marks for calculation for:

answer = 70 If there is an alternative answer, check to

OR answer that rounds to 69.9 OR see if there is any ECF credit possible
70.0 using working below

---------------------------------------------------------
Rearranging ideal gas equation to make
n subject
1st mark may be implicit by direct
substitution of correct values below into
rearranged equation.
Substituting all values including conversion
to Pa and m3
ONLY award this mark if n has been
derived from correct rearranged ideal gas
equation ALLOW 3 SF up to calculator
value, correctly rounded

Calculation of molar mass, M

NOTE: ALLOW 69.9 → 70.0 AND 70 (2 SF)

Calculator from unrounded: 70.00552634

ALLOW any unambiguous structure

ALLOW ECF provided that formula given is
an alkene and matches M calculated from
0.1881 AND pV = nRT
---------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
IF candidate has failed to derive suitable
value of n, ALLOW value of M from 0.1881
AND 24000 with alkene closest to
calculated value for last 2 marks
See Guidance column.
From 54.72, ONLY ALLOW = C4H8 ✓

Examiner’s Comments
Most candidates realised the need to use
the ideal gas equation. The equation was
usually rearranged correctly, with
substituted values for p, V, R and T being
added. Pressure and volume were not
always converted correctly into Pa and m3,
creating problems for subsequent parts.
Many candidates attempted to convert

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from cm3 to m3 by multiplying by 10–3

rather than 10–6.

Candidates usually obtained a value for n,

although those who had struggled with unit
conversion obtained values that differed by
powers of 10. Finally, candidates needed
to derive the molar mass using their value
of n and the mass of the alkene. Some
candidates over-rounded their value of n,
introducing an error in calculating the molar
mass. Surprisingly, an appreciable number
of candidates wrote their value of n on the
answer line rather than the molar mass
indicated by the answer prompt. This
suggested that some candidates do not
understand the term molar mass.

Candidates who had obtained a molar

mass of 70.0 usually determined that the
alkene had the formula C5H10.
Answer: 70.0 g mol–1

Total 5

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27 5 FULL ANNOTATIONS WITH TICKS,

Observations linked to anion identifications CROSSES, CON, etc MUST BE USED
Bubbles/effervescence/fizzing/gas For bubbles, ALLOW carbon dioxide/CO2
AND carbonate ✓ BUT DO NOT ALLOW
hydrogen/H2
(white OR precipitate) AND sulfate ✓
For carbonate, ALLOW CO3
For sulfate, ALLOW SO4
Use of molar mass in reasoning
Molar mass used ONCE with e.g. Carbonate: 140 – (12 + 48); 140 – 60
carbonate OR sulfate ✓ Sulfate: 140 – (32.1 + 64); 140 – 96.1
K2CO3 = 138.1
Na2SO4 = 142.1

Identification ALLOW ONE of the two identification

marks for:

B: K2CO3 ✓ Correct names: B potassium carbonate

AND C sodium sulfate
C: Na2SO4 ✓ Incorrect formulae i.e. B KCO3 AND C
NaSO4
Communicates the same as names

Examiner’s Comments
This was a challenging question that
discriminated extremely well. The more
able candidates derived the anions from
the two chemical tests and identified the
cations using the molar masses of the salt
and the anions.

Weak candidates seemed to have little

idea on how to approach such a question
and they often achieved no credit.

It was disappointing that many candidates

were unable to identify a carbonate and
sulfate from their chemical tests. Common
errors included incorrectly identifying the
gas with dilute acid as hydrogen, and
identifying the white precipitate with barium
ions as characteristic of a chloride.

Candidates who used the provided molar

mass of 140 usually went on to show that
the cations contributed masses of
approximately 80 for the carbonate and 44
for the sulfate. Candidates then needed to
divide each value by 2 to obtain formulae

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of K2CO3 and Na2SO4. Many did not divide

by 2 and instead concluded that the
compounds were RbCO3, KSO4 or CaSO4.

Strangely, some candidates thought they

were identifying Group 1 metals and not
salts.

Total 5

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28 i Value for butane plotted accurately on the 3 relative molecular mass = 58

graph ✔
ΔcΗo̶ = -2877 kJ mol-1

Check accuracy:

There must be a visible point

Vertically: touching the 58 line
Horizontally: between 2800 and 2900

Examiner’s Comments

Most, but not all, candidates were able to

plot the value for butane accurately on the
graph.

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ii FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 relative molecular mass = 72

ANSWER LINE
IF energy released = 87.5 (minimum) to 90 ΔcΗo̶ = - 3509 KJ mol-1
(maximum)
AND line is extrapolated to 72 (molar
mass) award 3 marks
IF energy released <87.5 OR > 90.0 check
the estimated value of ΔcΗo̶ from the graph
Estimation of AcΗo̶
extrapolated (straight) line of best fit (see
graph)
AND
correctly estimated value ΔcΗo̶ from
graph ✔

Expected value within range:

Calculation of energy released (–)3500 to (–)3600 (kJ mol-1)
n(C5H12) = 0.0250 mol ✔
moles = 1.80/72.0

energy released
= 0.0250 × correctly estimated value of IGNORE sign
ΔcΗo̶
✔ ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated
moles of pentane OR incorrectly estimated
ΔcΗo̶

Examiner’s Comment:

A good proportion of candidates scored full

marks for their estimate but some did not
extrapolate the line on the graph and many
did not calculate the amount of pentane.
This restricted their answer to an estimate
of the energy released by one mole of
pentane and this could only score one
mark.

Total 4

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29 i 2 ALLOW correct structural OR displayed

OR skeletal formulae OR a combination of
above as long as unambiguous

ALLOW (heat under) reflux

Acid (catalyst) AND heat ✔ ALLOW H3PO4 OR H2SO4 OR H+
DO NOT ALLOW other named acids
IGNORE concentration / pressure
IGNORE water / steam

Examiner’s Comments

Candidates who were able to give the

structure of the intermediate were not
always able to state the conditions for the
elimination of water from an alcohol. The
presence of an acid catalyst and heat are
stated in the specification. Some
candidates confused this reaction with
addition reactions of alkenes suggesting
that a Ni catalyst or the presence of steam
is required.

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ii FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 3 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 44.4(%) award all 3 marks for
calculation

Amount cyclohexene (m / M)
= 1.23/82 OR 0.0150 mol ✔
ALLOW 3 SF: 0.0338 up to calculator
Amount of brnmocyclohexane (m / M) value of 0.033763044 correctly rounded
= 5.50/162.9 OR 0.0338 mol ✔
Common ECFs (2 marks)

% yield
= (0.0150/0.0338) × 100 = 44.4(%) ✔ Incorrect Mr → incorrect moles of
cyclohexene
Final answer must be to 3 significant Incorrect Mr → incorrect moles of
figures 2- bromocyclohexane

e.g. ALLOW two marks for use of incorrect

mass of bromocyclohexane with other
calculations correct
e.g. (5.50/163) = 0.033742331 → 44.5%

ALLOW calculation in mass

Theoretical mass yield:
m(C6H10) = 0.0338 × 82 = 2.77 g
% yield = (1.23/2.77) × 100 = 44.4%

Examiner’s Comment:

Although some candidates simply

calculated 1.23/5.50, most followed an
effective strategy for the calculation of
percentage yield. Many gained full marks
but a large number of candidates relied on
the application of error carried forward
when they made one or more careless
errors during the calculation of molar mass
and / or moles. Intermediate answers were
sometimes rounded to 2 significant figures
and marks were lost by candidates who
presented their final answer to 2 or 4
significant figures.

Total 5

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30 a i Electrostatic attraction between positive 1 ALLOW oppositely charged ions

and negative ions ✔ ALLOW cations and anions
ALLOW ‘+’ for positive and ‘–‘ for negative
IGNORE references to metal and non-
metal
IGNORE references to transfer of electrons

Examiner’s Comments

The specification describes ionic bonding

as an electrostatic attraction and a small
proportion of answers were missing this
key phrase.

ii 2
For first mark,
if eight electrons are shown around Ba, the
‘extra’ electrons around O must match the
symbol chosen for the electrons for Ba.

IGNORE inner shells

Ba shown with either 0 or 8 electrons Circles not required

AND Brackets not required
O shown with 8 electrons with 6 dots and
2 crosses (or vice versa)
✔
Correct charges on both ions ✔ Examiner’s Comments

Covalent bonding diagrams were not

common and this question was well
answered by the vast majority of
candidates.

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iii FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = 5.89 × 1021 award 2 marks for
calculation

Moles of barium oxide

n(BaO) =1.50/153.3 OR 9.78 × 10-3 ✔ ALLOW 0.00978 up to calculator value
0.009784735

Number of barium ions

(9.78 × 10-3 × 6.02 × 1023) = 5.89 × 1021 ✔ ALLOW ECF from incorrect moles of BaO
3 SF AND standard form required Common incorrect answers are shown
below
IF 137.3 is used for the molar mass
ALLOW 1 mark total for 6.58 × 1021
(0.010924981 mol) OR
6.56 × 1021 (0.0109 mol)
IF 153 is used for the molar mass ALLOW
1 mark total for 5.90 × 1021

Examiner’s Comments

Use of the relative mass of barium to

calculate moles of barium oxide was a
common error but these candidates were
usually able to pick up one mark for
correctly multiplying their moles by the
Avogadro constant. Some candidates
correctly calculated moles but then divided
by two thus losing the final mark.

