VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi – 590018, Karnataka.

A Mini Project Report (21ISMP67)

on
“Project Title”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Project Associates

1. S HARSHITHA 1DB22IS131
2. SANJANA K 1DB22IS135
3. SHREYA HV 1DB22IS148
4. VISMITHA KK 1DB22IS185

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. BHAVYA KS
Asst. Professor
Dept of Information Science and Engineering
Don Bosco Institute of Technology

Department of Information Science and Engineering

DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Kumbalagodu, Mysuru road, Bengaluru-560074
2024-25
 Don Bosco Institute of Technology
Kumbalagodu Mysuru Road Bengaluru-560074

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the Project work on the topic “REAL TIME AQI MONITORING
SYSTEM” has been successfully presented at Don Bosco Institute of technology by
S HARSHITHA(1DB22IS131), SANJANA K(1DB22IS135), SHREYA H.V(1DB22IS148),
VISMITHA K.K(1DB22IS185) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the VI Semester
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during academic year 2024-2025. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the project
report deposited in the departmental library. The Project report has been approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements in respect of Project work for the said degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Mrs. Bhavya K. S Dr. B K Raghavendra Dr. Naghabhushana B S
Asst. Professor Professor & Head Principal
Dept. of ISE Dept. of ISE

DBIT, Bengaluru DBIT, Bengaluru DBIT, Bengaluru

EXTERNAL VIVA

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1. i

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement
crowned the efforts with success.

We would like to profoundly thank Management of Don Bosco Institute of Technology

for providing such a healthy environment for the successful completion of Project work.

We would like to express our thanks to Dr. Naghabhushana B S, Principal, Don Bosco Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru for his encouragement that motivated us for the successful completion of Project
work.

It gives us immense pleasure to thank Dr. B K Raghavendra, Professor and Head of Department,
Information Science and Engineering for his constant support and encouragement.

We would like to express deepest sense of gratitude to our Mini Project coordinators Dr. Wahida
Banu (A Section) Associate Professor, Mrs. Deepika A.B (B Section) Assistant Professor and Mrs.
Yashodhara (C Section) Assistant Professor, Department of Information Science and Engineering for
their constant support throughout the work.

We would like to express our deepest sense of gratitude to our guide Mrs. Bhavya K.S, Asst. Professor,
Department of Information Science & Engineering for her constant support and guidance throughout the
Project work.

Also, we would like to thank all teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Information Science
& Engineering who have helped directly and indirectly throughout the project work.

1. S Harshitha 1DB22IS131
2. Sanjana K 1DB22IS135
3. Shreya H. V 1DB22IS148
4. Vismitha K. K 1DB22IS185
 ABSTRACT

One of the biggest issues of our time is global air pollution. A multitude of variables, including as
population expansion, increased vehicle use, industrialization, and urbanization, have led to rising
pollution levels over time, which have a detrimental effect on human wellbeing by negatively affecting
the health of individuals exposed to it. Air quality deteriorates when dangerous chemicals including
carbon dioxide, smoking, alcohol, benzene, NH3, and NO2 are present in sufficient quantities in the
atmosphere. In order to analyze the Air Quality, we are developing an IOT-Based Pollution Monitoring
System that tracks it through an internet server. Current monitoring systems require laboratory analysis
and have poor precision and sensitivity. As a result, better monitoring methods are required. We suggest
a three-phase pollution monitoring method to address the problems with current systems. On the LCD
and in an application, the air quality will be shown in PPM so that we can simply keep track of it. With
the help of this IOT project, you can check the pollution level from anywhere using a smart phone.
anywhere. The advantages include real-time monitoring and long-term trend analysis, while the
disadvantages encompass limited coverage area and challenges in interpretation.
The presence of large peatland in Riau, Indonesia, could cause air pollution due to peatland
fires which causes the presence of thick smoke every year in Riau, disrupting human activities. In
order to monitor the air quality, in this paper, the main advantage of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the
ability to transfer data over the network without requiring human-to-human or human interaction to
the computer used. In this project, web propose an air quality monitor that can display web-based
information to show the temperature and air humidity, and detects pollutants in real time with the help
of DHT22 and MQ135 sensors, Arduino Uno, ESP8266 WIFI MODULE. The results show our
proposed system can successfully show each parameter of the air quality on the website and make
suggestions about the overall air quality level. With our proposed system, we hope the government
can respond faster to mitigate the bad air quality level and give information to public about the air
quality level in a faster and more accurate way.

Keywords—Air Quality, IoT, Web Measuring, Internet of Thing

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Contents Page No.

Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
1 Introduction 1-6
1.1 Preamble
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Proposed Work
1.4 Proposed System
1.4.1 Block diagram of the Proposed System
1.4.2 Advantages of Proposed System
2 Literature Survey 7-9
3 System Requirements and Specification 10
3.1 Hardware and Software requirements
4 System Architecture and Implementation 11-15
4.1 Methodology
4.2 System Design
4.3 Data Flow Diagram
4.4 Pseudo code
5 Results and Discussion 16-27
6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications 28
6.1 Advantages
6.2 Disadvantages
6.3 Applications
7 Conclusion and Future Scope 29
References 30-35
 Real Time AQI Monitoring System

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preamble
In an era where environmental concerns are at the forefront of global discourse, the
monitoring and mitigation of air pollution have become critical imperatives. The proliferation of
harmful pollutants in the atmosphere poses significant threats to public health and the environment.
To address this challenge, the integration of advanced technologies into monitoring systems has
emerged as a promising solution. One such innovation is the Air Quality Index Monitoring System,
leveraging the capabilities of Arduino Uno, ESP8266, LCD display, and gas sensors like MQ2 and
MQ135.

