Ceng-2101
Strength of Materials
Chapter 1
Introduction to strength of Material
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Introduction
There are three fundamental areas of
Engineering Mechanics:
Statics
Dynamics
Strength of Materials (Mechanics of
materials)
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Statics and dynamics Studies the
external effects of forces on rigid bodies.
Deformation of bodies can be neglected.
Bar is assumed to be rigid and strong
enough to carry the loads.
• Strength of materials – the study of
the relationships between external forces
acting on deformable bodies and the
internal stresses and strains caused by
these forces.
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Strength of Materials
Difference
In statics and Dynamics,
➢ the bodies are assumed to be rigid.
➢Deformations or deflections of the bodies
are neglected
In strength of materials, the bodies
➢the bodies are assumed to be deformable
➢Deformations and deflections of the bodies
are considered.
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Strength of Materials
Definitions
Rigid Body: A rigid body is an
idealization of a solid body of finite size in
which deformation is neglected. In other
words, the distance between any two given
points of a rigid body remains constant in
time regardless of external forces exerted on
it.
Deformable body: A deformable body is a
physical body that deforms, meaning it
changes its shape or volume while being
acted upon by an external force.
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Strength of Materials
Elasticity : The property which enables
a material to change its dimension, volume,
or shape in direct response to a force
effecting such a change and to recover
to its original form upon the removal of the
force.
Elastic : If a material returns to its
original size and shape on removal of
load causing deformation, it is said to be
elastic.
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Strength of Materials
Elastic limit is the limit up to which the
material is perfectly elastic.
Elastic stress is the maximum stress or
force per unit area within a solid material
that can arise before the onset of
permanent deformation.
Plasticity is the property which enables
a material to undergoes permanent
deformation without rupture and a material
doesn’t regains its original size and shape on
removal of the force
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Strength of Materials
Plastic : If a material doesn’t
returns / regains to its original size
and shape on removal of load
causing deformation, it is said to be
plastic.
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Main objective of Strength
of Materials
Analysis of stress and deformation
Determination of the largest load that a
structure can sustain without any
damage, failure or compromise of
function
Determination of body shape and section
of the most suitable construction material
that is capable of resisting the forces
acting on the structure under specific
environmental conditions. 9
Mechanical properties of materials
Strength:- means load carrying
capacity, or it is the ability to withstand
an applied stress without failure. The
applied stress may be tensile,
compressive, or shear.
Stiffness:- means resistance to
deformation or elongation.
Stability:- means ability to maintain its
initial configuration.
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Mechanical properties of materials
Tensile Strength: - this is the ability
of a material to withstand stretching
loads without breaking.
Rod
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Mechanical properties of materials
Compressive strength: - this is the
ability of a material to withstand
compressive (squeezing) loads without
being crushed or broken.
F
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Mechanical properties of materials
Shear strength: - this is the ability of
a material to withstand offset loads, or
transverse cutting (shearing actions)
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Mechanical properties of materials
Toughness (impact resistance): -
this is the ability of a material to
withstand shatter. If a material shatters,
it is brittle such as Glass Where as
Rubbers and most plastic materials do
not shatter, therefore, they are tough.
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Mechanical properties of materials
Rigidity (stiffness):- This is the measure
of the ability not to deflect under an applied
load.
Eg. Under a light load cast iron deflects less
than steel since cast iron is more rigid. But
steel is much stronger than cast iron. Thus a
material which is rigid is not necessarily
strong.
Brittleness: - Materials that fail in tension at
relatively low values of strain (deformation per
unit length) are classified as brittle materials.
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Mechanical properties of materials
Elasticity: - the ability of a material to
deform under load and return to its
original shape and size when the load is
removed.
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Classification of Loads
With respect to:
A) Time of application
Static Load:- Load that is gradually applied.
Impact Load:- load that is rapidly or
suddenly applied(an energy load)
Sustain Load:- Load that is constant over a
long period of time.
Repeated Load: - Load that is applied and
removed many thousands of time with
interval 17
B) Area of application
Concentrated Load: - is a load or
force applied at a point or relatively
small area.
Distributed Load: -is a load
distributed along a length or over an
area.
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C) Location and method of application
Centric Load: -is one in which the
resultant force passes through the
centroid of the resisting section.
Torsional Load: - is one that subjects
the member to twist.
Bending or Flexural Load: - is one in
which the loads are applied transversely
to the longitudinal axis of the member.
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Basic Assumptions
The material of the body has a solid
continuous structure.
Within the limits of the body, the
material is homogeneous and isotropic.
(i.e it has identical properties in all points
and in all directions)
Static or Sustain Loads are assumed to
be applied on a structure.
There is no any internal force induced in
a body prior to loading. 20
THANK YOU !!
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