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b i Barium chloride does not conduct 2 IGNORE use of ‘free’ instead of ‘mobile’
electricity when solid ALLOW ions are not free to move
AND ALLOW ions are held (in position / in
because it has ions which are fixed (in lattice)
position / in lattice) ✔ ALLOW ions are not mobile
IGNORE charge carriers
Barium chloride conducts when in aqueous DO NOT ALLOW electrons moving
solution ALLOW one mark for comparison that
AND does not identify (s) and (aq).
because it has
mobile ions Examiner’s Comments

Many precise answers gained full marks by

describing the fixed position of ions in a
lattice and the mobility of ions in aqueous
solution. Delocalised or free electrons were
occasionally mentioned. Vague answers
often used the terms ‘free’ instead of
mobile, ‘charge carrier’ instead of ion and
‘carry a charge’ instead of conduct
electricity.

ii Test for sulfate / SO42- ✔ 2 IGNORE hydrochloric acid

White precipitate forms (when barium ALLOW white solid

chloride solution is mixed with a solution IGNORE cloudy
containing sulfate ions) ✔ DO NOT ALLOW test result linked to
incorrect anion

Examiner’s Comments

There was some confusion with the

displacement reactions of halogens, the
test for halide ions and the use of silver
nitrate but the majority of students could
recall the use of aqueous barium chloride
to test for sulfate ions. Occasionally
candidates described the use of dilute
hydrochloric acid to remove carbonate ions
from solution before their creditworthy
description of the sulfate test.

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iii FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = 2 award 2 marks

M(BaCl2) = ((137.3 + (35.5 × 2)) ✔ ALLOW 208 (g mol-1)

= 208.3 (g mol-1)

244.3 - 208.3 = 36 ALLOW ECF for incorrectly calculated

AND molar mass provided the final answer is
36/18 = 2 ✔ rounded to nearest whole number

Examiner’s Comments

Very well answered, the majority of

candidates scored full marks for this simple
calculation.

Total 11

31 C 1
Examiner’s Comments
Most successful candidates showed rough
working at the side with the formula
displayed.

Total 1

32 B 1
Examiner’s Comments
Able candidates answered this question
correctly, with answer option A being
a common distractor.

Total 1

33 C 1
Examiner’s Comments
This question was generally answered
well. Answer option D was a common
distractor.

Total 1

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34 D 1
Examiner’s Comments
Most candidates answered this question
correctly with only the weakest candidates
losing the mark. Some candidates
incorrectly identified the answer as B,
which has the same ratio but was not the
simplest whole number ratio.

Total 1

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35 Please refer to marking instructions on 6 Indicative scientific points

page 5 of mark scheme for guidance on
how to mark this question. 1. Method

Level 3 (5–6 marks) measure mass of (excess) zinc (using

All three scientific points are covered in 2 decimal place balance)
detail and explained thoroughly. measure volume of hydrochloric acid
(using measuring cylinder)
The method is logically structured and mix zinc and acid in flask
clear calculations are shown for an measure gas volume at time intervals
appropriate mass of metal and suitable
volume of acid. The drawing of a tangent 2. Calculations
and determination of the gradient is
communicated well. moles of hydrogen
72/24000 = 0.00300 mol
minimum mass of zinc
Level 2 (3–4 marks) 0.003 × 65.4 = 0.20 g
Candidates cover all three scientific points moles of hydrochloric acid
but explanations may be incomplete. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
OR 0.00300 × 2 = 0.00600 mol
Two of the scientific points are described volume / concentration of acid
thoroughly with no omissions. If [HCl(aq)] = 0.1 mol dm-3 appropriate
volume of acid = 0.006 × 1000/0.1
There is a line of reasoning presented with = 60 cm3
some structure. The information presented If [HCl(aq)] ≥ 0.3 mol dm-3, too low
is relevant and supported by some (≤ 20 cm3)
evidence. e.g. there are clear calculations If [HCl(aq)] ≤ 0.03 mol dm-3 too high
to justify mass and acid volume supported (≥ 200 cm3)
by some working and units; a simple
description for determining initial rate 3. Processing results
related to tangent but no detail of how to
measure gradient.. Plot a graph of volume against time
Draw a tangent at t = 0
Gradient of tangent = initial rate
Gradient = volume / time
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
There is a description based on at least
two of the main scientific points
OR
The candidate explains one scientific point
thoroughly with few omissions.

There is an attempt at a logical structure

with a line of reasoning. The information is
in the most part relevant.
e.g. ‘add zinc and acid and measure
volume (no mass, volume or time
intervals); calculations that have little
structure, absent units and little working.

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0 marks
No response or no response worthy of Examiner’s Comment:
credit.
This question was marked using a level of
response mark scheme and relatively few
candidates were able to achieve Level 3.
Many vague and rambling responses failed
to mention the basic requirement to
measure the volume of gas at regular time
intervals. Some preferred to record the
change in mass and ignored the diagram
with a labelled gas syringe, while some
carried out the experiment in a measuring
cylinder. The question advises candidates
to show working in their calculations but
many omitted calculations from their
answer. The question asked for an
explanation of how the results could be
processed graphically but this section was
often lacking detail. Level 1 responses
usually included the measurement and
mixing of reactants and an attempt at
processing the results by plotting a graph
but further detail was missing. Candidates
achieving Level 2 usually included a
calculation of the moles of reactants and a
more detailed description of how to
process the results. Some excellent Level
3 responses included a full calculation of
the mass of zinc and volume of
hydrochloric acid required for the
experiment.

Total 6

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36 i Evidence that 84 (M+ peak) 1 IGNORE use of molecular formula

= 6 × 14 (mass of CH2) ✓ e.g (6 × 12) + (12 × 1) = 84 (use of
empirical formula required)

Examiner's Comments

This question required candidates to use

the m/z value for the molecular ion peak
and the mass of the empirical formula to
confirm the molecular formula of the alkene
as C6H12. The most common method
employed was to divide 84 by 14 to show
that the molecular formula contained 6
empirical formula units. Although many
candidates scored this mark, a significant
proportion neglected to use the empirical
formula and simply showed that the Mr of
C6H12 was equal to 84. Candidates should
be encouraged to take note of all the
supplementary information provided with a
question, as it is likely to be required in the
response.

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ii 3 ALLOW correct structural OR displayed

Structures of species 2 marks OR skeletal formula OR mixture of the
above

peak I CH3CH=CH ✓ ALLOW 1 mark if both correct structures

are shown but in the incorrect columns
peak II CH3CH=CHCH2CH2 OR
CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 ✓ ALLOW 1 mark for both correct structures
if one or both have an ‘end bond’

ALLOW 1 mark for BOTH molecular

formulae correct
C3H5 AND C5H9
peak I peak II

+ charge on BOTH CORRECT species 1 ALLOW ‘charge mark’ for + charge on

mark BOTH fragments with correct molecular
formulae
CH3CH=CH+ AND CH3CH=CHCH2CH2+ ✓
peak I peak II ALLOW ‘charge mark‘ for + charge on
BOTH CORRECT molecular formulae
ALLOW + change anywhere in structures
OR outside brackets

Examiner's Comments

In general the attempts at this question

were good, and the majority of candidates
chose to show the fragments as displayed
formulae. A common incorrect response for
the fragment that gave rise to peak I was
CH3CH2C. Some candidates failed to show
the positive charge on each fragment,
although this was less common than in
previous sessions.

Total 4

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37 a 5 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

Empirical / molecular formula 3 marks CROSSES
Mole ratio C : H : Br is 2.44 : 5.70 : 0.814 ✓

(Empirical formula) = C3H7Br ✓

QWC
(Molecular formula) = C3H7Br AND relative
mass linked to 150 evidence ✓ Evidence could include a calculation of the
relative mass of C3H7Br as 122.9 linking to
Mr being less than 150

Structural isomers 2 marks

ALLOW correct structural OR displayed
CH3CH2CH2Br ✓ CH3CHBrCH3 ✓ OR skeletal formula OR mixture of the
above (as long as unambiguous)

DO NOT ALLOW missing H atom(s) in a

displayed formula for one structure but
ALLOW missing H atoms in subsequent
structure

Note: structures from an incorrect

molecular formula will be credited on their
merits. Please consult TL for advice on
how to mark the subsequent parts of this
question

Examiner's Comments

Calculation of empirical formula has always

been a strength of candidates at this level.
Consequently the vast majority were able
to deduce the structures of the two isomers
correctly. A significant number of
candidates failed to secure full marks as
they did not link the Mr of the empirical
formula with the information about the Mr of
the isomers being less than 150. Some
candidates tried to use the value of 150 to
determine the formula of C and D,
ultimately ending up with an incorrect
answer. However, error carried forward
marks were allowed through subsequent
parts of this question where appropriate.

