UNIT 3

Q1)Objectives of activity planning -Objective of s/w project planning is to provide framework that
enables the manager to make reasonable estimates of resources,cost, & schedules. 1)Feasibility
assessment:- feasibility study is only assessment of feasibility of a proposed plan or project, to determine
project is feasible after considering all imp factors,that is, whether it is worth solving. 2)Resource
Allocation:- process of allocating and scheduling available resources as efficiently & economically as
possible, responsibility of the project manager to tell appropriate time and allocate resources, managing
and delegating resources throughout the project to ensure that it runs as evenly & successfully as
possible. 3)Detailed costing:-After producing an activity plan & allocating specific resources, we can
obtain more detailed estimates of costs and their timing. 4)Motivation:- Motivation to set goals and track
progress against goals is an effective way to motivate employees, especially if they are initially involved
in setting these goals. 5)Coordination:- project plan offers a useful service means of communication and
collaboration between teams, especially for large projects with multiple project teams.

Q2)Explain Sequencing and scheduling activities, Types of scheduling, benefits - 1) Sequencing:- refers
to determining or order in which tasks or activities should be performed, involves arranging in a logica &
chronological seq to meet specific objectives. Example Manifacturing process- i)Material preparation,
ii)cutting & shapping, iii)Assembly iv)Quality control v)Packaging 2) Scheduling:- involves determining
when each activity or task will be performed, it’s about allocating resources such as time,manpower, &
equipment to specific task to completed on time, Example:- i)Task A( Design)- start on day1 finish day 5,
ii) Task B(development) iii) Task C (Testing ), iv) Task D ( Deployment). •Types of scheduling- i)Gantt chart
scheduling ii)Critical path method(CPM) iii)Program evaluation & review technique (PERT), iv)Resource-
leveling scheduling, v) Agile scheduling •Benefits of scheduling:- time management, resource
optimization, efficient project planning, risk management,

Q3) Explain Network planning model Project activities & their interactions are modeled as network in
these project scheduling system, time flows from left to roght in network, CPM ( Critical path method ) &
PERT ( project evaluation & reporting techniques) are two most well-known of these methods, visualizing
project as network with activities representing as arrow joining circle or nodes that could represent
beginning or end of an activity, both these strategies used an activity-on-arrow approach, in this method
activities represented as nodes in activity-on-node network and links bet nodes stand in for precedence
requirement, latter method offers more flexibility for representing specific situations, currently most
computer use this technique, these 3 approaches are highly similar & must be acknowledged that many
people refer to any or all of the approaches by same name especially CPM

Q4) Explain Formulating Network Model- Representing activities and their interrelationships as graph is
first step in building a network model A) Construction precedence network: Spend some time thinking
about certain guidelines for network construction before we examine how they are used. 1) Project net
should have only one start node. 2)Project net should have only one end node. 3) Node has duration.
4)Links normally have no duration. 5)Precedent are the immediate preceding activities. 6)time moves
from left to right. 7)Network may not contain loops. 8)Network should not contain Dangles.
B)Representing lagged activities:- we might want to carry out two tasks simultaneously as long as there
is a delay bet them. C)Hammock activities:- having no duration by themselves, begin at same time as first
activity and terminate at same time as last. D)Labeling convention :- for entering data on an activity on-
node network, different conventions have been adopted
Q5) Explain four types of Activity relationship ( FS, FF, SS, SF ) We check if there is any relationship
between two activities, if it is than it’s best to show it, •There are 4types of relationships bet A & B,
1)Finish-to-start(FS):- logical link bet two activities where successor activity cannot begin until
predecessor activity is complete, Task B cannot start until task A finishes, Ex:- we cannot start
development before design is complete, Activity B depends on activity A. 2)Finish-to-finish (FF):- logical
relationship in which a successor action cannot complete until predecessor has completed, Task B cannot
finish until task A finishes, example:- playing football game cannot end before game is over. 3)Start-to-
Start ( SS ):- A logical relationship where successor activity cannot begin until predecessor activity has
begun, Task B cannot start unitl task A starts, example:- Marketing manual preparation activity can only
start after user document is run, So A & B can run parallel after A starts. 4)Start-to-finish(SF):- A logical
connection in which successor activity cannot be completed before start of predecessor activity, Task B
cannot finish until task A starts, example:-Start using new software system cannot perform until we phase
out old software system