The Air Quality Index Monitoring System represents a convergence of hardware and
software components, designed to accurately detect and quantify various pollutants present in the air.
At its core, the system utilizes Arduino Uno microcontroller, renowned for its versatility and ease of
programming. Coupled with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, it enables real-time data transmission and
remote monitoring capabilities, facilitating proactive responses to pollution events. Key to the
functionality of the system are the gas sensors, specifically the MQ2 and MQ135. The MQ2 sensor
specializes in detecting methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas commonly associated with industrial
processes and natural gas leakage. Meanwhile, the MQ135 sensor targets a broader range of pollutants
including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous gases such as carbon monoxide (CO)
and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). By employing these sensors in tandem, the monitoring system offers
comprehensive insights into air quality parameters essential for informed decision-making.
Furthermore, the integration of an LCD display serves as a user-friendly interface, providing real- time
feedback on pollutant levels and system status. This visual representation enhances accessibility and
promotes public awareness regarding air quality issues. In terms of operation, the Air Quality Index
Monitoring System follows a systematic workflow.
The gas sensors continuously sample the surrounding air, detecting the presence and
concentration of target pollutants. The Arduino Uno processes these sensor readings and
communicates with the ESP8266 module to transmit data to designated server or cloud platform.
Simultaneously, the LCD display presents the information in a clear and understandable format.

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 Real Time AQI Monitoring System

Overall, the Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker System offers a robust framework for
monitoring and managing air quality, empowering stakeholders with actionable data to mitigate the
adverse effects of pollution on human health and the environment. Through the seamless integration
of Arduino Uno, ESP8266, LCD display, and gas sensors, this innovative solution represents a
significant step towards building sustainable and resilient communities in the face of environmental
challenges.
Air pollution has become major problem for every nation, whether it is developed country
or developing country. Health issue have been growing rapidly especially in urban areas of developing
countries where industrialization and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of air
pollutants. Adverse effects of pollution can cause allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes
and nose as well as some serious problems like bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and
aggravated asthma.
Air Pollution Monitoring System monitors the Air quality over a web server using Internet and
will activate an alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain threshold level, means when
there is sufficient amount of toxic gases present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene, NH3,
LPG and NOx. It will show the air quality in PPM (Parts Per Million) on the LCD and as well as on
web page so that it can monitor it very easily. It is necessary to supervise air quality and keep it under
control for a superior future and healthy living for all. Due to resilience and low-cost Internet of things
(IoT) is getting popular day by day. With the Industrialization and with the increase in the vehicles on
road the atmospheric conditions have considerably affected. Adverse effects of pollution include mild
allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes and nose as well as some serious problems like
bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma. Monitoring gives measurements
of air pollutant and sound pollution concentrations, which can then be resolved interpreted and
presented.
Many health-related issues are arising from air pollution. Major source of air pollution is road
traffic emission which emits the 97% of CO and 75% of NO. Therefore, air quality monitoring is
needed in order to provide useful information about the pollution and can take appropriate measures
to mitigate the negative impact whenever it is necessary. The purpose of monitoring the air quality is
not only to collect the data but also provide the information which is required by the scientist, planners,
policy makers to make a decision on improving and managing the environment [1]. The main mission
of air quality monitoring network is to record the concentration of pollution and other parameter related
to the pollution and deliver these information or data to the population to warn against the any danger.

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1.2 Problem Statement

In light of escalating environmental concerns and growing health risks associated with air pollution,
there is an urgent need for the development of a robust AQI Monitoring System focused on Air
Pollutants Detection.
This system aims to address the complex challenges posed by deteriorating air quality, including the
proliferation of harmful pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. By leveraging advanced sensor technologies, data analytics, and real-time
monitoring capabilities, this system seeks to provide accurate and timely insights into air quality levels,
enabling proactive measures to mitigate health risks, inform policy decisions, and promote
environmental sustainability.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Proposed Work

Aim:

• Public Health Protection: Monitor the AQI to protect public health from dangerous air pollutants,
reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risks.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Assess air quality to better understand its effects on ecosystems,
biodiversity, and general environmental health.
• Policy Formulation: Provide data for evidence-based policymaking to reduce emissions, limit pollution
sources, and improve air quality standard

Objectives:

• Community Awareness: Increase public awareness by sharing real-time AQI data, allowing
communities to make informed decisions about outdoor activities.
• Quick Response: Establish an early warning system for extreme pollution occurrences, allowing
for quick response actions to safeguard sensitive people.
• Global Collaboration: Help to advance worldwide efforts by exchanging AQI data, encouraging
collaborative activities, and resolving cross-border pollution issues.

