Biology Project

work
Topic:-
Environmental
Issues

AISSCE
SESSION 2019-20
Supervised By- Presented By-
 Mrs. Aruna Tripathi Harsh Pandey
PGT Biology Class- XII B
A. F. S. Gorakhpur Roll No:-

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Harsh Pandey
student of Class XII-B of AIR FORCE
SCHOOL, Gorakhpur has completed
his project under my guidance.
He has taken proper care and
showed interest & sincerity in the
completion of this project.
I certify that this project is up to
my expectations & as per the
guidelines issued by the CBSE.
Internal Examiner External Examiner Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deepest sense of

gratitude to Mrs. Aruna Tripathi
(PGT Biology) whose constant
support, guidance and inspiration has
helped me to complete this project.
I am grateful to Principal Mr. Anil
Kumar Tripathi for providing the
necessary laboratory facilities for
carrying out the work.
 Harsh Pandey

Class: XII-B
Roll No.:
School: Air Force
School, GKP

INDEX
Sr. Pg.
Content
No. No.
1) Certificate 2
2) Acknowledgement 3
3) Introduction 5
4) Acid Rain 6
5) Acid Rain Causes 7
6) Acid Rain Effects 8
7) Acid Rain Solutions 9
8) Air Pollution 10
9) Fundamental Causes of Air Pollution 11
10) Air Pollution Effects 12
11) Air Pollution Solutions 13
 12) Global Warming 14
13) Global Warming Causes 14
14) Effects of Global Warming on Earth 16
15) Global Warming Causes 17
16) Rain Forest Destruction 19
17) The Causes and Solution of Rain 21
Forest Destruction
18) Bibliography 22

INTRODUCTION
A variety of environmental problems now
affect our entire world. As globalization
continues and the earth's natural
processes transform local problems into
international issues, few societies are
being left untouched by major
environmental problems.
Some of the largest problems now
affecting the world are:
Acid Rain, Air Pollution, Global Warming,
Hazardous Waster, Ozone Depletion,
Smog, Water Pollution, Overpopulation,
and Rain Forest Destruction.

ACID RAIN
The term acid
rain refers to
what scientists
call acid
deposition. It is
caused by airborne acidic pollutants and
has highly destructive results.
Acid rain, one of the most important
environmental problems of all, cannot be
seen. The invisible gases that cause acid
rain usually come from automobiles or coal
burning power plants.

ACID RAIN CAUSES

The primary causes of acid rain are sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These
chemicals are released by certain
industrial processes, and as a result, the
more industrialized nations of Europe as
well as the US suffer severely from acid
rain. Most sulphur dioxide comes from
power plants that use coal as their fuel.
These plants emit 100 million tons of
sulphur dioxide, 70% of that in the world.
Automobiles produce about half of the
world's nitrogen oxide. As the number of
automobiles in use increases, so does the
amount of acid rain. Power plants that
burn fossil fuels also contribute
significantly to nitrogen oxide emission.
Though human causes are primarily
responsible for acid rain, natural causes
exist as well. Fires, volcanic eruptions,
bacterial decomposition, and lightening
also greatly increase the amount of
nitrogen oxide on the planet. However,
even the gigantic explosion of Mt. St.
Helens released only about what one coal
power plant emits in a year.
Once the tiny pollutant molecules have
entered the atmosphere, they can travel
for thousands of miles. Eventually, the
particles will combine with other
compounds to produce new, often harmful,
chemicals. Acid rain comes down to the
earth in the form of rain, snow, hail, fog,
frost, or dew. Once it reaches the ground,
the acidity in the substance can harm and
even destroy both natural ecosystems and
man-made products, such as car finishes.
ACID RAIN EFFECTS
Acid rain is having harmful effects both on
people and on the natural ecosystems of
the world. Scientists today are convinced
that acid rain is severe in many areas, and
that it is having an adverse effect on the
environments of those locations.
Acid Rain Affect Aquatic Ecosystem
Many ecosystems are affected by acid rain.
Bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers,
see many of their inhabitants die off due to
rising acidity levels.
Acid Rain Effect on Trees and Plants
Aside from aquatic
bodies, acid deposition
can significantly impact
forests. As acid rain falls
on trees, it can make
them lose their leaves, damage their bark,
and stunt their growth.
By damaging these parts of the tree, it
makes them vulnerable to disease,
extreme weather, and insects. Acid falling
on a forest’s soil is also harmful because it
disrupts soil nutrients, kills microorganisms
in the soil, and can sometimes cause a
calcium deficiency. Trees at high altitudes
are also susceptible to problems induced
by acidic cloud cover as the moisture in
the clouds blankets them.