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b i 6 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

CROSSES

Infrared for G 2 marks LOOK ON THE SPECTRUM for labelled

peaks which can be given credit
1700 cm–1 AND C=O/carbonyl group ✓
ALLOW ranges from Data Sheet:
(broad) 2300–3600 cm–1 AND O–H in C=O within range 1640–1750 cm–1;
carboxylic acid ✓ (broad) O–H within range 2500–3300 cm–1

i
Structures 3 marks ALLOW correct structural OR displayed
OR skeletal formula OR mixture of the
CH3CH2CH2OH ✓ above (as long as unambiguous)

CH3CHOHCH3 ✓
ALLOW CH3CH2CO2H for carboxylic acid
CH3CH2COOH ✓
IGNORE names

IGNORE labels

DO NOT ALLOW missing H atom(s) in a

displayed formula for one structure but
ALLOW missing H atoms in subsequent
structures

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i Equation for formation of G 1 mark

C3H8O + 2[O] → C3H6O2 + H2O ✓ ALLOW correct structural OR displayed

OR skeletal formula OR mixture of the
above in equation

Examiner's Comments

Candidates were well prepared for a

structural determination question and
examiners were encouraged by the
number of high quality of responses to this
question. Most candidates were able
interpret the key peaks in the IR spectrum
and identified the O-H bond of a carboxylic
acid and C=O bond accurately. Most
candidates identified all three structures
correctly. Only the strongest responses
included a correct equation for the
formation of G by oxidation of E. Many
responses failed to include this and others
often had H2 as the inorganic product.
Candidates are advised to revise oxidation
reactions of alcohols thoroughly as it is
often the case that incorrect equations are
frequently seen in responses to exam
questions.

ii 2 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

CROSSES

2 marks for correct ester. ALLOW correct structural OR displayed

OR skeletal formula OR mixture of the
CH3CH2COOCH(CH3)2 ✓✓ above (as long as unambiguous)

ALLOW C2H5CO2CH(CH3)2

Award 1 mark for: IF there is one bond and its H missing from
CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3 the correct ester award 1 mark

OR Examiner's Comments
Ambiguous ester: CH3CH2COOC3H7 ✓
Most candidates were able to show the
structure of the ester formed from
propanoic acid (G and propan-2-ol (F)
correctly. Some candidates used the
incorrect alcohol, propan-1-ol (E) and such
responses received only one of the two
marks available.

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Total 13

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38 IF answer = 259 (litres), award 4 marks 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND
CROSSES
_____________________________

ALLOW 3 SF up to calculator value

correctly rounded throughout.
(n(CO2) decrease = 5.6 × 105/44.0) =
12727.27273 (mol) ✓ NOTE: Be generous for values. Depending
on any intermediate rounding, you may see
(n(C8H16) decrease = 12727 ÷ 8) = a range of values for each stage. For
1590.909091 (mol) ✓ guidance, the expected answers give
unrounded values throughout.

ALLOW ECF throughout for approaches

that use moles CO2 / C8H18
(mass of C8H18 decrease) = 1591 × 114 =
181363.6364 (g) ✓ IGNORE rounding of 259 to 260 and credit
259 from working

ALLOW the following alternate method

_____________________________
(C8H18 decrease) = 181363.6364 ÷ 700 g = annual reduction(n C8H18 in a litre = 700 ÷
259 (litres) ✓ 114) = 6.140350877 (mol) ✓

(n(CO2) produced per litre = 6.14 × 8) =

49.12280702 (mol) ✓

(mass CO2 produced per litre = 49.12 × 44)

= 2161.403509 (g) ✓

(annual reduction = 5.6 × 105/2161) =

259.0909091 (litres) ✓
_____________________________

Examiner's Comments

In general candidates coped well with this

unstructured calculation. The majority
chose to convert the mass of CO2 into
moles and use the balanced equation to
determine the mass of octane, before
obtaining the reduction in petrol
consumption. However, alternative
approaches were also seen and awarded
full credit where due. Error carried forward
marks were awarded, and most candidates
scored three or four marks. Weaker
candidates often divided the mass of CO2
by 700 and failed to achieve a meaningful

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answer. Candidates should be encouraged

to start multistep calculations by
considering amounts in moles, rather than
just experimenting with the data provided
in the question.

Answer: 259 litres

Total 4

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39 i Elimination OR dehydration ✓ 1
Examiner's Comments

Many candidates correctly named the type

of reaction. There were a significant
number of incorrect responses, the most
common of which included hydrolysis,
dehydrogenation and condensation.

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ii IF answer = 14.0 OR 14.1 g award 3 marks 3 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND
_____________________________ CROSSES

ALLOW ECF at each stage

ALLOW 3 SF up to calculator value

actual correctly rounded for intermediate values

theoretical

ALLOW Mass C5H9OH reacted = 0.0735 ×

86.0 = 6.321 (g)

Mass of C5H9OH = 0.163 × 86.0 = 14.0 (g)

OR 14 g ALLOW 2 SF up to calculator value
OR 14.1 g ✓ (use of unrounded values in correctly rounded for mass of C5H9OH
calculator throughout)

Note:
2.84 OR 2.85 g would get 2 marks
(use of 45.0/100 instead of 100/45.0)
13.76 OR 13.8 would get 2 marks
(use of 0.16 for moles C5H9OH)

Examiner's Comments

Candidates coped well with this calculation

based on percentage yield. Most were able
to calculate the moles of cyclopentene
produced and the strongest scaled this
correctly to give the moles of cyclopentanol
required. A common mistake was to scale
by a factor of 45/100, rather than 100/45.
However, error carried forward marks were
awarded and the majority of candidates
scored two or three marks.

Answer: 14.1 g

Total 4

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40 C7H12 ✓ 1
Examiner's Comments

The majority of candidates were able to

state the molecular formula of compound A
correctly.

Total 1

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41 i C2H5O ✓ 1 ALLOW elements in any order

DO NOT ALLOW any other answer

Examiner's Comments

This part was answered well by most

candidates. Some candidates however
wrote the molecular rather than the
empirical formula, or attempted to show the
empirical formula as C2H4OH instead of
C2H5O.

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ii Compound E: 3 For structures:

ALLOW correct structural OR skeletal
OR displayed formula OR mixture of the
above

ALLOW dichloro/diiodo compound

IGNORE connectivity of bonds to CH3

ALLOW chlorine/Cl2 OR iodine/I2

Stage 1: Compound E: Bromine/Br2 ✓ IGNORE conditions, e.g. u.v.
Stage 2: NaOH/KOH OR OH– ✓
Only award if intermediate DO NOT ALLOW H2O
contains at least one halogen IGNORE conditions
atom
NOTE: Max of 2 marks available for
monobrominated intermediate

1 mark
Reagent: HBr AND
Intermediate: CH3C(CH3)2Br
OR
BrCH2CH(CH3)2

1 mark
Intermediate: CH3C(CH3)2Br
OR BrCH2CH(CH3)2
AND Reagent: NaOH

Examiner's Comments

This demanding part was answered poorly

by weaker candidates and was good for
differentiating higher ability candidates.
The mark scheme allowed some credit for
using a hydrogen halide to obtain a
monosubstituted haloalkane for compound
E.
Surprisingly, reaction mechanism names
were often given instead of reagents. Many
candidates seemed to guess, sometimes
showing the same reagents for both stages
in the hope of getting a mark. Many
showed an intermediate containing no
halogen atom.

Total 4

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42 a FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 4 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

ANSWER LINE
IF ΔrH = –58.5 (kJ mol–1) award 4 marks -----------------------------------
________________________________
Energy released in J OR kJ
ALLOW 4390 J; 4.39 kJ
= 100.0 × 4.18 × 10.5 = 4389 (J) OR 4.389 DO NOT ALLOW less than 3 SF
(kJ) ✓ IGNORE units
i.e. ALLOW correctly calculated number in
J OR kJ

Correctly calculates n(Pb(NO3)2)

ALLOW ECF from n(Pb(NO3)2) AND/OR

Energy

ΔH value in J OR kJ ALLOW 58500 (from 4390)

Answer MUST divide energy by
n(Pb(NO3)2)

IGNORE absence of – sign and 3 SF

OR requirement

(Sign ignored and/or more than 3 SF)

Final mark requires – sign, kJ AND 3 SF
Note: From 4390 J, ΔrH = –58.5 (kJ mol–1)
Correct ΔrH in kJ AND – sign AND 3 SF
(SAME)
= –58.5 (kJ mol–1) ✓
----------------------------------------------------
Common error
–29.3 3 marks (50 g instead of 100 g in
mcΔT)

Examiner's Comments

Although similar in style to unstructured

direct enthalpy calculations on the legacy
specification, this question was harder for
two reasons. Firstly, two volumes of 50
cm3 had to be added together to generate
m as 100 g for mcΔT. Secondly,
candidates were asked to quote their final
answer to an ‘appropriate’ number of
significant figures. This will be the least
accurate measurement (to 3 significant
figures in this example).

Many incorrect answers used m as 50 g or

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quoted a final numerical value to more than

3 significant figures.

Even after obtaining a correct final value

for ΔH, this was often not given a negative
sign to indicate the exothermic change.

It is important for candidates to show clear

working so that markers can see what is
intended and able to apply credit using
error carried forward.

Answer: ΔH = –58.5 kJ mol–1

b Pb2+(aq) + 2l–(aq) ⟶ Pbl2(s) ✓ 1

ALLOW Pb+2(aq)
State symbols required
IGNORE spectator ions, K+(aq) and
2NO3–(aq) on both sides

Examiner's Comments

Only the best candidates were able to

construct the required equation. Even
when written correctly, state symbols
(asked for in the question) were often
omitted or shown incorrectly. Although very
similar to the ionic equation for formation of
silver halides, this equation was beyond
most candidates at this stage of their
chemistry studies.

