STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (MORPHOLOGY) NEET ZOOLOGY VOL-I

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (MORPHOLOGY)-FLOW CHART

COCKROACH
Cockroaches are brown or black bodied animals included in class insecta of Phylum Arthropoda. They are nocturnal omnivores,
that live in damp places and the most common insects usually found in the houses. They are serious pests and vectors of diseases.
The common species is Periplaneta americana.

MORPHOLOGY
* Body is narrow, elongated, bilaterally symmetrical and dorso-ventrally Flattened.
* Body is covered by chitinous brown coloured exoskeleton that provides support and rigidity
and has hardened plates called sclerites formed by cuticle (tergites dorsally and sternites
ventrally).
* They are joined to each other by articular membrane (arthrodial membrane) which allows
movement of body and [Link] are 24-35 mm long with their body segmented
into three regions – head, thorax and abdomen.
* Head is triangular, formed by fusion of 6 segments and shows great mobility due to ?exible
neck. Head capsule bears a pair of compound eyes and a pair of antennae which have
sensory receptors.
* Mouthparts are of chewing and biting type and consists of: labrum, labium, a pair each of
maxillae and mandibles and a hypopharynx.A broad rectangular clypeus forms lower part of
A-male in dorsal view B-Female in ventral view
face.
* Thorax consists of 3 parts – prothorax (neck), mesothorax and metathorax. Each thoracic Periplanteta external features
segment bears a pair of walking legs. Each leg consists of a series of segments or
podomeres.
*There are two pairs of wings arising from meso and metathorax: forewings and hindwings. Abdomen is 10 segmented and contains a pair of anal cerci,
in both females and males. The variation between male and female abdomen are: Abdomen of females is broader than males and males bear anal styles
in 9th sternum which are absent in females
ANATOMY
Digestive System
* Alimentary canal is divided into 3 regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut
* Foregut and hindgut are ectodermal and lined by cuticle whereas, midgut is
endodermal and lacks cuticle.
* Foregut: Mouth opens into pharynx and leads to narrow oesophagus which in turn
opens into a sac like crop used for storing food.
This is followed by gizzard (proventriculus) which has 6 highly chitinous plates
called teeth, used for grinding food particles.
* Midgut: It is short and narrow. At the junction of foregut and midgut, 6-8 blind
tubules called hepatic caecae are present which secrete digestive juice. At the
junction of midgut and hindgut, thin Filamentous 100-150 Malpighian tubules are
present which remove excretory products from haemolymph.
* Hindgut: It is divided into ileum, colon and rectum. Rectum has 6 rectal glands. It
opens out through anus. Hindgut is more pervious to water than foregut.
Circulatory System
* Heart of cockroach is neurogenic.
* It is enclosed by dorsal pericardial sinus and consists of elongated muscular tube
divided into 13-funnel shaped chambers with ostia on either side. These allow Flow
of blood from pericardial sinus into heart only and not reverse.
* Blood vascular system is of open type and vessels open into haemocoel.
* Visceral organs located in haemocoel are bathed in blood (haemolymph) which
consists of colourless plasma and haemocytes.
* Haemolymph is devoid of respiratory pigment and hence does not assist in
respiration but in transfer of food material and metabolic wastes.

Respiratory System
* It consists of network of tracheae that opens through 10 pairs of spiracles
present on lateral side of body guarded by bristles or hair to keep out dirt.
* Thin branching tubes(tracheal tubes) carry oxygen from air to all the parts.
They are subdivided into tracheoles where exchange of gases takes place Respiratory System
by DIFFUSION. Very little CO2 leaves through spiracles; majority of it
leaves through cuticular covering of the body.

COCKROACH-EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Fig:Excretory System

164 NARAYANA GROUP

 NEET ZOOLOGY VOL-I STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (MORPHOLOGY)
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (MORPHOLOGY)-FLOW CHART

COCKROACH-NERVOUS SYSTEM
* Nervous system comprises of central peripheral and sympathetic or somatogastric
system
* It comprises of used, segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired connectives on
the ventral side. It bears 9 ganglia;3 ganglia lie in thorax and 6 in the abdomen.
* Brain is represented by bilobed supra-oesophageal ganglion which supplies nerves to
antennae and compound eyes.
* Compound eyes, located dorsally, consists of 2000 hexagonal ommatidia which
make up mosaic vision of cockroach.
* This type of vision is common during night (nocturnal vision), with more sensitivity
and less resolution.
* Other sense organs include antennae, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal cerci, etc

Figure : Reproductive system of cockroach : (a) male (b) female

* Cockroaches are dioecious i.e., sexes are separate.
* Male: It has a pair of testes in 4th – 6th abdominal segments which is 3-lobed and consists of numerous whitish transparent follicles. Vas
deferens arise from testes and opens into ejaculatory duct through seminal vesicles.
* Ejaculatory duct opens into male gonopore. Sperms are stored in seminal vesicles in the form of bundles called spermatophores which are
discharged during copulation.
* An accessory mushroom shaped gland is located in 6th – 7th abdominal segments.
* External genitalia are represented by male gonapophyses or phallomeres.
* Female: Ovaries are located in 2nd–6th abdominal segments and are formed of a group of ovarian tubules (ovarioles) which contain a
chain of developing ova.
* Oviducts from each ovary unite into single median oviduct which opens into genital chamber. A pair of spermatheca present in 6th segment
also opens into genital chambers. Paired collaterial glands lie behind ovaries. Their secretion forms egg-case or ootheca.
Fertilisation and development
* Sperms are transferred in the form of spermatophores. Fertilised eggs are encased in ootheca, which are reddish brown capsules and are
dropped or glued to a suitable surface with high humidity. On average, females produce 9-10 oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs.
* The development is paurometabolous i.e. through nymphal [Link] nymphal development proceeds, wing pads arise, body increases in
size, colouration becomes darker and ultimately forms wings in adults after about 13 successive moults