ACID RAIN SOLUTIONS

Modern science has proven that acid rain
is a dangerous and highly destructive
problem. As a result, various ways to limit
acid rain have been invented, and some
are now being used.
There are many ways that power plant
companies like Northern States can reduce
acid rain creation. They can use coal with a
low sulphur content, they can remove the
sulphur from smoke their plants release,
and they can limit processes known to
generate high levels of acid rain. Policy
makers and environmental experts are
now looking into the best methods to limit
acid rain.
Environmentalists advocate the installation
of sulphur cleaning scrubbers in factories,
washing sulphur out of coal, and finding
new methods of burning coal. Power plant
operators are looking for less expensive
solutions to the problem.
Individuals can help by conserving energy
or driving their cars less. Governments can
pass laws restricting pollution levels, or
can use a variety of methods such as
tradable emission permits to reduce acid
rain. Whatever way it is done, acid rain will
certainly have to be limited in the future.

AIR POLLUTION
Every day, the average
person inhales about
20,000 liters of air. Every
time we breathe, we risk inhaling
dangerous chemicals that have found their
way into the air. Air pollution includes all
contaminants found in the atmosphere.
These dangerous substances can be either
in the form of gases or particles. Air
pollution can be found both outdoors and
indoors. Pollutants can be trapped inside
buildings, causing indoor pollution that
lasts for a long time.
The sources of air
pollution are both natural
and human-based. As
one might expect,
humans have been
producing increasing amounts of pollution
as time has progressed, and they now
account for the majority of pollutants
released into the air.
FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF AIR
POLLUTION
Industrialization set in motion the
widespread use of
fossil fuels which
are now the main
drivers of pollution
as we
know it.
Population growth
causes the demand for food and other
goods to go up, which is met by expanded
production and use of natural resources.
This then leads to
higher levels of
atmospheric
pollution.
Globalization has
in a way become a
facilitator of air
pollution. Big industry takes advantage of
lax environmental controls in developing
nations and moves its manufacturing
facilities to such “pollution havens” from
where air pollution travels around the
world without any obstacles.

AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS

Of course, atmospheric pollution would not
be such a big problem if it weren’t for its
harmful effects on humans, animals, trees
and the wider environment.
We can distinguish between short-term
acute effects and long-term chronic effects
of air pollution.
Air pollutants enter the body primarily
through the respiratory system which thus
becomes their main victim.
Each air pollutant exerts their own specific
adverse impacts, ranging from mild to
really damaging.
 AIR POLLUTION SOLUTIONS
Air pollution has many disastrous effects
that need to be curbed. In order to
accomplish this, governments, scientists
and environmentalists are using or testing
a variety of methods aimed at reducing
pollution. There are two main types of
pollution control.
Input control involves preventing a
problem before it occurs, or at least
limiting the effects the process will
produce. Five major input control methods
exist. People may try to restrict population
growth use less energy, improve energy
efficiency, reduce waste, and move to non-
polluting renewable forms of energy
production. Also, automobile-produced
pollution can be decreased with highly
beneficial results.
Output control: The opposite method,
seeks to fix the problems caused by air
pollution. This usually means cleaning up
an area that has been damaged by
pollution. Input controls are usually more
effective than output controls. Output
controls are also more expensive, making
them less desirable to tax payers and
polluting industries. Current air pollution
control efforts are not all highly effective.
In wealthier countries, industries are often
able to shift to methods that decrease air
pollution. In the United States, for
example, air pollution control laws have
been successful in stopping air pollution
levels from rising. However, in developing
countries and even in countries where
pollution is strictly regulated, much more
needs to be done.
GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming, also known as the
greenhouse effect,
immediately received
international attention.
Scientists,
environmentalists, and
governments around the
world took an interest in
the subject.
Global warming is called
the greenhouse effect because the gases
that are gathering above the earth make
the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By
trapping heat near the surface of the
earth, the greenhouse effect is warming
the planet and threatening the
environment.
GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES
Global warming has a
variety of causes. One
of the largest factors
contributing to global
warming is the
general problem of overpopulation and its
many effects.
 Many different gases can 1111increase
the planet's temperature. The number of
different products and human activities
that contribute to global warming are so
numerous that finding solutions to the
problem is very
difficult.
 Using a
refrigerator releases
dangerous gases,
turning on the lights
requires energy
from a power plant, and driving to work
causes gas emissions from the car.
Countless other normal activities lead to
global warming.
 Though having an atmosphere is
important, the greenhouse effect may be
making it excessively thick. The levels of
gases covering the Earth have soared with
industrialization and developed countries
now produce about 75% of greenhouse
gases.