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c FIRST, CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER 2

LINE
IF [Kl(aq)] rounds to 3.3 mol dm–3
e.g. 3.30, 3.33, 3.3 recurring ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(Pb(NO3)2)
------------------------------------------------------- from 24(a)
BUT if (a) is incorrect but 0.0750 used
Method 1 here, treat as a fresh start and IGNORE
[Kl(aq)] for complete reaction response from 24(a)

ALLOW 2 marks for 3.3/3.3 recurring

Attempt at increasing concentration by
10%
10% greater gives 3 × 1.1 = 3.3(0) ✓

OR-------------------------------------------------

Method 2
n(Kl(aq)) required = 2.2 × 0.0750 = 0.165 ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(Kl)
mol ✓ __________________________
Common errors
3 1 mark (Correct for KI with no extra
10%)
1.6 1 mark (no factor of 2 used for Kl)
5
2.7 1 mark (10% less rather than 10%
more)
2.7 1 mark (10% increase in volume: 55
3/2. cm3)
72

Examiner's Comments

This part was well attempted with many

candidates able to score at least one of the
two marks. Errors related to use of an
incorrect mole ratio, applying 10%
incorrectly, or ignoring 10% altogether.

Answer: 3.30 mol dm–3

Total 7

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43 a i 1 ALLOW 2% OR 1.7% up to calculator

value of 1.724137931

Examiner's Comments

This part was poorly answered. Candidates

rarely seemed to understand the
relationship between the precision of the
balance and the uncertainly in taking two
readings – hence 0.86%, half of 1.72%,
was a common error.

Answer = 1.72%

ii Use balance weighing to 3/more decimal 1 ALLOW more precise/more accurate/ more
places sensitive/higher resolution/smaller division

OR IGNORE ‘less error/smaller interval

balance’

Use a larger mass/amount □ ✓ IGNORE any reference to lid on crucible

(water can't escape)

IGNORE ‘weigh straight after heating’

IGNORE idea of repeating the experiment/

taking an average/ getting concordant
results /larger sample size, etc.

Examiner's Comments

Correct answers suggested using a larger

mass of the salt or a more accurate
balance with more decimal places. Many
responses instead discussed repeating the
experiment and taking an average, or
using a lid.

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iii Heat to constant mass ✓ 1 ALLOW response that implies heating to

constant mass,
e.g. Heat again until the mass does not
change

IGNORE ‘heat for longer’

Needs link to constant mass

Examiner's Comments

This was a good question to distinguish

practical ability. Many candidates
suggested simply ‘heating for longer’ or
‘until no further colour change’ but didn't
link this to the idea of heating to constant
mass.

b FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 3

ANSWER LINE
If answer = 24.8 (cm3) award 3 marks
_________________________________

Examiner's Comments

This part was answered well with the

majority of candidates scoring all 3 marks.
Where a mark was lost, it was generally
either incorrect use of the mole ratio, or
incorrect use of the moles of H2SO4 to
calculate concentration. It was good to see
how well many candidates were able to
tackle an unstructured titration calculation.

Total 6

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44 i FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE
If answer = 63.62 award 2 marks
_____________________________

ALLOW ECF for a correct calculation to 2

DP if:

OR 63.6166 OR 63.617 ✓
%s have been used with wrong
= 63.62 (to 2 DP) ✓
isotopes i.e.
IGNORE any units with Ar
OR
decimal places for ONE % have been
transposed,

i.e. 69.71 → 63.96; 30.38 → 63.32

Examiner's Comments

This part was mostly correct. Low-scoring

candidates sometimes produced errors in
averaging or rounding. Most final answers
were given to the required two decimal
places.

Answer = 63.62

ii FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
If answer = 3.97 × 1022 (from 63.62) award
2 marks
If answer = 3.98 × 1022 (from 63.5) award 2 SEE answer from 21b(i) at bottom of
marks answer zone
_____________________________
Using 63.62: correct Ar of Cu from 21(b)(i)
See bottom of answer zone

ALLOW correct answer from 3 SF up to

calculator value of 0.06601697579
Cu atoms = 0.0660 × 6.02 × 1023 = 3.97 ×
23 1022 ✓
ALLOW incorrect n(Cu) × 6.02 × 1023
Must be calculated in standard form AND
correctly
to 3 SF
calculated to 3 SF AND in standard form
For ECF, Ar must have been used for
OR_____________________________
n(Cu)
_____________________________

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Using 63.5: Ar of Cu from periodic table

ALLOW correct answer from 3 SF up to

Cu atoms = 0.0661 × 6.02 × 1023 = 3.98 × calculator value of 0.06614173228
1022 ✓
Must be calculated in standard form AND ALLOW incorrect n(Cu) × 6.02 × 1023
to 3 SF correctly calculated to 3 SF AND in
standard form For ECF, Ar must have been
used for n(Cu)
_____________________________
Common errors
Using 63.62:

3.984 × 1022 1 mark (SF)

4.73 × 1022 1 mark (ECF:
omitting 0.840)
Using 63.5:

3.982 × 1022 1 mark (SF)

4.74 × 1022 1 mark (ECF:
omitting 0.840)

Examiner's Comments

This part was generally well answered with

most candidates processing the data
correctly. Candidates sometimes failed to
consider 84% or rounded incorrectly in
places.

Answer = 3.97 × 1022 atoms

Total 4

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45 Initial ratios 3 NOTE: If only the correct answer of

CrCl3•6H2O is seen with no working, award
1 mark only

OR
Cr, 0.375; Cl,1.126; H,4.51; O, 2.25 ✓
IF there is no whole number ratio,
Whole number ratios ALLOW empirical formula: CrCl3H12O6
Cr, 1; Cl, 3; H, 12; O, 6 ✓
ALLOW ECF from incorrect whole number
ratio, provided ONLY Cl incorrect AND
Formula with water of crystallisation 6H2O, e.g. CrCl2•6H2O
CrCl3•6H2O ✓
Examiner's Comments

Many candidates were able to calculate the

empirical formula of the hydrated salt.
While the majority went on to shown the
formula as CrCl3•6H2O to score all three
marks, a significant minority failed to
convert 12 H and 6 O into 6H2O.

Total 3

46 D 1
Examiner's Comments

Many candidates were unable to identify

the correct molar ratio, with B being a
common incorrect answer. Many
candidates chose C rather than D,
overlooking oxygen in the equation.

Total 1

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47 First check the answer line. If answer = 4 ALLOW ECF

0.120 award 4 marks.
M1 Mol of H2SO4 = 3.00 x 10–2 x = ALLOW 0.00105 mol

ALLOW 0.00035(0) mol

1.05 x 10–3 mol ✓
M2 Mol of Al2(SO4)3 = = 3.5(0)
ALLOW 342

DO NOT ALLOW 0.12

x 10–4 mol ✓
Examiner's Comments
M3 = 342.3 ✓
This open style calculation would have
usually proved difficult for the typical AS
M4 Mass Al2(SO4)3 = 3.5(0) x 10–4 x 342.3
candidate but this year a significant
and
majority of candidates were able to secure
= 0.120 g ✓
all four marks.
Answer must be 3 sf

Total 4

48 First check the answer line. 3 If answer = 960 cm3 award 2 marks.
If answer = 1200 cm3 award 3 marks. If answer = 240 cm3 award 2 marks.

ALLOW ECF for answers to at least two

Mol of Mg(NO3)2 = = 2(.00) x 10–2 significant figures up to calculator value,
correctly rounded
OR 0.02(00) mol✓
ALLOW separate numbers of mol of each
Mol of gas = 2(.00) x 10–2 x 5/2 = 5(.00) x gas for M2 (0.04(00) mol NO2 and 0.0100
10–2 mol O2)
OR 0.05(00) mol ✓
ALLOW a second mark if only volume of
Vol of Gas = 0.05 x 24 000 = 1200 cm ✓ 3 O2 (240 cm3) OR only volume of NO2 (960
cm3) is calculated

Examiner's Comments

This seemingly difficult calculation was

answered successfully by all but a
relatively small handful of candidates.

Total 3

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49 a First check the answer line. 2

If answer = 1.7(0) × 10–3 award 2 marks.
____________________________
M1 (Dividing by 6.02 x 1023)
ALLOW one mark for
Number of N2 molecules = = 0.17 x 10–2 OR 0.017 x 10–1 OR 0.0017
8.5. x 10–4 (not standard form)
ALLOW one mark for
OR 0.85 x 10–3 OR 0.085 x 10–2 OR 0.0085 4.25 x 10–4 (dividing by 2 in M2 + standard
x 10–1 OR 0.00085 ✓ form)
ALLOW one mark for
M2 (Correct conversion of molecules to 6.16 x 1044 (multiplying by 6.02 x 1023 in
atoms + standard form) M1 + standard form
M1 x 2 and in standard form ✓
From 0.0085, answer = 2 x 0.00085 = Examiner's Comments
0.00170
= 1.7(0) x 10–3 This proved to be one of the more difficult
questions on the paper. A significant
Alternative method number of candidates were able to secure
M1 (Correct conversion of molecules to one mark by dividing by Avogadro's
atoms) constant but failed to convert the number
= 5.117 x 1020 x 2 = 1.02(34) x 1021 of molecules calculated into number of
atoms present.
OR 10.2(34) x 1020 OR 102.(34) x 1019 etc

M2 (Correct use of 6.02 x 1023 + standard

form)

= 1.7(0) x 10–3

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b i (Actual) number of atoms of each element 1 ALLOW ‘compound’ for ‘molecule’

present in a molecule ✓ IGNORE ‘simplest whole’ before ‘number’
ALLOW ‘actual ratio’
IGNORE ‘ratio’ alone
DO NOT ALLOW ‘simplest ratio’

Examiner's Comments

Many candidates were successful in

describing the term ‘molecular formula’ but
weaker candidates gave answers which
confused terms such as atoms and
molecules. By far the most common
erroneous response was ‘The number of
atoms in a molecule’.

ii HNO2 ✓ 1 ALLOW O2HN etc

Examiner's Comments

Weaker candidates convinced themselves

that the acid formed when water is added
to nitrogen dioxide was HNO3. Better
candidates were able to work out the
product would have the formula H2N2O4
but failed to convert this to its simplest
form.