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1.4 Proposed System

As a research reference, five previous studies that have been conducted are considered as
previous works. In researchers created a system that can measure air quality bycombining the
IoT concept and the fuzzy intelligence method in their re-search using Arduino Uno. The
results of this study are more accurate than conventional measurements, but, in this study, the
speed of the internet greatly affects the web-based server in making changes to the latest
information (updates), so it requires an internet service that has optimal speed, as well as
sufficient device server support. This paper does not specify any specific sensor, and only
focuses on fuzzy logic implementation.
In, IoT technology is implemented for designing a water quality monitoring device using
Arduino Uno. The results ofthis test show that ATAIR is ready to be used for monitoringwater
quality in the field and has successfully measured three parameters, namely temperature,
turbidity, and oxygen in the Cimahi river. In, the researcher uses the We mosmicrocontroller
module as the main module connecting the airsensor and gas sensor and provides notification to
the user through the Blynk application about the air quality information in the room. The sensor
which is used in this research is only MQ135, which is used to measure the level of CO, CO2,
and alcohol.
In this project, we'll create an IOT-based air pollution monitoring system that will track
air quality via a mobile server and the internet and sound an alarm when it falls below a
predetermined point, which happens when enough hazardous gases, such as CO2, smoke,
alcohol, benzene, and NH3, are present in the air. In the LCD and in the application, the air
quality will be shown in PPM so that we can easily keep track of it. The Arduino Uno acts as the
heart of the system and all other components are connected to it. All the sensors namely DHT11,
MQ135, CO2, sensors are directly connected to the analog pin of the Arduino. To connect to the
internet, the ESP32 module is interfaced with the Arduino. All the data collected by the sensors
are fed in to cloud database, wirelessly through ESP32. Enhancing the precision and performance
of the suggested system can be achieved by evenly distributing additional sensor nodes
throughout the entire site. The proposed system is highly efficient than the existing systems.

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1.4.1 Block diagram of the Proposed System

Figure 1.4.1

In this study, the DHT11 sensor is needed as a sensor that measures temperature and
humidity, while the MQ-135 sensor functions to measure air contamination. These two sensors
are connected to the Arduino Uno. Wi-Fi as a wireless internet connection sends data to a web
server. The web server will then display the following information:
1. Temperature
2. Air humidity
3. Air quality index.
The role of IoT technology is physically invisible, but can be seen when the re cording
and detection process occurs by each sensor, which then sends the data in real time via an internet
connection and displays it in a web form that can be accessed by users anywhere.

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1.4.2 Advantages of Proposed System

1. Real-Time Monitoring: The system provides real-time data on air quality, ensuring timely
detection of harmful pollutants.

2. Cost-Effective Solution: Using ESP8266 and affordable sensors like MQ2 and MQ135
makes it a budget-friendly option for air quality monitoring.

3. Easy Integration: The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module enables seamless integration with IoT
platforms for data visualization and analysis.

4. Portable and Compact: The components are small and lightweight, making the system easy
to deploy in various locations.

5. High Sensitivity: The MQ2 and MQ135 sensors detect a wide range of gases, including
carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia, and more, ensuring comprehensive air quality
monitoring.

6. Energy Efficiency: The ESP8266 module consumes low power, making the system energy-
efficient and suitable for battery-operated devices.

7. Open-Source Platform: Using ESP8266, which is compatible with Arduino IDE, promotes
flexibility and innovation in system development.

8. Support for Smart Cities: This IoT-enabled monitoring system contributes to smart city
initiatives by providing critical environmental data.

9. Enhanced Safety: By detecting harmful gases like LPG and smoke (via MQ2), it ensures
safety in residential and industrial settings.

10. User-Friendly Interface: With IoT platforms like ThingSpeak or Blynk, users can access
and interpret data easily through graphical interfaces.

11. Data Logging and Analysis: The system can store historical data on air quality, enabling
trend analysis and predictive insights.

12. Customizable Threshold Alerts: Users can set thresholds for pollutant levels, triggering
alerts via email or SMS when unsafe levels are detected.

This integration of IoT technology with ESP8266, MQ2, and MQ135 sensors offers an
efficient and versatile solution for monitoring and managing air quality.

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Chapter 2
Literature Survey

A literature survey or a literature review in a project report shows the various analyses and research
made in the field of interest and the results already published, taking into account the various
parameters of the project and the extent of the project. Literature survey is mainly carried out in order
to analyze the background of the current project which helps to find out flaws in the existing system
& guides on which unsolved problems we can work out. So, the following topics not only illustrate the
background of the project but also uncover the problems and flaws which motivated to propose
solutions and work on this project.
A literature survey is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including
substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Literature reviews use secondary sources, and do not report new or original experimental work. Most
often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis, dissertation or a peer- reviewed
journal article, a literature review usually precedes the methodology and results sectional though this
is not always the case. Literature reviews are also common in are search proposal or prospectus (the
document that is approved before a student formally begins a dissertation or thesis). Its main goals are
to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader.
Literature reviews are a basis for researching nearly every academic field. A literature survey includes
the following:

• Existing theories about the topic which are accepted universally.

• Books written on the topic, both generic and specific.
• Research done in the field usually in the order of oldest to latest
• Challenges being faced and on-going work, if available.

The difficulty of the conventional monitoring instruments is their large size, heavy weight and
extraordinary costlier. These lead to inadequate deployment of the monitoring stations. In order to be
effective, the locations of the monitoring stations need careful placement because the air pollution
situation in urban areas is highly related to human activities (e.g. construction activities) and location-
dependent (e.g., the traffic choke-points have much worse air quality than average).