EFFECTS OFGLOBAL WARMING

ON EARTH
 The climate changes that will result from
global warming are
extremely difficult
to predict. The
weather is
determined by so
many factors that it
is often compared
to chaos by scientists. Changing the
temperature will likely have some effect on
the planet's weather, but just what that
effect will be is nearly impossible to
predict. If temperatures do indeed rise
significantly, the most important result
would be that some portion of the polar
icecaps would melt, raising global sea
levels.

GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES

 The threat of global warming is among
the most important of all modern
environmental problems.
There are a variety of ways
of dealing with it, each
attempting to combat one of the many
causes of global warming.
The problems that cause global warming
include overpopulation, deforestation
ozone depletion, garbage dumping, and
many others. These all have unique
solutions which are now being promoted
by environmentalists.
 Certain laws and treaties are aimed at
reducing the emission of pollutants that
result in global warming. In 1988, the
International Conference on the Changing
Atmosphere drew scientists and decision
makers from 48 countries.
 Some policies could successfully reduce
global warming. Raising fossil fuels, taxing
emissions, and encouraging people to take
environmentally friendly action through
such activities as planting trees will all
help.
 Because many problems leading to
global warming are caused or contributed
to by overpopulation, people are beginning
to work to reduce family sizes. Family
planning services actually help in the fight
against global warming. Education is a key
method of reducing the greenhouse effect.
By teaching people about such things as
deforestation, environmental activists
hope to prevent the problems that
ultimately lead to global warming.
 Widespread media attention to the
global warming problem is also increasing
awareness. This is causing both individuals
and governments to act more responsibly
towards the environment.
 The rise in sea levels would be disastrous
for some places. Islands would disappear;
meaning their millions of inhabitants would
have to relocate. Flooding would occur
along coastlines all over the world,
displacing more people and ruining
cropland.
 In the case of major global warming and
melted ice caps, some countries might
simply cease to exist. Global warming,
 if uncontrolled, could catastrophe.
 RAIN FOREST DESTRUCTION
 The atmosphere and oceans are not the
only parts of
the
environment
being
damaged.
 Rain forests
are being
quickly
destroyed as
well, and
their survival
is questionable.
 E.O. Wilson, a biologist at Harvard,
called the depletion of rain forest areas
 "the greatest extinction since the end of
the age of dinosaurs."
 Unlike some environmental issues, rain
forest depletion has fortunately
received significant public and media
attention.
 Despite the opposition to the cutting
down of rain forests, the problem
continues. Every year, Brazil chops
down an area of forest the size of the
state of Nebraska.
 In addition to the Amazon's rain forests,
many other forests are being cut down
as well. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New
Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the
Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and
Venezuela, rain forests that were once
great have been lost.
 According to some estimates, 50
million acres of rain forest are cut down
every year. The United Nations says the
figure is closer to 17 million acres. The
World Wildlife Fund says that every
 minute, 25 to 50 acres are cut or
burned to the ground.
 The world's growing population has
been a primary cause of rain forest
destruction. More people need land to
live on and wood products to consume.
Limiting population growth may be the
first in a series of steps that would limit
the destruction of the rain forests.

THE CAUSES AND SOLUTION OF

RAIN FOREST DESTRUCTION
Logging
Commercial logging companies cut down
mature trees that have
been selected for their
timber. The timber trade
defends itself by saying
that this method of
'selective' logging ensures
that the forest regrows
naturally and in time, is
once again ready for their
'safe' logging practices
(WWF).
 In most cases, this is untrue due to the
nature of rainforests and of logging
practices.
Solutions: For all purposes for which
tropical timber is used, other woods or
materials could be substituted. We can
stop using tropical timber and urge others
to do the same. As long as there is a
market for tropical timbers, trees will
continue to be cut down. Labeling
schemes, aimed at helping consumers to
chose environmental friendly timbers, are
currently being discussed in many
countries.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

In completing the project I took help of my teacher Mrs Aruna Tripathi Mam & the
following references

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
APC Biology Lab
 Manual for Class-XII