Total 4

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50 FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 67.4% award all 3 marks for
calculation

n(butan-2-ol) (m/M) 1 ALLOW 3 SF: 0.273 up to calculator value

= 20.2/74 of 0.272972973 correctly rounded
OR
= 0.273 mol ✓

n(2-bromobutane (m/M) 1 ALLOW 3 SF: 0.184 up to calculator value

= 25.2/136.9 of 0.184075967 correctly rounded
OR ALLOW (25.2/137) = 0.183941605
= 0.184 mol ✓ ALLOW 67% if evidence shows 67.4% in
answer

% yield 1 ALLOW 67.4% up to calculator value

= (0.184/0.273) × 100) = 67.4% ✓ correctly rounded.
Common ECFs (2 marks)
Incorrect Mr resulting in incorrect moles of
butan-2-ol or 2-bromobutane

ALLOW calculation in mass for 2nd and

3rd marks m(CH3CHBrCH2CH3) = 0.273 ×
136.9 = 37.4 g

% yield = (25.2/37.4) × 100 = 67.4%

Examiner's Comments

Many good quality answers were given by

candidates. Marks were sometimes
dropped where answers were incorrectly
rounded at the intermediate stage resulting
in a percentage yield outside the
acceptable range.

Answer 67.4

Total 3

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51 Please refer to marking instructions on 6 LOOK ON THE SPECTRA for labelled

page 4 of mark scheme for guidance on peaks.
how to mark this question. Indicative scientific points may include:

Level 3 (5–6 marks) 1. Molecular formula

A comprehensive description with all three
scientific points explained thoroughly. C Element % mass Ar moles ratio
identified as a carboxylic acid containing
C 54.5 12 4.54 2
four carbon atoms linked to the peak in the
mass spectrum at 43. H 9.1 1 9.1 4
O 36.4 16 2.28 1
The explanation makes use of all the
evidence including the secondary
carbocation in justifying the correct empirical formula = C2H4O
structure of C. molecular ion peak m/z or Mr = 88
molecular formula = C4H8O2
Level 2 (3–4 marks)
Attempts all three scientific points but 2. Infrared spectrum
explanations may be incomplete.
OR Explains two scientific points peak at 2500-3500 (cm–1) is O–H
thoroughly with few omissions. peak at 1630-1820 (cm–1) is C=O
C is a carboxylic acid
The analysis is clear and includes some
interpretation o IR and MS peaks. ALLOW stated values within the ranges
above
Level 1 (1–2 marks) IGNORE references to C–O peaks
A simple explanation based on at least two
of the main scientific points. 3. Identifying the carboxylic acid
OR
Explains one scientific point thoroughly (CH3CH2CH2COOH OR
with few errors. (CH3)2CHCOOH)
Mass spectrum peak at m/z = 43 =
The analysis is communicated in an C3H7(+)
unstructured way and includes secondary carbocation: CH3C+HCH3
interpretation of peaks from IR OR MS compound C: (CH3)2CHCOOH
spectrum

0 marks – No response worthy of credit.

IGNORE name of carboxylic acid if

structure given

Examiner's Comments

The final question on the paper was a six

mark level of response question which
required candidates to identify a molecule

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from a range of data. Most candidates

were able to process the percentage
composition data to arrive at an empirical
formula but less able candidates then
failed to use the data from the mass
spectrum to arrive at the molecular
formula. Candidates were generally able to
use the infrared spectrum to identify the
presence of –OH and C=O and could link
this to the carboxyl functional group. The
best candidates were able to identify the
peak in the mass spectrum at 43 and to
link this to a C3H7+ fragment which led to
the assumption that the carboxylic acid
was butanoic acid. Many outstanding
candidates were able to discuss the peak
at 43 being that of a branched chain
secondary carbocation and linked this to
the correct branched product. Some
answers were unstructured and
disorganised and candidates should be
encouraged when analysing data to
organise their answer sequentially and
discuss each piece of data in turn.

Total 6

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52 a i carbon dioxide lost/evolved/given off/or 1 DO NOT ALLOW water or steam or CO2

produced as a gas ✓ evaporates

Examiner's Comments

Candidates who failed to state that the gas

being lost was CO2 could not access the
mark for this question. Vague answers
relating to water being produced, products
being gases, products being lost or a gas
evolved were often given by Candidates.

ii FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 3 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 1.85 OR 1.845 g award 3
marks
______________________________
n(HNO3)

ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(HNO3)

m(SrCO3) molar mass of SrCO3 = 147.6 (g mol–1)

= 0.0125 × 147.6 = 1.845 g OR 1.85 g ✓ ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(SrCO3)

Examiner's Comments

The vast majority of candidates were able

to complete this calculation arriving at the
correct answer to score all three available
marks. The most common error was in
calculating the amount, in moles, of the
SrCO3 from the stoichiometry given in the
equation. This resulted in an answer which
was twice that expected however two
marks could still be obtained by applying
error carried forward.

Answer = 1.845 g or 1.85 g

b i rate of reaction decreases 1 ALLOW reaction slows down

AND
concentration decreases / reactants are ALLOW concentration of reactants
used up ✓ decreases.

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i less frequent collisions ✓ 1 ALLOW fewer collisions per unit time

OR collisions less often
OR decreased rate of collision

IGNORE less successful collisions / less

collisions less chance of collisions

Examiner's Comments

Very few candidates were able to explain

the change in the rate of the reaction
during the first 200 seconds of the
experiment. This relatively straightforward
question required a statement that the rate
decreases as the concentration of the
reactants decreases due to there being
less frequent collisions. Although a large
number of candidates were able to state
that the rate decreases few were able to
explain why. This was possibly due to
candidates having to apply their
understanding in an unfamiliar context
rather than from a lack of knowledge

ii Attempted tangent on graph drawn to line 1

at approximately t = 200 s ✓

ii Gradient (y/x) 1 ALLOW 1 SF up to calculator value,

in range 5 × 10–4 to 8 × 10–4

IGNORE units
IGNORE sign

Examiner's Comments

This was the first time AS level candidates

have been required to calculate a rate of
reaction from a graph and many found this
quite testing. Although many knew that a
tangent was required only the most able
candidates were able to arrive at a value
for the gradient that was within the
expected range. Candidates sometimes
took as their values the point at which their
tangent cut the axes rather than calculating
the change in mass or change in time.

Acceptable range 5 × 10–4 to 8 × 10–4

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c Flask OR beaker 1 DO NOT ALLOW round-bottomed flask.

AND
balance IGNORE weighing scales
AND
stopwatch OR stop clock OR other timing
device ✓

Records mass at time intervals ✓ 1 ALLOW ‘weigh at time intervals’

Time interval quoted between 10-50s ✓ 1

Examiner's Comments

This was the second question that required

candidates to describe an experiment that
they could have carried out as part of their
course. Even if this experiment had not
been completed in class, candidates
should be able to recognise that mass
needs to be measured over a period of
time. As the reaction was between an acid
and a carbonate a suitable named reaction
vessel such as a beaker or flask was
required. A balance was needed for mass
measurement and a timing device to
monitor time. A simple statement that mass
should be recorded at a given time interval
scored two marks with one mark being
allocated to suitable apparatus. At this
level it is expected that candidates will be
familiar with the correct names for the
apparatus required to carry out an
investigation.

Total 11

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53 FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER L see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 4.46 × 106 (Pa) award 4 marks

Amount of N2O 1 ALLOW ECF from incorrect amount of N2O

e.g. use of incorrect Mr for N2O could still
score 3 marks

Unit conversion 1

Volume conversion to m3 = 2.32 × 10–3

(m3) ✓

Ideal gas equation / temperature 1 _____________________________

conversion Common Errors (3 marks)
No temperature conversion

AND Incorrect volume conversion

Use of T = 293 K ✓

Final answer 1 No volume conversion

p = 4.46 × 106 (Pa) ✓

Must be calculated in standard form AND No standard form = 4460000

to 3 SF
Examiner's Comments

This was a new addition to the OCR

specification as part of the curriculum
changes. The vast majority of candidates
made a good attempt at this calculation
which required both the rearrangement of a
formula and the conversion of units of
temperature and volume. The conversions
and calculation did not prove that difficult
for many candidates however answers
were often not given to three significant
figures or quoted in standard form resulting
in the loss of one mark. Candidates clearly
need to develop their mathematical skills in
order to access the 20% of marks available
for quantitative work.

Answer = 4.46 × 106(Pa)

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Total 4

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54 a i Diagram of labelled reaction vessel for 1 ALLOW (conical) flask, test-tube or boiling
reaction ✓ tube.

DO NOT ALLOW volumetric flask, beaker,

measuring cylinder

DO NOT ALLOW delivery tube below

reacting solution

ALLOW any of these diagrams.