UNIT 4

Q1) Explain framework for monitoring & control Project management- serves as project foundation,
this doc serves as guide for tracking & controlling project, •Inputs to monitoring & controlling project
work are :- 1)Project management plan:-it is primary source of info for project’s execution,monitoring &
control, 2)Work performance info:- info about project activities is known as work performance info, this
info contain progress, deliverables,costs & quality assurance validation. 3)Rejected change request:-
when determined how project is progressing, reject change req might be instructive, •Monitoring &
regulating project operations using tools:- i)Expert judgment:- project manager & team member use
expert judgment, to take corrective or preventive actions, based on current & previous experience with
similar project. ii)Earned value technique (EVT):- EVT is method of calculating current project schedule
& cost performance for project manager, this data used to predict future schedule & cost performance.
iii) Organizational project management:- this approach offer project managers with detailed instructions
& processes to enable effective mojitos & control during each stage of project. iv) PMIS( project
management info system):- pmis helps us to keep track of & regulate variable like cost & resource
utilization, also help project managers calculate & manage earned value data. •Following are outputs of
project work monitoring & control:- 1)Recommended corrective actions. 2)Preventive actions
recommendation. 3)Predictions 4)Recommended defect repairs 5)Requested changes

Q2) Explain Earned value analysis (EVA) EVA is a project management approach that is used for
monitoring & controlling purpose. •EVA comprises the indicators- 1)Earned Value(EV):- Projected value
is percentage of budget allotted to activities pr period under consideration. 2)Planned value(PV):- This
metric represents project’s progress, it’s worth is equal to total of budgeted and premitted funds for the
work that has already been done. 3) Actual cost(AC):- The AC stands for amount paid for work done.
4)Budget at completion(BAC):-Total budget is allowed value of project’s scope at the end, •Purpose of
earned value analysis is to assist & support control cost process, Earned value management ( EVM) uses
outcomes of this study to analyze variations, trends & forecasts based on the EVA results, EVA is
suggested approach of following procedures for project adopting the PMI methodology: work on project
should be monitored & controlled. i) Schedule of control ii)Cost-cutting iii)Control & procurement process

Q3) Change control process with block diagram Changes are unavoidable when developing &
maintaining product, people make mistake, consumers require adjustments & product operating
environment changes, improve understanding of problem and their abilities to solve it, in software
solving one problem will lead to creating new one, goal of change control is to have complete control
over all product change requests & completed modifications, any configuration item must be able to be
distinguished from it’s predecessor in terms of changes. •Block diagram - 1)Change request 2) change
log 3)analysis 4)decision 5)communicate status 6)document update 7)implementation 8)verification

•Phases/Steps of change control 1)Event creation→2)Event analysis→3)Event acceptance or

rejection→4)Configuration of change request→5)Change request closing→6)Event creation closed

Q4)Define contract management. Different stages of it Contract management is complex monitoring

process that includes execution,vendor selection,issue identification,control,tracking & processing of
contracts to conclusion, When effectively implemented ensure budget & capability are in line with project
goals. •Five most imp stages:- 1)Create- Control management sys must able to include standardised
procedures, first step is to determine sort of contract & who will be in charge of each duty. 2)Negotiate:-
contract should be designed in way that matches organization’s need and beliefs, in order to enable two
parties create confidence, line items must be discussed. 3)Approve:- Approval normally entails a number
of signatures, before final deal is made, no. of managers, dept, even contractors may need to sign off on
the details. 4)Finalize:-Signing of contract bet businesses is last step before project can begin, it’s critical
to get signatures from variety of parties & bodies immediately, especially when distance is an issue,
minimise delay in process. 5)Manage:- changes can still happen once project start, each activity must he
monitored, deadlines,audit,revenue & expenses must all be kept track of, completed & communicated
with the rest of team

