Microprocessor and
Microcontroller Fundamentals
Digital Systems Engineering
Admin
Course materials available online
[Link]
Students are encouraged to print lecture slides in
advance and use them to take notes in class
330_01 2
Microcontrollers
Embedded Systems
Operations managed behind the scenes by a
microcontroller
Microcontroller (MCU)
Integrated electronic computing device that
includes three major components on a single chip
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports
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Microcontrollers
Support Devices
Timers
A/D converter
Serial I/O
Common communication lines
System Bus
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Block Diagram
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Microprocessor (MPU)
MPU (CPU)
Read instructions
Process binary data
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Memory
Storage Device
Addresses
Registers
Major Categories
Read/Write Memory
(R/W)
Read-only-Memory
(ROM)
D7 D0
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Input/Output (I/O)
Input Devices
Switches and Keypads
Provide binary information to the MPU
Output devices
LEDs and LCDs
Receive binary information from the MPU
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Microprocessor-Based Systems
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Microprocessor Architecture
MPU communicates with Memory and I/O
using the System Bus
Address bus
Unidirectional
Memory and I/O Addresses
Data bus
Bidirectional
Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
Control lines
Read and Write timing signals
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Microprocessor-Based System
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Example Microprocessor System
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Software
Machine Language
Binary Instructions
Difficult to decipher and write
Error-prone
All programs converted into machine language
for execution
Instruction Hex Mnemonic Description Processor
10000000 80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085
00101000 28 ADD A, R0 Add Reg R0 to Acc Intel 8051
00011011 1B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola 6811
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Software
Assembly Language
Machine instructions represented in mnemonics
One-to-one correspondence
Efficient execution and use of memory
Machine-specific
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Software
High-Level Languages
BASIC, C, and C++
Written in statements of spoken languages
Machine independent
Easy to write and troubleshoot
Larger memory and less efficient execution
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Data Format (8-bit)
Unsigned Integers
All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number
Bit7 to Bit0
Range 00H to FFH (010 to 25510)
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Data Format (8-bit)
Signed Integers
2's Complement
Bit7 is sign bit
Positive numbers: 00H to 7FH (010 to 12710)
Negative numbers: 80H to FFH (-110 to -12810)
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Data Format (8-bit)
Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)
8-bit number divided into two groups of four
Each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9
AH through FH are invalid
Example: 0010 0101BCD = 2510
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Data Format (8-bit)
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
7-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations
(00H to 7FH)
Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from
0 to 9, symbols, and commands
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MPU-Based Systems
System hardware
Discrete components
Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O
Components connected by buses
Address, Data, and Control
System software
Group of programs that monitors the functions of
the entire system
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MPU-Based System
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MCU-Based Systems
Microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and
support devices on a single chip
Buses generally not available to a system
designer
I/O ports generally multiplexed and can be
programmed to perform different functions
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MCU-Based System
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Computer Architectures
Princeton versus Harvard Architecture
CISC versus RISC processors
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
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