ALLOW a single line for the tube

IGNORE Sealed end of delivery tube

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i Labelled (gas) syringe OR diagram of gas 1

collection over water in a labelled
measuring cylinder / inverted burette.
AND
closed system with a tube connecting
reaction vessel to gas collection apparatus
✓

DO NOT ALLOW measuring tube

Examiner's Comments

Clearly candidates were not expecting to

be asked about how to set up the
apparatus to measure the volume of a gas
produced in an experiment. The
specification states that candidates can be
assessed on the techniques and
procedures required during experiments
requiring the measurement of mass,
volumes of solutions and gas volumes.
Many diagrams were unlabelled or
suggested apparatus that was totally
unsuitable for the set task. Some provided
unsealed systems which would lead to gas
being lost which would be inappropriate.

ii FIRST CHECK CALCULATED VALUE DO NOT ALLOW pV = nRT for the

FOR MOLAR / ATOMIC MASS OF calculation of the amount in moles for
CALCIUM marking point 1.
IF answer = 40.1 OR 40.08 is seen
anywhere award first two marks

ii n(H2) OR n(Group 2 metal) 1 ALLOW 3 SF up to calculator value

correctly rounded (0.004041666)

ii molar mass / atomic mass of Group 2 1 ALLOW 3 SF up to calculator value

metal correctly rounded (40.08247423)

ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated

amount in moles

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ii Group 2 metal: 1 DO NOT ALLOW Calcium if no working

calcium / Ca ✓
ALLOW ECF as element in Group 2
closest to the value calculated

Examiner's Comments

On the whole candidates were able to

carry out this calculation to a satisfactory
conclusion obtaining the relative atomic
mass of the unknown metal and then
suggesting that this was calcium. With an
increased emphasis on the mathematical
requirements within the specification, it is
important that candidates are aware of
suitable rounding within answers. A
rounding error in the first part of this
calculation frequently resulted in the atomic
mass being calculated as 40.5 which did
not gain credit. Although the mark for
locating the metal as calcium was still
awarded as an error carried forward.

Answer = 40.1

b Less (volume / products) 1 IGNORE higher relative atomic mass /

AND molar mass
Smaller amount / fewer moles / fewer
atoms of the metal ALLOW a calculation showing that moles
OR element reacting ✓ and volume are less

n(H2) = 0.162/87.6 = 0.0018493156

Volume = 0.0018493156 × 24000 = 44(.4)
cm3

Examiner's Comments

This question was not well answered. Most

candidates did not specify that there would
be fewer moles of the metal. Many
candidates were unable to grasp the
concept that the amount of substance was
linked to mass and relative atomic mass
and that a larger atomic mass would lead
to a smaller number of moles of the metal
and hence a decrease in the volume of
hydrogen produced.

Total 6

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55 a Method 1: 100% OR (only) one product OR 2

no waste product OR addition (reaction) ✔ ALLOW co-product or by-product for waste
product

Method 2: < 100% For ‘< 100%’ ALLOW not 100% OR

AND method 2 has a low(er) atom economy
two products (compared to method 1)
OR (also) produces NaBr
OR (There is a) waste product IGNORE produces Br– / Na+
OR substitution (reaction) ✔ DO NOT ALLOW incorrect waste products
e.g. Br2, HBr, Br, Na

ALLOW correctly calculated value of 42 or

41.8 up to calculator value of 41.83154324
correctly rounded for second mark

DO NOT ALLOW incorrect values for the

atom economy of method 2.

ALLOW ONLY 1 mark for a statement that

both methods have 100% atom economy.

Examiner's Comments

The majority of candidates recognised that

the preparation of butan-2-ol from
but-2-ene was an addition reaction with an
atom economy of 100%. Over half the
candidates appreciated the preparation of
butan-2-ol from 2-bromobutane resulted in
the formation of a by-product and stated
that the atom economy would be less than
100%, with the strongest candidates
providing a correctly calculated value of
41.8%. Some candidates incorrectly
identified the by-product as either Na or Br,
so did not receive the second mark. A
small proportion of candidates did not
interpret the reaction scheme sufficiently
and simply stated that both methods would
have an atom economy of 100%.

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b FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3

ANSWER LINE ALLOW ECF at each stage
IF mass = 8.21 (g) award 3 marks

Actual ALLOW expected mass C4H9OH = 3.552 ×

= 4.44 (g)
n(C4H9OH) produced = = 0.048
(mol) ✔
ALLOW Mass C4H9Br reacted = 0.048 ×
theoretical 136.9 = 6.5712 (g)

n(C4H9OH) = n(C4H9Br) = 0.048 × =

0.06 (mol) ✔ ALLOW Mass of C4H9Br used = 6.5712 ×

Mass of C4H9Br = 0.06 + 136.9 = 8.21 (g) = 8.21 (g)

✔
DO NOT ALLOW 8.22 (from use of 137 as
3 SF required Mr of C4H9Br)

Examiner's Comments

In general candidates coped well with this

more demanding calculation based on
percentage yield. Most were able to
calculate the moles of butan-2-ol and the
strongest scaled this correctly to give the
moles of 2-bromobutane required. A
common mistake was to scale by a factor
of 0.8, rather than 1.25, however error
carried forward marks were awarded and
the majority of candidates scored two or
three marks.

Answer: 8.21 g

Total 5

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56 a Mole ratio C : H : O is 3.33 : 6.67 : 3.33 ✔ 3

ALLOW
Empirical formula is CH2O ✔

Molecular formula is C3H6O3 ALLOW mass of C = 0.400 × 90 or 36 AND

AND mass of H = 0.06677 × 90 or 6 AND mass
use of 90 OR 3 + 30 ✔ of O = 0.5333 × 90 or 48

Examiner's Comments

Almost all candidates were able to

correctly calculate the empirical formula of
L. Although the majority also deduced the
correct molecular formula, not all included
their working. A small, but significant,
proportion of candidates omitted this part
of the question. Candidates are advised to
show all working when required.

b 5 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

CROSSES ETC
Evidence of carboxylic acid (1 mark)
IR: 1550–1800 cm–1 AND C=O / carbonyl LOOK ON THE SPECTRUM for labelled
AND 2300–3700 cm–1 peaks which can be given credit
AND O–H in carboxylic acid ✔
ALLOW ranges from Data Sheet:
C=O within range 1640–1750 cm–1;
(broad) O–H within range 2500–3300 cm–1
Evidence of alcohol (1 mark) (broad) O–H within range 3200–3550 cm–1

(broad) 3200–3700 cm–1 linked to O–H in For ALL structures:

alcohol ALLOW correct structural OR skeletal OR
OR (is a primary) alcohol as oxidised (to a displayed formula OR mixture of the above
COOH)
OR is an alcohol as it forms a carboxylic
acid
OR is an alcohol as water is eliminated. ✔

Identifications (2 marks) IGNORE names

_________________________

FOR M: ALLOW 1 mark for

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AS ECF from L as either

Equation (1 mark)
Equation: C3H6O3 + 4[O] → C3H2O5 + 2H2O
C3H6O3 + 2[O] → C3H4O4 + H2O ✔
✔
_________________________
ALLOW correct structural OR displayed
OR skeletal formula OR mixture of the
above in equation

Examiner's Comments

This question allowed candidates to

demonstrate their knowledge and problem
solving skills to tie together all the evidence
provided. It was common to see
candidates identify the ranges of the
characteristic peaks for a carboxylic acid in
the IR spectrum but a significant proportion
did not identify the relevant bond that each
peak referred to. Many candidates
interpreted the flowchart given at the start
of the question to comment on the
presence of an alcohol group in L, and
using their molecular formula from part (a),
deduced structures for both L and M. The
strongest candidates were also able to
provide a correctly balanced equation for
the formation of M. The most common
incorrect structure for L was
1,3-dihydroxypropanone, however, error
carried forward marks were awarded to
candidates who provided the
corresponding dicarboxylic acid as the
oxidation product M.

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c 4 For ALL structures:

ALLOW correct structural OR skeletal OR
displayed formula OR mixture of the above

Monomer N: (1 mark) IGNORE names

ALLOW 1 mark for either

____________________________

Polymer P: (1 mark)
Section showing at least one repeat unit of For P: ALLOW ECF from an alkene with
a polymer formed from N with side links ✔ molecular formula C3H4O2
e.g.
ALLOW one or more repeat units but has
to have a whole number of repeat units

ALLOW repeat unit with no brackets and

absence of n

MUST be a whole number.

ALLOW 138 OR 140
Repeat units (1 mark)
n = 10000/72 = 139 ✔
____________________________

Equation (1 mark)

Balanced equation for formation of P from For equation, ALLOW molecular OR

N✔ structural OR skeletal OR displayed
e.g. formulae OR mixture of the above
e.g. ALLOW nC3H4O2 → (C3H4O2)n

n on LHS can be at any height to the left of

formula
AND n on the RHS must be a subscript
(essentially below the side link if displayed
/ skeletal formula is used)

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ALLOW use of calculated value for n in

equation
e.g. 139C3H4O2 → (C3H4O2)139

Examiner's Comments

This was a very demanding question and

the strongest candidates were able to
identify both N and P in addition to
calculating the number of repeat units the
polymer. However, not all included the
polymerisation equation. Some candidates
who were unable to deduce a correct
structure for L in part (b) approached this
part as a ‘fresh start’. Using both the
molecular formula from (a) and the
information in the flowchart worked out the
molecular formula of N and built a
response from there.

