Science Exam Answer Key - Global City School
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Powered by AIThe universal law of gravitation states that every two masses attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers, given by F = G m1 m2 / r² . Using this formula, the gravitational force between Earth and Moon is calculated by substituting the values: G = 6.67×10^-11 N·m²/kg², M_earth = 6×10^24 kg, m_moon = 7.4×10^22 kg, r = 3.84×10^8 m resulting in F ≈ 2.008×10^20 N . This law accounts for phenomena like planetary orbits and tides .
The rate of evaporation is directly influenced by temperature, as higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of surface molecules, leading to faster phase transition to gas . An experimental setup involves two watch glasses with equal water volumes; placing one on a warm surface while keeping the other at room temperature. Measurements after a fixed time indicate the warmer sample loses more water, signifying higher evaporation . This relates to kinetic molecular theory where increased energy enables more molecules to escape the liquid phase.
Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction . When a gun fires a bullet, the force exerted on the bullet results in the gun recoiling backwards with equal force in the opposite direction, conserving momentum . Similarly, when pushing a wall, the force exerted by the person is met with an equal and opposite force from the wall, demonstrating the action-reaction pairs as the wall did not move but instead exerted an opposite force .
Mass is an object's matter amount, unchanging regardless of location, and measured in kilograms as a scalar quantity. Weight, measured in newtons, is the gravitational force on an object, dependent on the local gravitational field strength. On the Moon, gravity is 1/6th of Earth's, thus an object's weight is reduced by this ratio while its mass remains constant . For example, an object weighing 60 N on Earth weighs 10 N on the Moon .
Temperature increases kinetic energy, raising evaporation rates, exemplified by quicker drying of wet clothes on a warm day . Larger surface areas, such as spreading water thinly across a surface, accelerate evaporation by increasing exposed area . Low humidity environments increase evaporation rates by maintaining a dry air surrounding, as seen with lower evaporation under a humidifier's operation . These factors facilitate the phase transition of molecules from liquid to gaseous state.
Fractional distillation separates liquid mixtures based on boiling point differences using a fractionating column . The mixture is heated so that components vaporize at different temperatures. The vapor rises through the column, condenses at specific heights, and is collected. This technique is widely used in petrochemical processing to separate crude oil into fractions like gasoline and kerosene, each condensing at different locations within the column .
Using a velocity-time graph for an object moving with uniform acceleration, acceleration 'a' is depicted as the slope of the graph, calculated as the change in velocity (v-u) over the change in time (t), which gives v = u + at . Displacement 's' can be determined by finding the area under the graph. The area consists of a rectangle and a triangle: s = u·t + 1/2·(v - u)·t. Substituting v = u + at into the equation, we get s = ut + 1/2 a t² .
To compute the necessary centripetal force for a spacecraft in orbit, given data: radius (r = 7000 km) and mass (m = 1200 kg), use F_c = m v² / r, where v is orbital speed derived from v = sqrt(GM/r). Calculate using Earth's mass (M_earth = 5.972×10^24 kg) and G (6.67×10^-11 N·m²/kg²). Solve g at orbit = GM/r², thus v ≈ 7544 m/s and F_c = 9.755×10^3 N. This calculation shows the gravitational force needed for stable orbital motion .
The plasma membrane's selective permeability allows it to regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell, critical for maintaining homeostasis . It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules. Small nonpolar molecules and water (via aquaporins) pass more easily, while large or polar molecules are restricted . This property ensures proper nutrient uptake, waste removal, and signal transduction within cells.
Meristematic tissues consist of actively dividing cells characterized by thin walls, dense cytoplasm, and lack of vacuoles, vital for plant growth at root and shoot tips (apical), at base of nodes (intercalary), and in thickness (lateral). In contrast, permanent tissues, which include simple (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) and complex (xylem, phloem) tissues, are made of cells that have ceased dividing, specializing in storage, support, and transport. Simple tissues consist of one type, while complex tissues include multiple cell types .