FROG
Frog belongs to the Class Amphibia of Phylum Chordata. Frogs are found around ditches, ponds, marshes, lakes and streams. They
can live in water as well as on land hence called amphibians. The common Indian frog is Ranatigrina
Morphology
* Body of a frog is pointed anteriorly and rounded posteriorly. It is streamlined to swim through water and
divisible into head and trunk without neck and tail.
* Skin of frog is thin, moist, smooth, slimy and green coloured with black or brown spots dorsally and
lighter pale yellow ventrally. There are no scales or any other hard exoskeleton parts.
* Skin of back has dorsolateral folds or thickenings called dermal plicae.
* Head is roughly triangular with a short blunt anterior snout terminating in a large transverse mouth. It
bears external nares or nostrils, eyes, brow spot and ear drums on the upper side.
* Frog have two large and protruding eyes, having an almost immovable upper eyelid and thin
semitransparent and freely movable lower eyelid. From lower eyelid arises nictitating membrane that
protects eyes during swimming.
* Vocal sacs act as resonators to intensify sound of croaking during breeding season.
* Trunk consists of thorax, abdomen and a pair of forelimb and hindlimb.
* Frog shows sexual dimorphism as male frog possesses developed vocal sacs and nuptial pad during
breeding season and their body is somewhat slender and darker in colour than female frog.

NARAYANA GROUP 165

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (MORPHOLOGY) NEET ZOOLOGY VOL-I
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (MORPHOLOGY)-FLOW CHART
Digestive System Respiratory System
* The digestive system mainly consists of
alimentary canal and its associated * Adult frog respires by
glands. three various types of
* Mouth leads into a buccopharyngeal respiration
cavity which opens into oesophagus * Cutaneous respiration: It
through gullet. occurs through the highly
* Stom ach is si tuat ed beh ind the vascular skin of frog in
oesophagus and divisible into cardiac water or land.
stomach and pyloric stomach.
* Buccopharyngeal
* The small intestine is divisible into and
anterior duodenum and a posterior respiration: It occurs on
ile um. Dige stion o f fo od and land or during partial
absorption of digested food occur in the immersion in water via
small intestine. mucous epithelial lining
*Ileum leads to rectum or large intestine. The rectum opens into the of buccopharyngeal
cloaca through the anus. *Pulmonary respiration: It is less frequent and takes place through
*Digestive glands of frog include liver, pancreas, gastric glands and lungs in adult frog when the frog is outside the water.
intestinal glands
Circulatory system
* Circulatory system of frog is closed and includes heart, arterial system, venous system, blood and
lymphatic system
* Heart is three chambered made up of two anterior atria or auricles and a single posterior ventricle. Two
additional chambers are sinus venosus and truncus arteriosus.
* The two auricles, right (larger) and left, are completely separated from each other by inter-auricular septum.
Both auricles open into single ventricle by a common large auriculo-ventricular aperture guarded by two
pairs of auriculo-ventricular valves.
* The inner surface of ventricle has irregular ridges called columnae carneae or trabeculae, with depressions
called Fissures.

Nervous System
* It is highly developed and comprise of:
* Central nervous system (CNS) includes brain and spinal cord. Brain is covered by
two meninges; duramater (outer) and pia – arachnoid (inner). Brain is divisible into three
parts: Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Spinal cord is located in the vertebral column and joins the medulla oblongata via
foramen magnum of the cranium (brain case).
* Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes 10 pairs of cranial nerves and 9 pairs of
spinal nerves. Rarely 10th (paired or unpaired) spinal nerve is found.
* Autonomic nervous system is made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
which controls and coordinates the involuntary actives of the visceral organs. ·
* Five types of sense organs are skin (tangoreceptor), taste buds (gustatoreceptor), nasal
chambers (olfactoreceptor), eyes (photoreceptor) and ears (stato – acoustic organs).

Urinogenital System
* In frogs, the excretory and reproductive systems are closely associated, hence they are together called urinogenital system.
* Excretory system comprises of kidneys, ureters in females, urinogenital ducts in males, cloaca and urinary bladder. Kidneys
are the chief excretory organs which are made up of large number of uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
* Form the kidneys, arise ureter in females and urinogenital duct in males.
* Cloaca receives faecal matter, genital products and urine (from kidney). Ventrally it is attached to urinary bladder.
* In males, near each kidney there is a cylindrical testis from which several thin VASA-EFFERENTIA, connecting the testes to
kidneys on each side. The VASA-EFFERENTIA run transversely through mesorchium and open into the Bidder's canal which in
turn opens into the ureter. Histologically, each testis is a compact mass of seminiferous tubules, the epithelial lining of which
produces sperms. The sperms when mature are dropped into the lumen to pass into the ureter through vasa e? erentia and Bidder's
*Females have two ovaries where ova are produced
by ovarian follicles. On each side of an ovary is an
oviduct which starts posteriorly and forms uterus,
which opens into the cloaca. During breeding
season ova are released into the coelom and then
they reach the ovarian funnels from where they pass
to the ovisacs, cloaca and then outside.
* Fertilisation is external and takes place in water.
Development involves a larval stage called tadpole.
Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to form the
adult.
* Frogs are useful for mankind because they eat
insects and protect the crop. Frogs maintain
ecological balance because these serve as an
important link of food chain and food web in the
ecosystem. In some countries the muscular legs of Fig:Urinogenital system of
frog are used as food by man. female frog
Fig: Urinogenital system of male frog

166 NARAYANA GROUP