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➢ Valentina Bianchi et al discuss the implementation of behavioral sensors based on the

familiar and ubiquitous Wi-Fi technology.
➢ Teodora Sanislav et al methods’ make it possible to monitor vast geographic areas by
allowing data to be recorded at distant locations and seen from any device with an Internet
connection.
➢ Using a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) as the main controller, Chuan
Zhang et al. suggested to create a reconfigurable sensor.

There are lot of issues in the existing air quality monitoring systems such as;

• Data validation and quality assurance: Ensuring the quality and accuracy of data generated by
air quality monitoring systems is crucial for reliable results. Data validation and quality assurance
processes may require additional resources, expertise, and standardized protocols to ensure that the
data collected is accurate and trustworthy.

• Lack of uniformity in monitoring standards: Air quality monitoring standards and regulations
can vary across different regions, countries, and jurisdictions, leading to inconsistencies in data
collection, analysis, and interpretation. Lack of uniformity in monitoring standards can hinder the
comparison and synthesis of data from different sources, making it challenging to develop
comprehensive strategies for air pollution management.

Air quality monitoring systems are essential tools for tracking and managing air pollution
levels, and they have various applications in environmental monitoring, public health monitoring, and
policy- making. These systems utilize different technologies, such as sensor-based monitoring, remote
sensing, and modeling approaches, to measure and analyze air pollutant concentrations. However,
challenges and limitations, including accuracy and reliability issues, spatial and temporal variability,
cost and complexity, data integration and interoperability, and lack of uniformity in monitoring
standards, need to be addressed to improve the effectiveness of air quality monitoring systems. Further
research and advancements in technology, data management, and standardization are needed to
overcome these challenges and enhance the capabilities of air quality monitoring systems for better air
pollution management and public health protection.

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Summary:

The development of the Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker System utilizing
ESP8266, LCD Display, MQ2 sensor represents a significant step forward in addressing the pressing
issue of air quality management. Throughout the project, we have successfully integrated cutting-edge
technologies to create a versatile and accessible solution for monitoring pollutants in the atmosphere.
By leveraging the capabilities of Arduino Uno as the microcontroller, ESP8266 for Wi-Fi connectivity,
and LCD display for user interface, we have established a robust framework for real- time data
acquisition and visualization. The inclusion of MQ4 and MQ135 gas sensors enables the detection and
quantification of various pollutants, including methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
volatile organic compounds, providing comprehensive insights into air quality parameters. Through
meticulous calibration and testing, we have ensured the accuracy and reliability of the system in
measuring gas concentrations. The implementation of calibration procedures and conversion
algorithms has facilitated the translation of raw sensor data into meaningful and actionable information
for stakeholders. Furthermore, the optional integration with the ESP8266 module enables seamless
data transmission to external servers or cloud platforms, enhancing the system's capabilities for remote
monitoring and centralized data management. This feature enables proactive responses to changes in
air quality and facilitates informed decision-making for pollution control measures.

In conclusion, the Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker System offers a versatile
and scalable solution for monitoring and managing air quality in various environments, ranging from
indoor spaces to industrial settings. By harnessing the power of emerging technologies, we are better
equipped to address the challenges posed by air pollution and work towards building healthier and
more sustainable communities for generations to come.

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Chapter 3
System Requirements and Specification

Hardware Requirements

• System : Intel Core i5

• Hard Disk : 80 GB HDD

• Monitor : 15’’ LED

• Input Devices : Keyboard, Mouse

• Ram : 16 GB RAM

Software Requirements

• Operating System : Windo

• Technology :

• IDE :

• Tools :

Summary:
The model was made using an ESP-32 Wi-Fi module, a MQ135 Gas
Sensor, an Arduino Uno microprocessor, and a 16 by 2 liquid crystal display (LCD)
screen. Arduino Uno is preferred because of its versatility, user friendly interface,
and affordability. The ESP32 Wi-Fi module plays a crucial role in facilitating the
transfer of sensor data to the cloud in an air quality monitoring system. As a wireless
communication module, it enables seamless and uninterrupted transmission of data
from the sensors to a cloud-based platform for storage, analysis, and visualization.
By eliminating the need for physical wired connections, the ESP32 Wi-Fi module
allows for smooth data transfer to the cloud for processing and utilization. The sensor
data, collected under microcontroller control, is sent for analysis over the internet
using the Wi-Fi module.

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Chapter 4
System Architecture and Implementation
4.1 Methodology