Q5)Stages in contract placement 1)Requirement analysis→2)Evaluation plan→3)Invitation to

tender(ITT)→4)Evaluation of proposal 1)= requirements are documented,description of current sys,plans
and strategies for future,features required by sys, 2)=different methods for evaluation proposals:-reading
proposals, interviews, demonstration, site visits, practical tests, need to access value for money for each
desirable feature. 3)= note that bidder is responding to ITT with an offer, acceptance of offer create
contract, customer may require additional info, different technique solutions to same problem. 4)= verify
that paper meets all requirements, supplier interviews, demonstration, site visits & practical tests are all
part of process, •Benefits of contract management process- Efficiency, risk reduction, building
relationships

Q6)List & expalin different type of project status report 5 type of project status report. 1)Report for the
current period:- only cover most recently completed period, provide update on activities that were open
for work throughout time period, gives different bet expected and actual compeletion dates.
2)Cummulative Reports:- this report detail project’s progress from start to end of reporting period, bcoz
they illustrate trends in project progress, they are more informative than current period project.
3)Expection reports:- detail derivation from original plan. Typically these reports are intended for senior
management. 4)Stoplight reports:- verison if previous report kinds that can be used on any of them, on
top right of first pg of project progress report, stickers of various colours are placed, different colour of
stickers serve following purposes: a)Green sticker:-indicate project is on track and everything is going
according schedule, b)Yellow sticker:-indicate that project has met a problem or has slipped behind
schedule, that is signal to upper management that project isn’t progressing as planned. c)Red stickers:-
indicate that project has gotten out of hand, red report should be avoided at all costs becoz they indicate
that problem has arisen on project, 5)Report on variance:- gives report bet what was intended and what
really occurred, variance report are snapshots of status of an entity being tracked in time,

Q7) Define contract, explain typical term of contract, give example Contract is legally binding agreement
between two or more parties, written contract provide clearer evidence of terms agreed upon, •Typical
term of contract- i)Definition form of agreement lease,license,sale. ii)Goods & services to be supplied.
iii)Ownership of software. iv)Environment of software. v)Acceptance standards. vi)Time table. vii)Price &
payment method. viii)Legal requirements. •Examples:- Employment contract, Sales contract, lease
agreement, service agreements

UNIT 5

Q1) Advantage & Disadvantage of Agile methodology Advantages:- Agile was created for software
industry to enhance & expedite development process so that flaws & issue could be identified &
corrected fast. 1)Speed to market:- use agile process to bring notion to our users as quickly as feasible,
agile project create something useful during each iteration. 2)Flexibility:- agile methodology is built on
idea of adapting to change, project & software are always changing, we must be able to adapt and update
product as new product are released or market expands, brilliant ideas might emerge in middle of project.
3)Risk management:- users might test product early in process, this allows us to spot feature deficiencies
& difficulties early in process. 4)Cost control:- agile,unlike fixed-budget project is extremely flexible in
terms of scope, some times features needed are no longer necessary, Agile pay only for what we need
rather than overlapping, agile allows us to restructure our product. 5)Quality:- Testing is integrated in
agile methodology, delivering tested products on regular basis means higher overall quality and less time
spent on quality assuring. •Disadvantages:- 1)It is not based on document. 2)there is lack of structure. 3)
Uncertainty in project scope. 4)Dependency on skilled team members. 5)lack of predictability in
timelines. 6)Adds ambiguity to contract negotiation process because actual work effort estimates are
difficult to create.

Q2)What js Agile manifesto, Principles of agile software development It is Declaration of agile

methodology’s beliefs & principles, tries to identify new ways of producing software by offering a clear
and measurable structure that supports iterative development. •Principles- 1)Agiles first aim is to satisfy
customer by delivering critical product and service on time & schedule. 2)Accept any changes in
requirements even if it occurs late in project. 3)Developers & stakeholder must work together. 4)project
are delivered on regular basis. 5)communicating info with team is through face to face conversation.
6)Build project around people who are excited about what they’re doing. 7)Agile process aim is to long
term development. 8)attention to good design improves agility significantly. 9)true test of project success
is ultimate working product. 10)team should become more productive. 11) increase amount of unfinished
work. 12) self organizing team produce finest design.