Total 12

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57 a Check the answer line. 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to

If answer = 1080 cm3 award 2 marks see if there is any ECF credit possible
using working below.
Amount of Eu = 9.12 / 152.0 = 0.06(00) ALLOW calculator value or rounding to 2
mol ✔ significant figures or more but IGNORE
‘trailing zeroes’
Amount of O2 = 0.0600 × 3 / 4 = 0.045(0) eg 0.200 is allowed as 0.2.
mol
and ALLOW incorrectly calculated amount of
Volume of O2 = 0.0450 × 24000 = 1080 Eu × 3 / 4 and × 24000 correctly calculated
cm3 ✔ for 2nd mark
Eg 2605.7 would come from (9.12 / 63) × 3
/ 4 × 24000
(note: a mass of Eu × 3 / 4 and × 24000
would not score M2)

Examiner's Comments

This potentially difficult calculation was well

addressed by candidates and many scored
both marks available.

b i The simplest whole number ratio of atoms 1 ALLOW smallest OR lowest for simplest
(of each element) present in a compound ALLOW molecule for compound
✔
Examiner's Comments

This was a definition that appears directly

in the specification but has not featured
recently in F321 and as such presented a
significant number of candidates with a
challenge. Where this mark was not
secured the common errors were to either
omit the ‘whole number’ part of the
definition or to omit the idea that the
empirical formula is actually a ratio of
atoms.

For future calculations such as this,

centres need to be aware the common
errors to be avoided in are the use of the
atomic number in determining the number
of moles of Eu and an incorrect application
of a difficult 4:3 stoichiometric ratio.

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ii Check the answer line. 2 ALLOW 0.479 OR 0.48 for mol of S

If answer = O12S3Tm2 award 2 marks ALLOW 0.32 for mol of Tm

O = 30.7 / 16.0 S 15.4 / 32.1 Tm = 53.9 / DO NOT ALLOW Tm2(SO4)3 as empirical

168.9 formula
OR IGNORE Tm2(SO4)3 if seen in working.
1.9(2) mol 0.480 mol 0.319 mol ✔
Examiner's Comments
O12S3Tm2 ✔
This question perhaps demonstrated the
extent to which candidates rely upon rote
application of a ‘mathematical’ method
without fully understanding what they are
actually attempting to do.

Nearly all candidates were able to convert

a ratio by mass to a ratio by moles of
atoms, by dividing the mass ratios by the
relevant relative atomic masses. These
candidates were further able to obtain a
unit value for one atom by the
mathematical operation of dividing all
values by the smallest number.

This gave a formula of TmS1.5O6 and many

candidates were convinced that increasing
the value of S atoms from 1.5 to 2 (the
nearest whole number) would meet the
requirements that an empirical formula has
to have whole number values of atoms.
Only the stronger candidates were able to
realise that the initial ratio calculated
needed to be doubled to obtain integer
values which kept the same ratio of atoms.

Total 5

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

58 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 3 Allow alternative methods

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = SrCl2•2H2O award 3 marks eg
M1 Correctly calculates
M1 Correctly calculates mol of SrCl2•6H2O as 5.332 / 266.6 =
Mol of SrCl2•6H2O = (5.332 / 266.6) = 0.02 0.02(00) mol
mol ✔ DO NOT ALLOW M1 if a second mass is
divided by 266.6

M2 Correctly calculates M2 Correctly calculates

Mol of water given off [(5.332 – 3.892) / 18] molar mass of partially hydrated product as
= 0.08 mol ✔ 3.892 / 0.02(00) = 194.6

M3 Correctly calculates
M3 Correctly calculates mass of H2O present as 194.6 – 158.6 =
0.08 / 0.02 = 4 mol of water lost from one 36.0
mol of AND
SrCl2•6H2O Therefore product is SrCl2•2H2O
Answer = SrCl2•2H2O ✔
ALLOW ECF for the third mark for showing
158.6 taken from an incorrect stated molar
mass leading to an ECF formula
OR
ALLOW 266.6 – 194.6 = 72.0 to find
amount of water lost

Examiner's Comments

Many of the more able candidates were

able to give the correct formula here and
did so with very clear working, which
revealed that they understood the path that
lay behind their calculations. Less able
candidates converted the mass of the
hydrate and the mass of water lost into the
respective mol of substance (0.02 and
0.08). This is perhaps not surprising as
these steps are common to the more
familiar problem of working out the number
of waters of crystallisation in a hydrated
salt that is then fully dehydrated by the
action of heat. However the degree of
difficulty caused many to become unclear
as to what to do with these numbers and
hence SrCl2•G4H2O was a common
incorrect answer.

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

59 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE ALLOW 1.66 for C OR 1.66 for O
IF answer = CH4N2O award 2 marks
IGNORE Significant figures beyond the 3rd
significant figure.
(eg ALLOW 3.3335 for N OR 1.666 for C)

ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated

ratio of mol,
DO NOT ALLOW ECF from using an
to give CH4N2O ✔ atomic number OR any original sums
inverted (eg 12.00 / 20.00)
ALLOW any order of atoms

Examiner's Comments

Calculating empirical formulae is a skill

which most candidates are familiar with
and consequently the vast majority of
candidates were awarded both marks.

Total 2

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

60 a FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = 2.88 dm3 award 2 marks
ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated
Mol of H2 = 0.12 ✔ moles of H2
Volume of H2 = 0.12 × 24.0 = 2.88 dm3 ✔ 0.08 × 24 = 1.92 gets 1 mark

Examiner's Comments

Weaker candidates forgot to consider the

stoichiometric ratio between Al and H2 but
were still able to gain credit for the correct
use of the molar gas volume, leading to an
answer of 1.92 cm3, rather than the
expected 2.88 cm3.

b FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 10.7 g award 2 marks using working below

Correctly calculates molar mass of AlCl3 =

133.5 g ✔

Mass of AlCl3 formed = 0.0800 × 133.5 = ALLOW ECF for incorrect molar mass of
10.7 (g) ✔ AlCl3 multiplied by 0.0800 and correctly
rounded to 3 significant figures

Examiner's Comments

This was a slightly easier calculation and

as a result many candidates scored both
marks, with only a few forgetting to give the
answer to three significant figures required.

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c FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 200(.0) cm3 award 2 marks using working below

Correctly calculates moles of HCl needed

= 0.0800 × 3 = 0.24(0) mol ✔ ALLOW ECF for incorrect mol of HCl ×
1000 / 1.20
Volume of HCl = 0.24(0) × 1000 / 1.2 = 200 ALLOW 66.7 (66.67 or 66.667 etc) for 1
cm3 ✔ mark
DO NOT ALLOW 66.6 (66.66 or 66.666
etc)

Examiner's Comments

Nearly all candidates were able to convert

the amount of hydrochloric acid into a
volume and so the common error in this
calculation occurred when the
stoichiometric ratio between aluminium and
the acid was not taken into account.

Total 6

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

61 Molar mass of B = 74 ✔ 6 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

CROSSES ETC
B-F clearly identified
Check and annotate page 19 below this
response

Molar mass = = 74

For structure of B, C, D or E / F ALLOW

correct displayed OR correct structural
formula OR correct skeletal formula OR
mixture of the above as long as
unambiguous.

DO NOT ALLOW missing H atom(s) in a

displayed formula for one structure but
ALLOW missing H atoms in subsequent
structures.

IGNORE names of organic compounds

E and F can be identified either way round

ALLOW H2O or displayed formula for mark

For E and F – ALLOW the two optical

isomers

H2O/water ✔

Examiner's Comments

Candidate were required to apply their

knowledge of the reactions of alcohols to
suggest the structures of the five
compound B–F. Generally this question
was answered well and most candidates
scored three or more marks. The majority
of candidates chose to use displayed
formula. Other candidates opted to use
skeletal formula and only a small
proportion showed structural formulae.

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Almost all of the candidates were able to

correctly calculate the molar mass of B as
74 g mol–1 which allowed most to suggest
a structure for the compound. Many
candidates used the information that B
forms a ketone and provided the correct
structure of butan-2-ol, although a
significant proportion of candidates
suggested B was butan-1-ol.

The more able candidates identified the

structure of C as butanone, but a large
proportion of the cohort did not suggest a
structure. Some candidates who used
displayed formula for C often included an
extra hydrogen atom on the carbonyl
group.

Most candidates were able to suggest a

correct structure of carboxylic acid D and
therefore deduced that the reaction
between B and D was an esterification
reaction. The most difficult part of this
question was identifying E and F. The most
able candidates provided a correct
structure for the ester, however some
candidates often missed of one of the
hydrogen atoms from their displayed
formula. The most common incorrect
response was to the structure of butyl
propanoaoate. Some candidates identified
the other compound formed in the reaction
of B and D as water but a large proportion
gave a second ester.

In general the structures given by

candidates were accurately drawn but
candidates should be reminded to check
their work carefully to ensure the correct
number of atoms and bonds are present if
using displayed formula.

Total 6

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

62 i 1 ALLOW 47 up to calculator value correctly

rounded.
47.0 or 47.03 or 47.029 will be correct
common answers

IGNORE any working shown.

Examiner's Comments

This was a very well answered question

and most candidates were able to calculate
to the atom economy for the reaction.

ii NaBr OR LiBr ✔ 1 ALLOW correct name or formula

DO NOT ALLOW HBr (it is an acid)

Examiner's Comments

This novel question required candidates to

suggest a way of increasing the atom
economy by using an alternative reactant.
The most able correctly identified that
either sodium or lithium bromide would be
an appropriate replacement for potassium
bromide. The most common response was
HBr which was not credited as the question
specified a chemical other than an acid
should be suggested.

iii Look at answer if 88.8% AWARD 3 marks 3 Answer MUST be to 3 significant figures.
if 88.75% AWARD 2 marks (not 3 sig. fig.)
ALLOW ECF but do not allow a yield
Moles of butan-1-ol = 0.08(00) ✔ >100%

Moles of 1-bromobutane = 0.071(0) ✔ ALLOW Mass of 1-bromobutane expected

= 10.952 g
% yield = 88.8% ✔
Examiner's Comments

This was a very well answered question

and the majority of responses were clearly
laid out. Consequently most of the
candidates scored two or three marks.
Some candidates gave their final answer to
more than three significant figures, despite
the prompt in the question. Other
candidates decided to over-round the
actual yield of 1-bromobutane to one
significant figure which led to a yield of
87.5%.