Methodology for Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker System

• Requirement Analysis: Define the objectives of the project, including the parameters to be
monitored (e.g., methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide). Determine the target environment
for deployment (e.g., indoor, outdoor, industrial). Identify the desired features such as real-time
monitoring, data logging, remote access, and alarm systems.
• Component Selection: Choose appropriate hardware components based on the project
requirements and budget constraints. Select Arduino Uno as the microcontroller, ESP8266 for
Wi-Fi connectivity, LCD display for user interface, and MQ2 gas sensor for pollutant detection.
• Circuit Design: Design the circuit layout considering the interconnections between, ESP8266,
LCD display, and gas sensors. Ensure compatibility of voltage levels and signal interfaces
between components. Use a breadboard or PCB for prototyping the circuit before final assembly.
• Sensor Calibration: Calibrate the MQ2 gas sensors to establish a correlation between sensor
readings and actual gas concentrations. Follow the calibration procedures provided in the sensor
datasheets or conduct empirical testing in controlled environments.
• Programming: Develop the firmware for Arduino Uno to read sensor data, process it, and
control the LCD display. Implement algorithms for converting raw sensor values into gas
concentrations based on calibration data. Program ESP8266 to enable Wi-Fi connectivity and
data transmission to external servers or cloud platforms (optional).
• Integration: Connect the hardware components according to the circuit design. Ensure secure
connections and proper grounding to minimize noise and interference. Double-check the wiring
and component placements to avoid short circuits or loose connections.
• Testing and Validation: Conduct comprehensive testing of the entire system to verify its
functionality and performance. Test sensor readings against known gas concentrations to validate
accuracy and reliability. Evaluate the responsiveness of the system to changes in environmental
conditions and pollutant levels.
• Optimization and Fine-Tuning: Optimize the code for efficiency and resource utilization to
enhance system responsiveness and stability. Fine-tune sensor calibration parameters based on
feedback from testing and validation. Address any hardware or software issues encountered
during testing and implement necessary adjustments.
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• Documentation and Deployment: Document the project including circuit diagrams, firmware
code, calibration procedures, and testing results. Prepare user manuals or guides for installation,
operation, and maintenance of the air pollution monitoring system. Deploy the system in the
intended environment, ensuring proper placement of sensors and adequate power supply.
• Monitoring and Maintenance: Monitor the performance of the system continuously, ensuring
accurate and reliable operation over time.

4.1 Implementation

1. Setup and Initialization: Connect the hardware components according to the circuit diagram
provided earlier. Install the necessary libraries for the LCD display (Liquid Crystal library) and
ESP8266 (ESP8266WiFi library) in the Arduino IDE. Write the setup () function to initialize
serial communication, LCD display, and sensors.
2. Main Loop for Data Reading and Display: Write the main loop to continuously read sensor
values, calculate gas concentrations, and display them on the LCD.
3. Function for Concentration Calculation: Write a function to convert raw sensor values into
gas concentrations based on calibration data. This function can be adjusted based on the actual
calibration parameters of the sensors.
4. Optional: Integration with ESP8266 for Wi-Fi Connectivity Implement code to enable
ESP8266 Wi-Fi connectivity and data transmission to external servers or cloud platforms. This
step involves configuring the ESP8266 module and sending sensor data over HTTP or MQTT
protocols.
5. Compile and Upload the Code: Verify the code for any syntax errors or logical issues.
Compile the code in the Arduino IDE and upload it to the Arduino Uno board.
6. Testing and Validation: Power on the system and observe the LCD display for the real-time
concentrations of gasses detected by the MQ2.- Optionally, integrate the ESP8266 module and
verify the Wi-Fi connectivity and data transmission functionality.
7. Deployment: Install the Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker system in the desired
environment, ensuring proper placement of sensors for accurate readings. Monitor the system
continuously and perform periodic maintenance as needed to ensure reliable operation.

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Summary:

This implementation provides a basic framework for building an air quality index
monitoring system using ESP8266, LCD display, MQ2 sensor. Additional features such as data
logging, threshold alerts, and remote monitoring can be implemented based on project
requirements. Furthermore, the optional integration with the ESP8266 module enables seamless
data transmission to external servers or cloud platforms, enhancing the system's capabilities for
remote monitoring and centralized data management. This feature enables proactive responses to
changes in air quality and facilitates informed decision-making for pollution control measures.

To monitor the air pollution with the wireless sensor network has several benefits over
the traditional environment. Wireless sensor network has its own advantage such as low cost, easy
to setup and provide a real time pollutant data. Monitoring stations which are used to analyze and
collect the real time pollutant data from the road traffic emission. To monitor the pollution level
from different area of glance is a difficult task and it requires a large infrastructure setup and proper
management but if system can segment the pollution level as per the area so it can be better
monitored and better solution can be provided.

In future, the system can also implement the web-based monitoring of the air pollution 219
level and Google map which is used for live map view of pollution level. Accurate reading of
pollution level is important in order to provide a guidance for the people who suffer from the
asthmatic problem with this information they may help to choose the alternate healthy route.

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4.2 System Design

Figure

Design of Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker System using ESP8266, LCD
Display, MQ2:
The Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker System follows a systematic workflow. The gas
sensors continuously sample the surrounding air, detecting the presence and concentration of target
pollutants. The system processes these sensor readings and communicates with the ESP8266 module
to transmit data to a designated server or cloud platform. Simultaneously, the LCD displays present
the information in a clear and understandable format for users.
Components Required:
• ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
• LCD display (16x2 or similar)
• MQ2gassensor
• Breadboard and jumper wires
• Power supply (USB cable or battery pack)
Connection Details:
• Connect the VCC and GND pins of MQ2 sensor to 5V and GND on respectively.
• Connect the analog output pins of MQ2 sensor to analog pins A0 respectively.
• Connect the ESP8266 module to the computer
• Connect the SDA and SCL pins of the LCD display to the corresponding analog pin
• Connect the VCC and GND pins of the LCD display to 5V and GND respectively.