Q3) Explain Scrum,with diagram Scrum is popular agile process for product development, it is software
management methodology that may be used on any project with deadline, requirements or high level of
uniqueness, project in scrum are progressed through series of iterations known as sprints which lasts for
two or four weeks. 1) Scrum team- consist five to nine members, but scrum projects can easily reach
hundreds. 2)Product owner- it is stakeholder in project who represents users,customer. 3)Scrum master-
Incharge of ensuring that team works as efficiently as possible. 4)Product backlog:- list that includes
every desired item or update product. 5)Sprint planning meeting:- product owener present team with
top items on product backlog in a sprint planning meeting. 6)Daily Scrum:- meeting held on each day,
help team to stay on track by providing content for esch day’s work. 7)Sprint review meeting:- end of
each sprint, team holds sprint review meeting to show off the finishes functionality. 8)Sprint
retrospective:- which is meeting in which team considers how well scrum is working for them and
changes they might want to make

Q4) List and explain different stages of agile Agile methodologies follow series of stages or phases that
guide development process, 1) Survival:- Survival mode is the first step toward becoming an agile team.
Regardless of whether they are agile or not, all teams begin here. They're attempting to get projects up
and running, as well as solve bugs and give a solution. There isn't much time for innovation or proactively
when we are solely focused on 'surviving,' getting things done, and following new processes. 2)Learning:
Teams that are in the learning stage are one step ahead of those who are in survival mode. Their teething
issues are no longer an issue, and they now have more time to learn and enhance their job, processes,
and skill sets. Team leaders and project managers may now devote more effort to implementing these
changes in their organisations. 3) Self-sufficient agile team: Any agile team's last step and ultimate goal
is to be self-organizing and self-sufficient, allowing for quick and flexible response to [Link]
are fully defined and followed at this point. A truly agile team's day-to-day activities include adaptive
planning, evolutionary development, early delivery, and continuous improvement. • Overall, a highly
agile team will be able to deliver projects more quickly and with fewer faults than a team that has gone
through the previous two stages.

Q5) Agile vs Traditional(waterfall)project Agile:- make a plane for what we want to happen, iterative and
incremental approach,project break into small increments,ability to adapt to changing
requirements,changes easily done during each iteration,continuous monitoring, Traditional:- make a
detailed plan for what we except to happenbased on horizon, linear, sequential approach,project divided
into distinct phases, difficult to change once project is in progress, to change revisiting earlier phases,
monitored at end of each phase

Q6)Agile team roles Depending on the Agile methodology, particular team roles may be required to
conform to the framework or no roles may be required at all. 1) Scrum master:- keeps each sprint on
track and assists in the removal or resolution of any issues or challenges that may arise. 2)Product owner:
The owner of the product. job is to create each sprint's goals, manage & prioritise the team backlog and
act as the customer's or internal stakeholder's voice. 3)Team members:- Members of the team. This
team's members are the ones who carry out the job in each sprint. 4)Stakeholders: Is purely an
informational job. Stakeholders should be kept informed about the product & sprint goals, given the
opportunity to evaluate and approve work throughouts the sprint. Universal role features that should be
included in most agile team structure. i)T-shaped:Agile team member has a broad understanding of their
subject,& in-depth knowledge, experience and ability in one specific areas. ii)Cross-functional : Agile
team members with talents outside of their usual areas are called cross-functional. iii)Adaptable : If they
have a wide range of abilities, they know how to put them to good use. Their output is consistent
regardless of the environment. iv)Curious : Asking the correct que & challenging the status quo when it's
appropriate are all part of optimizing and being more efficient. v)Entrepreneurial :member of Agile team
is one who does not wait to be told what to do. Wherever they sense a need, they're ready to step in and
design campaigns. vi)Team-oriented:- Team members put the team's success ahead of their own
personal glory. vii)Committed to excellence : One of the main advantages of Agile projects is the ability
to deliver high-quality work more quickly. Team members that are dedicated to greatness do not accept
second best.

