Prior to the sixteenth century, Europe underwent the development of
several proclaimed “New Monarchs,” which centralized their respective
states. These monarchs included Isabelle and Ferdinand of Castille, uniting
Spain under Catholicism, Henry II of France, imposing a taille to increase
monetary gain, and Henry VII of England, who established a royal court. On
the contrary, the Holy Roman Empire fell into decentralization, instead being
ruled by German princes over individual states. All this eventually led up to
the religious wars in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which
reflected primarily religious motivations as demonstrated through the
Schmalkaldic wars, the French wars, and the 80 years war, all of which were
ignited through religious differences, and were resolved through religious
tolerance.