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4.2 Data Flow Diagram

Figure 4.3.2 Data Flow Diagram – Level 1

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4.3 Pseudo code

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID "TMPL3TEW2PqHX"
#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME "Air Quality Monitering"
#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN "m9fsgP6HTkJjfdp-xzxZId0WPUCEwx3p"

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#include <DHT.h>

// Define pins and constants

#define DHTPIN 2 // D4 on ESP8266
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT11 sensor type
#define MQ4PIN A0 // Analog pin for MQ4 sensor
#define GAS_THRESHOLD 120 // Threshold for bad air quality

// Blynk credentials
char auth[] = "m9fsgP6HTkJjfdp-xzxZId0WPUCEwx3p"; // Replace with your Blynk Auth Token
char ssid[] = "hi"; // Replace with your WiFi SSID
char pass[] = "harshitha"; // Replace with your WiFi Password

// Initialize the DHT sensor and LCD

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // LCD I2C address: 0x27, 16 columns, 2 rows

void setup() {
[Link](9600);
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link](auth, ssid, pass);

[Link](0, 0);

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[Link]("Air Quality Mon.");

delay(2000);
[Link]();
}

void loop() {
// Run Blynk
[Link]();

// Read data from the DHT sensor

float temperature = [Link]();
float humidity = [Link]();

// Check if readings failed

if (isnan(temperature) || isnan(humidity)) {
[Link](0, 0);
[Link]("DHT Error!");
[Link]("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
delay(2000);
return;
}

// Read MQ4 sensor value

int gasValue = analogRead(MQ4PIN);

// Determine air quality

String airQuality = (gasValue > GAS_THRESHOLD) ? "Bad Air" : "Good Air";

// Send data to Blynk

[Link](V0, temperature); // Temperature to V0
[Link](V1, humidity); // Humidity to V1
[Link](V2, gasValue); // Gas Value to V2

[Link](V3, airQuality); // Air Quality to V3

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// Display data on Serial Monitor

[Link]("Temperature: ");
[Link](temperature);
[Link](" °C");

[Link]("Humidity: ");
[Link](humidity);
[Link](" %");

[Link]("Gas Value: ");

[Link](gasValue);

[Link]("Air Quality: ");

[Link](airQuality);

// Display data on the LCD

[Link](0, 0);
[Link]("Temp: ");
[Link](temperature, 1);
[Link]("C");

[Link](0, 1);
[Link]("Hum: ");
[Link](humidity, 1);
[Link]("% ");

[Link](11, 1);
[Link](airQuality);

// Add delay before the next reading

delay(2000);

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Chapter 5
Results and Discussion

Figure. Output on a cool evening

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Figure. Output on a sunny afternoon

Figure. Output

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Chapter 6
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications

1.1 Advantages

• Enhanced Public Awareness: Provides real-time data to the public about air quality, helping
people make informed decisions about outdoor activities. Raises awareness about the impact
of pollution on health and the environment.
• Health Protection: Alerts sensitive groups (e.g., children, the elderly, and individuals with
respiratory or cardiovascular conditions) to avoid outdoor exposure during poor air quality
periods. Reduces long-term health risks by encouraging behavioral changes.
• Policy and Decision Making: Helps policymakers design and implement targeted
interventions to reduce air pollution. Facilitates data-driven decisions to enforce emission
regulations and traffic restrictions.
• Environmental Monitoring: Tracks pollution levels from various sources (vehicles,
industries, etc.), identifying hotspots and trends. Supports research and analysis on pollution
patterns and climate impact.
• Community and Urban Planning: Assists urban planners in designing greener cities with
improved air quality. Guides zoning and placement of sensitive facilities like schools and
hospitals in low-pollution areas.
• Early Warning Systems: Provides immediate alerts for hazardous conditions, such as smog
or high particulate matter levels, preventing emergencies.
• Cost Efficiency in Management: Allows authorities to allocate resources efficiently by
focusing on areas with severe pollution. Reduces healthcare costs by preventing air-pollution-
related illnesses.
• Integration with Smart Technologies: Enhances smart city initiatives by integrating data with
IoT devices and apps for broader accessibility. Supports wearable devices to offer personalized
air quality updates.
• Public Engagement and Advocacy: Encourages public participation in pollution reduction
efforts by showing tangible air quality improvements. Promotes sustainable practices, like
using public transportation or reducing waste.
• Global Collaboration: Provides data for global air quality databases, enabling cross-border
collaboration on pollution control.

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1.2 Disadvantages

• High Cost of Installation and Maintenance: Real-time monitoring systems require advanced
sensors, hardware, and software, which can be expensive to install. Regular calibration and
maintenance also add to the cost.

• Data Accuracy Challenges: Low-cost sensors may produce less accurate data due to
environmental factors like humidity, temperature, or interference from other pollutants.

• Limited Coverage: these systems often cover specific locations, leaving large areas
unmonitored. Installing additional systems for broader coverage increases costs.

• Technical Complexity: Operating and maintaining these systems requires specialized

knowledge, making them less accessible to communities with limited technical expertise.

• Data Overload: Large volumes of data require efficient processing and analysis. Poor data
management can lead to delays or inaccuracies in reporting.

• Dependence on Power and Connectivity: Real-time monitoring depends on uninterrupted

power supply and internet connectivity. Outages can disrupt data collection and transmission.

• Potential for Misuse or Misinterpretation: Publicly accessible real-time data can lead to
unnecessary panic or economic losses if interpreted incorrectly or used irresponsibly.