Q7)Short note on 1)Estimation 2)Product backlog 1)Estimation:- Estimation SPM involves predicting the
amount of effort, time, and resources required to complete a specific task or the entire project. Accurate
estimation helps in resource allocation, project planning, and meeting stakeholder expectation, It
contributes to realistic scheduling and budgeting. •Methods:- expert judgment,analogous
estimation,parametric estimation, three-point estimation 2) Product backlog:- it is a dynamic,prioritized
list of features, enhancements, bug fixes, & other work items that need to be addressed in a software
project. It serves as the single source of requirements for any changes to the product. •Role in agile
methodologies- Agile frameworks like Scrum, the product backlog is a key pt, Both estimation and the
product backlog play integral roles in the successful management of software projects, facilitating
effective planning, execution, and adaptation throughout the development lifecycle. •functions-
roadmap planning, continuous refinement, transparency.

UNIT 6
Q.1Organizational Behavior: it can be defined as the understanding, prediction and management of the
human behavior that affects the performance of the organizations. It is the study of human behavior in
organizational settings, how human behavior interacts with the organization, and the organization itself.
Influencing elements of OB- 1. People 2. Structure 3. Technology [Link]
Q.2Staff Selection- Ability Tests: It helps in the measurement of mental abilities of an employee such
as his/ her verbal, reasoning, mathematical ability and the reading ability. Integrity Tests: It helps in
measuring the attitude and experiences of a particular employee. Also helps in relating the individual
with his honesty, the art of dependability and the nature of trustworthiness. Personality Tests: These
personality tests help in the assessment of certain traits that help in the development of an employee and
help pave the way to the road of success. Data revealing biodata tests: This test allows the employee to
write about his personal characteristics, his interests, likes and dislikes and so on. It focuses on how
effectively the employee has performed in the past and will perform in the near future. Situational
Tests:Generally, crisis management is the most given situation in these tests as it showcases how well an
individual handles it and leads the company in worst times too
Q.3 stress and its important causes- Stress is nothing but a condition where people get excited
emotionally or in other words ” a disturbed mental state” affecting their well-being. The causal agents
may be physiological which can be medically treated or emotional which we are more worried about as
emotionally unstable individuals cannot think properly which again leads to physical distress. Project
Manager (PM) is no doubt one of the most stressful jobs out there as the PM is directly responsible and
accountable for the success or failure of a project. Some PMs believe that they can handle and cope with
the high level of stress but there are some who are ignoring or refusing to recognize that they are under
stress. The experience of stress is not only impacting cognitive and behavioral performance, it can also
have a negative impact on your personal health, wellbeing, and family life Causes of Stress : 1.
Unrealistic timeline 2. Working in a matrix system which PM does not have the full control of the
resources3. Lack of resources – human and/or equipment 4. Proliferation of virtual teams and cross
cultural influences 5. Inter-group conflict in organization 6. Project environment
Q.4Working in teams -Importance: Great teamwork in project management achieves three very
important goals:  Projects are completed on time and in full Individual team members feel more
satisfied with their roles which gives them extra motivation to perform  A well-oiled team contributes
to a healthy work environment. Tip: Good project managers know that the best way to help their team
work together is by delegating tasks and responsibilities clearly. For example, if your team has to create
an app and you have two front-end developers, you should make the tasks and responsibilities very clear.
Real Life Strategy: Problems are never something we want to experience, but they’re vital to improving
teamwork. If you encourage your team to work together on solving projects and acknowledge different
perspectives, you’ll be able to spot risks earlier and mitigate them. And not only that, but you’ll also be
bringing a lot more creativity to the table.
Q.5 Decision making- It is a process by which individuals select a particular course of action among
several alternatives to produce a desired result. Purpose : To direct the resources of an organization
towards a future goals and reduce the gap between the actual position and desired position and the
desired position through effective problem solving and exploiting business opportunities A decision is a
choice made from various available activities and are closely related to: Goals and objectives of
organization  Organizational Structure  Organizational Design  Budgets  Time Period  Staff -
Salaries,Wages,Working hours,promotion,demotion  Research And design
Importance of Decision Making: 1. Optimum and efficient utilization of resources 2. Aids in Problem
Solving and facing business challenges 3. Helps in business growth and achieving objectives 4.
Facilitates effective management and innovation 5. Motivates employees and improves overall business
performance
Q.6 Leadership- Leadership is the ability to get things done through others, focusing the efforts of a
group of people toward a common goal and enabling them to work as a team. Leadership is a function
of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and
taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential.  Leadership is a quality that should be