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Total 5

63 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 3 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 73.9 or 73.93 (g mol–1) award using working below
3 marks for calculation

n(NaOH) = (25.25/1000) × 0.120 = 3.03 ×

10–3 (mol) (1)
n(acid in 250 cm3 flask) = 3.03 × 10–3 × 10
= 3.03 × 10–2 (mol) (1)
molar mass of unknown acid = 2.24/3.03 ×
10–2 = 73.9 (g mol–1) (1)

Total 3

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64 a i Amount of each element mark 2

= 0.025 0.01875 0.0125 (1) allow 2 marks for correct answer without
working
Simplest whole number ratio empirical
formula

AND H4O3N2 (1)

ii acid: HNO3 AND base: NH3 (1) 1 allow atoms within HNO3 and NH3 in any
order

b i H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O (1) 1 allow multiples

ii Energy (into water) mark 3 allow rounding to 4828 OR 4830

70.0 × 4.18 × 16.5 = 4827.9 (J) or 4.8279
(kJ) (1) allow amount of substance mark to be
based upon either HCl or NaOH
amount of substance mark

allow ecf for

ΔneutH mark
(–)4.8279 / 0.084(0) =
(–)57.475 OR (–)57.48 OR (–)57.5 (1)

Correctly rounded to at least 3 significant

figures

iii 1 mole of water had been formed (1) 1

iv 1
(1)

Total 9

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65 a i CO is toxic 1 allow responses linked to effect of CO in

blood

ii Calculation: 3
n(butane) = 600/58.0 = 10.34 (mol) using 1 : 6.5 ratio
AND n(O2) required = 6.5 × 10.34 = 67.2
(mol) (1) allow number rounding to 67

n(O2) consumed = 1.50 × 103 / 24.0 = 62.5

(mol)
OR
volume O2 required for complete
combustion = 67.2 × 24.0/1000 = 1.61 m3
(1)

Conclusion:
incomplete combustion / stove not safe to
use
AND
62.5 < 67.2 OR 1.61 > 1.50 (1)

b Rearranging ideal gas equation to make n 4

subject

n = pV / RT (1)

Substituting all values taking into account allow 3SF up to calculator value of
conversion of units 0.08180595142, correctly rounded

allow ecf from incorrect n

(1)
n = 0.0818 … (mol) (1)

number of C atoms in alkane =

0.0818/0.0117 = 7

alkane = C7H16 (1)

Total 8

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66 i Sr(s) + 2H2O(l) → Sr(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) 1 allow multiples

Note: all state symbols required

ii n(Sr) = n(Sr2+) = 0.200 / 87.6 = 2.28 × 10–3 2 allow ecf

(1)

[Sr2+] = 2.28 × 10–3 × 1000 / 250 = 9.13 ×

10–3 (mol dm–3) (1)

iii Greater volume with Ca 3

AND larger amount / more moles of Ca OR ora

Ar Ca is smaller (1)

n(Ca) = 0.200/40.1 = 0.005(0) (mol) (1) allow values up to calculator values

volume H2 with Sr = 55 cm3 AND volume

with Ca = 120 cm3 OR 65 cm3 more H2 allow volumes ± 1 cm3
with Ca (1)

Total 6

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67 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 5 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 46.0 (g mol–1) award 4 marks using working below.
for calculation

Rearranging ideal gas equation to make n

subject

(1)

Substituting all values taking into account

conversion to Pa and m3

(1)
1st mark may be implicit in direct
n = 0.0250 mol (1) substitution of correct values into
rearranged equation.
Calculation of M

(1)

Identification of A (1)

allow any unambiguous structure

allow C2H5OH
do not allow C2H6O

Total 5

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68 a n(Eu) = 0.0019 / 152.0 = 1.25 × 10–5 (1) 2 allow 0.0000125

Atoms of Eu = 1.25 × 10–5 × 6.02 × 1023 = Must be standard form AND two significant
7.5 × 1018 (1) figures
allow ecf from incorrect amount
allow 2 marks for correct answer without
working

b n(H2) = 144 / 24000 = 6(.00) × 10–3 (mol) 3

(1)
Look for evidence of 2 : 3 anywhere.
n(Eu) = 0.608 / 152.0 = 4(.00) × 10–3 (mol) Could be within an attempted equation.
AND ignore state symbols
ratio n(Eu) : n(H2) = 2 : 3 (1)

2Eu + 3H2SO4 → Eu2(SO4)3 + 3H2 (1)

Total 5

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69 a Aliphatic = E, H, I, J (1) 3

Alicyclic = E, H, J (1)

Aromatic = F, G (1)

b CnH2n + 1 1 do not allow CnH2n+ 1

c i Equation: 4 ignore state symbols

C6H12O → C6H10 + H2O (1) allow C6H11OH for C6H12O

Calculation: If there is an alternative answer, check to

FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE see if there is any ECF credit possible
ANSWER LINE using working below
IF answer = 32.7 (%) award 3 marks
% yield must be to 1 dp
theoretical yield = 7.65 / 100 = 0.0765
(mol) (1) allow theoretical and actual yield calculated
in mass
actual yield = 2.05 / 82 = 0.025 (mol) (1)
theoretical yield = 0.0765 × 82 = 6.273 g
% yield = (0.025 / 0.0765) × 100% =
32.7(%) (1) % yield = (2.05 / 6.273) = 32.7(%)

allow ecf from calculated actual and

theoretical yields

ii bromine water is decolourised (1) 2 allow bromine water turns colourless

ignore ‘goes clear’

allow correct structural OR displayed OR

skeletal formula OR mixture of the above

(1)

Total 10

70 D 1

Total 1

71 C 1

Total 1

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72 atom economy suggests hydration is more 4

sustainable (1)

(but …)
Any two from:

the CO2 given off is taken in by plants as ignore references to global warming or
they grow (1) ‘carbon neutral’
(ethene from) crude oil is non-renewable /
glucose is renewable (1)
fermentation does not require high
temperatures / pressures, so lower energy
demand (1)

so on balance fermentation is more there must be a conclusion for this mark

sustainable owtte (1)

Total 4

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73 a i 2 allow any unambiguous structure or

formula.

allow ecf on the second structure for

(1) (1)
hydrogen atom errors if candidate tries to
convert to a displayed / structural formula,
but the carbon skeleton must be correct.

ii correct structure of either possible 2 If both carbocations are drawn, only one
carbocation intermediate shown (1) needs to be correct to score the mark.

the tertiary halogenoalkane (which will be allow ecf from (i) for correct justification of
labelled as either product 1 or product 2) is product formed in greater amount based
identified as the one formed in greater on incorrect structures.
amounts …
because the carbocation more stable on
C3 than C2 owtte (1)

iii Amount of D that reacts 2

M(D: C7H16O) = 110 (g mol–1)

AND

n(C7H16O) =

=
0.0375 (mol) (1)

Masses of two products formed

M(product: C7H17OCl) = 146.5 (g mol–1)

AND

AND

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iii allow mass of both products

Mass of 5% product = 0.0375 × = 0.0375 × 146.5 = 5.49 g

×
146.5 = 0.27 g (1)

allow ‘product 1’ and ‘product 2’ if linked to

correct mass given labelling in (i) and
reasoning in (ii) (allow ecf from (ii)).

b (broad) peak at 3300–3600 (cm–1) for O–H 3 allow 3200–3600 cm–1

(therefore A or C) (1) ignore references to the peak at ~2900 for
C–H
molar ratio: C : H : O allow annotation of the spectrum to identify
the bond responsible for the peak instead
of quoting the wavenumber.

(1)
10 : 16 : 1 OR C10H16O, therefore C (1) Conclusion may also follow from empirical
formula followed by IR data.

Total 9

74 i Determining limiting factor 2 evidence of 0.27/65.4 is required (or using

the mass ratio to predict 0.116g of CO from
n(Zn) 0.27/65.4 = 0.0041 mol 0.27g Zn)

AND

n(CaCO3) = 0.38/100.1 = 0.0038 mol

so Zn is in excess (1) or use of the mass ratio to predict 0.106g
CO from 0.38g CaCO3, and dividing by
28.0 to get 0.0038 mol CO
Determining volume of CO
ratio 1:1, so n(CO) = 0.0038 (mol)
allow 2 sig figs up to calculator answer
vol. CO = 0.0038 x 24.0 = 0.091 dm3 = 91 allow second and third marks for correct
(cm3) (1) final answer with no working
allow 2 marks for 99 cm3 from excess Zn
mass

ii heat until syringe stops moving / no further 2 allow heat for longer than two minutes
gas produced (1)
allow heat a greater mass
wait until the gas has cooled (to room
temperature) before measuring the volume
owtte (1)

Total 4

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75 C 1

Total 1

76 C 1

Total 1

77 C 1

Total 1

78 A 1

Total 1

79 C 1

Total 1

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