• Environmental Impact of Equipment: The production, disposal, and replacement of sensors

and other electronic components contribute to electronic waste.

• Privacy Concerns: In urban areas, AQI monitoring systems might inadvertently collect data
about human activities, leading to potential privacy issues.

• Short Lifespan of Sensors: Many sensors used in AQI systems have a limited operational
lifespan and require frequent replacement.

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6.3 Applications

• Urban Air Quality Management: Real-time monitoring of air pollution in cities to identify
hotspots and trends. Data-driven insights for urban planners to reduce vehicular and industrial
emissions.
• Industrial Emission Monitoring: Continuous tracking of emissions from factories and
industrial plants. Ensures compliance with environmental regulations and standards.
• Public Health and Safety: Providing real-time air quality data to alert citizens during
hazardous conditions. Useful for people with respiratory conditions like asthma to avoid high-
pollution areas.
• Traffic and Transportation Management: Identifying high-pollution zones due to traffic
congestion. Enabling dynamic traffic rerouting to reduce emissions and improve air quality. 5.
Educational and Research Purposes: Helping schools, universities, and researchers study
pollution patterns, their effects, and solutions. Encourages innovation in pollution control
technologies.
• Smart City Integration: Used as a core component of smart city projects for sustainable urban
living. Real-time data integrated into systems like smart traffic lights or public health
dashboards.
• Agricultural Applications: Monitoring air quality to assess its impact on crop growth and
yield. Identifying regions affected by pollutants like ammonia or pesticides.
• Disaster Management and Emergency Response: Detecting harmful emissions during
natural disasters like wildfires or industrial leaks. Helps authorities respond quickly to
minimize health risks.
• Environmental Monitoring and Conservation: Tracking pollution levels in forests,
wetlands, and other sensitive ecosystems. Assessing the impact of air pollution on biodiversity
and natural habitats.
• Home and Workplace Safety: Monitoring indoor air quality to ensure safe and healthy
environments in homes, offices, and factories. Alerts for pollutants like carbon monoxide,
radon, or mold spores.
• Tourism and Hospitality: Providing air quality data to tourists for planning outdoor activities.
Hotels and resorts using the system to offer clean and safe environments for guests.
• Policy Enforcement and Advocacy: Supporting governments and NGOs in creating
awareness about pollution. Providing evidence for enforcing environmental policies and

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regulations.
• Energy Efficiency Optimization: Integration with HVAC systems to optimize air filtration
and energy usage based on real-time air quality data. Reducing energy costs while maintaining
clean indoor environments.
• Personalized IoT Devices: Integration with wearable devices to provide users with
personalized exposure data. Useful for fitness enthusiasts and outdoor workers to plan safe
activities.
• Community Engagement Platforms: IoT-enabled systems can feed data into community
platforms to promote collaborative efforts in reducing pollution. Encourages local initiatives
for planting trees, reducing vehicle use, and more.
• Government Planning and Development: Helps policymakers design urban spaces and
industrial zones with minimal environmental impact. These applications demonstrate the
versatility of IoT-based AQI monitoring systems in addressing environmental, health, and
societal challenges effectively.

Summary:
The Air Quality Index (AQI) monitoring system using IoT technology with MQ2 and
MQ135 gas sensors and the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module offers several advantages. It provides real-
time monitoring of air quality, enabling timely detection of harmful gases and pollutants such as
methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. The integration of the ESP8266 module facilitates wireless
data transmission to cloud platforms or mobile applications, allowing users to access air quality
information remotely. This system is cost-effective, leveraging affordable sensors and IoT
modules, and it is scalable, making it suitable for deployment in multiple locations. Its compact
and efficient design is ideal for applications ranging from urban air pollution monitoring to indoor
air quality assessment and industrial safety. By delivering accessible and accurate air quality data,
this system promotes proactive measures to ensure environmental and public health.
By leveraging IoT, the system offers continuous data collection, providing real-time
insights into air quality conditions. The integration of cloud services allows users to access the data
through mobile or web applications, enabling proactive measures to improve air quality. The
system is also capable of triggering alerts when pollutant levels exceed safe thresholds, enhancing
its utility for environmental monitoring and public safety. With a compact design and low power
consumption, the AQI monitoring system is suitable for deployment in urban areas, industrial
zones, and residential settings. This innovative solution contributes significantly to environmental
protection, public health, and raising awareness about air pollution's impact.
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Chapter 7
Conclusion and Future Scope

Conclusion

The development of the Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker System
utilizing ESP8266, LCD Display, MQ2 sensor represents a significant step forward in
addressing the pressing issue of air quality management. Throughout the project, we have
successfully integrated cutting-edge technologies to create a versatile and accessible solution
for monitoring pollutants in the atmosphere. By leveraging the capabilities of Arduino Uno as
the microcontroller, ESP8266 for Wi-Fi connectivity, and LCD display for user interface, we
have established a robust framework for real- time data acquisition and visualization. The
inclusion of MQ4 and MQ135 gas sensors enables the detection and quantification of various
pollutants, including methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic
compounds, providing comprehensive insights into air quality parameters. Through meticulous
calibration and testing, we have ensured the accuracy and reliability of the system in measuring
gas concentrations. The implementation of calibration procedures and conversion algorithms
has facilitated the translation of raw sensor data into meaningful and actionable information
for stakeholders. Furthermore, the optional integration with the ESP8266 module enables
seamless data transmission to external servers or cloud platforms, enhancing the system's
capabilities for remote monitoring and centralized data management. This feature enables
proactive responses to changes in air quality and facilitates informed decision-making for
pollution control measures. In conclusion, the Real-Time Air Quality and Climate Tracker
System offers a versatile and scalable solution for monitoring and managing air quality in
various environments, ranging from indoor spaces to industrial settings. By harnessing the
power of emerging technologies, we are better equipped to address the challenges posed by air
pollution and work towards building healthier and more sustainable communities for
generations to come.