expressed by everyone. It’s not just leading by example, such as the project manager rolling up their
sleeves and joining in on the work as needed, but everyone on the project team must take a leadership
role. They need to own their responsibilities and manage the tasks assigned to them.  Project
leadership, most simply, is the act of leading a team towards the successful completion of a project. But
of course, it is much more than that. It’s about getting something done well through others. But project
leadership requires skills in both managing people and tasks.  It is a soft skill; part art, part science.  A
project leader is someone who leads a project, but that doesn’t really get to the bottom of this seemingly
simple title. There are project managers, who are responsible for many of the aspects that we associate
with leadership. They assemble the team, devise the plan and manage resources to maintain the schedule
and keep within budget. Attributes of a Good and Ideal Leader:  They are grounded and centered
 They are aware and mindful  They create solutions  They are analytical  They can evaluate risk
 They can generate a sense of urgency  They are insightful  They build cohesion  They motivate
people  They achieve results
There are two types of leaders:
1. Transactional Leaders
They guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role
and task requirements1. Transformational Leaders
They inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization,
and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on his or her followers.
Q,8 Different types of team organization- Dispersed and Virtual teams A virtual team (aka “virtual
workgroup”) is a group of people who participate in common projects by making collaborative efforts to
achieve shared goals and objectives. These people perform tasks and jobs in a virtual work environment
created and maintained through IT and software technologies. Types of Virtual Teams:  Global
virtual team: As a rule, these teams are located in different countries and cities all over the world. They
can be employees of several companies which join their efforts and resources (incl. people, technology,
money) to perform shared outsourced projects and achieve common goals. Local virtual team:
Members of a local virtual workgroup usually belong to the same company. That company is either big
or small, and it has enough resources (technology is essential) to establish and maintain virtual team
workplaces and organize its employees into a productive remote group. The combination of activities for
assembling, building, organizing, controlling, and supervising the virtual teamwork is called virtual team
management. It is an essential part of project team collaboration. Advantages :
 Reduced rents and technology savings
 Lower transportation costs and less time spent on commuting
 Instant communication and information exchange
Disadvantages:
 Poorer control of virtual groups (this may result in reduced trust in virtual teams),
because there are no direct control tools Problems to establish good virtual team leadership (comparing
to “physical” team
leading)
 Unfitness to the projects which require on-site control and management
Q.9 Communications genres: Communication is a critical factor in project management. There are
instances where projects have failed because of miscommunication and communication gaps.  Project
managers fill this gap by devising a good communication mechanism that will help him to communicate
with the team members as well as stakeholders, sponsors, top-tier management and all the people who
are connected to the project.  If an effective communication methodology is not followed by the project
manager, it may lead to many discrepancies and ultimately may also lead to project failure, which is not
appropriate for the organization.  It is also important that the right information is delivered to the right
person.  So, project managers have the responsibility to properly channelize the communication
process, so that the right persons receive the right information.  Another important point that project
managers must make a note of is that the information sent must be clear, concise and informative
Q.10 Communication plans: A project management communication plan identifies how important
information will be communicated to stakeholders throughout the project. It also determines who will be
receiving the communication, how those people will receive it, when they'll receive it, and how often
they should expect to receive that information.
Steps For successful communication plans:1. Define the Purpose and Approach Plan Purpose is the
first item in the document. I would however, highly recommend creating it last, so that you can pull from
the entire plan and make sure that you’ve hit all the high points. 2. List Goals and ObjectivesAbove
mentioned are the Components of Project Communication  Promote awareness of the project inside
the company or outside of it  Increase employee acceptance or increase project traction company-
wide Give an avenue for stakeholders to provide feedback
3. Research and Assign Roles Some roles will have more responsibility than others. The project lead
will be expected to contribute more through the course of the project than the project sponsor. On the
other hand, each individual or group will be expected to provide the proper communication when it’s
requested.
4. Determine Methods The tools and methods you’ll be using can span a variety of mediums. Some
messages will need to come in the form of presentations or meetings. Others can be accomplished using
an email or text message.
5. Pinpoint High Level Communications Taking things a step further for important communication
events, you must clearly outline the methods, frequency, and roles within the project communication
plan. These can be internal status reports, staff meetings, project update presentations, or the kick-off