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Future Scope:

1. Integration with Smart Cities: IoT-based air quality monitoring systems can be integrated into
smart city infrastructure, providing real-time data for urban planning, traffic management, and
public safety. These systems can influence the design of green zones, low-emission areas, and
better public transportation systems.
2. Advanced Predictive Analytics: Using AI and machine learning algorithms, the data collected
can be analyzed to predict pollution trends, identify sources, and develop mitigation strategies.
Predictive analytics can also warn citizens of potential air quality deterioration.
3. Personalized Health Applications: Wearable IoT devices can integrate with air quality
monitoring systems to provide personalized health recommendations based on real-time
exposure. Mobile apps can guide individuals on safe outdoor activity times and routes with
minimal pollution.
4. Policy Development and Enforcement: Governments can use data from IoT systems to frame
and enforce regulations for industries, vehicular emissions, and urban construction projects.
Systems can also assist in compliance monitoring and automatic penalty imposition for
violators.
5. Global Environmental Monitoring Networks: Connecting local IoT systems to global
networks can create a comprehensive map of air quality trends, supporting international
collaboration to tackle pollution. Real-time global data could help in managing transboundary
pollution issues.
6. Integration with Renewable Energy Systems: Air quality data can be used to optimize the
placement and operation of renewable energy systems like wind turbines and solar panels,
ensuring maximum efficiency in areas less affected by pollution.
7. Use in Agriculture and Ecosystem Monitoring: Monitoring systems can provide data to
farmers about pollution levels affecting crop health. They can also assess the impact of pollution
on ecosystems and b
8. Enhancing Disaster Management: IoT-based systems can detect and provide early warnings
for hazardous air quality during natural disasters like wildfires, industrial leaks, or volcanic
eruptions. This can help in evacuation planning and resource allocation
9. Affordable and Portable Solutions: Future systems can focus on affordability and
miniaturization, making them accessible to individuals, schools, and small businesses,
democratizing access to air quality data.

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10. Carbon Emission Tracking: Advanced systems could monitor carbon footprints at the household
or industrial level, encouraging carbon-neutral practices. Data can also be used to support
carbon credit systems.
11. Improved Sensor Technology: The development of more sensitive, durable, and energy-
efficient sensors can improve accuracy and longevity while reducing operational costs. New
types of sensors could measure additional pollutants or factors like humidity and temperature.
12. Public Awareness and Behavioral Change: Integration with social media and community
platforms can raise awareness about air quality issues and inspire collective action for
environmental protection. By leveraging these future advancements, IoT-based air quality
monitoring systems can play a significant role in creating sustainable, healthy, and
environmentally friendly communities.

As a result, the objective of our project is to assess the quality of the exposure
level to air pollution. By asking the user for their source and destination addresses,
the mobile application is created. With that method, the pollutant level in this
application is monitored. Also, it records the person's daily exposure to air
contaminants. Our product was created to assist someone in determining and
forecasting the degree of pollution throughout their entire trip. With the use of this
proposed air pollution monitoring kit and the associated mobile application, people
may find it helpful to identify their level of exposure to air pollutants. The following
features were available on the app: air quality indices in real time. Our environment
is primarily impacted by air pollution. It has an impact on human health in addition
to the environment. The smartphone application was created as a monitoring
mechanism, tracking the amount of exposure that people have had each day. The
detection of leakage gas, carbon monoxide, smoke, and propane was done using gas
sensors. The sensor detects gases, converts them to digital data, and presents that data
in the application. Calculating the exposure level in PPM (Parts per Million). examine
and test the level of air pollution in a specific location. A smartphone app that aids
the user has been incorporated with the kit. The data is also stored in Thinkspeak cloud
storage and it can be downloaded in format of excel.

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References

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[7] E. C. M a ca t a ng a y , C. A. C. D el a Cruz a nd J. F. Vi l l av e rd e,
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LINKS

1. Arduino. (n.d.). Arduino Uno. Retrieved from

[Link]

2. Espressif Systems. (n.d.). ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. Retrieved from

[Link]

3. Arduino. (n.d.). Liquid Crystal Library. Retrieved from

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4. Winsen Electronic. (n.d.). MQ-4 Gas Sensor. Retrieved from [Link]

[Link]/d/files/[Link]

5. Winsen Electronic. (n.d.). MQ-135 Gas Sensor. Retrieved from [Link]

[Link]/d/files/[Link]

6. Arduino. (n.d.). AnalogRead(). Retrieved from

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7. Arduino. (n.d.). Serialbegin(). Retrieved from

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8. Arduino. (n.d.). Map(). Retrieved from

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9. Espressif Systems. (n.d.). ESP8266WiFi Library. Retrieved from

[Link]

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