POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL
ENGINEER
Introduction:-
1-1 What is the fault ? { nature and causes of faults}:-
- Fault is abnormal case operation for electrical power system .
Faults are caused either by insulation failures or by conducting
path failures.
- The failure of insulation results in short circuits which are very
harmful as they may damage some equipment of the power system .
- Most of the faults on transmission and distribution lines and cables
are caused by the followings :-
1- Birds, aircraft, tree branches, snakes and creepers may cause faults on
over head lines.
2- If the conductor are broken .and if it falls to the ground.
3- Joint failures on cables or over head lines are also cause faults.
4- Opining of one or two of the three phase makes the system unbalanced.
( this type of fault is caused by:
- break in the conductor.
- break in joint for cables and overhead lines.
- C.B or isolators fail to close one or two phases .
5- Direct lighting strokes, storms, earthquakes are also cause faults.
6- Most of the faults on transmission and distribution lines are caused by
overvoltage due to lightning or switching surges.
7- During switching on for lines or transformers with forgetting portable
earth.
8- in addition, to short circuits between turns of the same winding .
1-2 Types of faults :-
1-2-1 The Faults Are Classified As :-
(a) Symmetrical ( balanced ) fault :- { 3 phase , 3phase to ground }
(b) Unsymmetrical ( unbalanced ) fault:- { single phase to ground , phase to phase ,
phase to phase to ground , open phase circuit , 2 phase open circuit.}
1-2-2 Fault Statistics:-
Element % of total fault Cause of fault
1- Birds, aircraft, tree branches, snakes
Overhead andcreepers.2- Direct lighting strokes,
50 %
lines storms, earthquakes. 3- Internal over-
voltage.
1- Damage during digging.2- Failure of
Underground
10 % joints.3- Insulation failure due to
cables
temperature rise.
1- Insulation failure. 2- Fault in tap
changer. 3- Fault in bushing.4- Over
transformers 10 %
loading , over voltage . and over flux. 5-
Fault in protection system.
1- Stator fault.2- Rotor fault.3- Abnormal
Generators 6% condition.4- Fault in associated
equipment. 5- Fault in protection system.
1- Insulation failure.2- Leakage of
Switchgears 12 % air/oil/gas. 3- Mechanical defect. 4- Lack
of maintenance.
1- Insulation failure.2- Breaking of
CTs , VTs 3% conductor. 3- over -voltage.4- Wrong
connections.
Control - 1- Insulation failure of leads for DC and
circuits 3% ACcircuits.2- Damage for control circuits
equipment and equipment. 3- Wrong connections.
miscellaneous 66% 1- Insulation failure.
1-2-3 Statistics of Faults on overhead lines :-
Percentage of ( + ve , -ve , zero
Type of fault Fault symbol
occurrence ) impedance
( + ve , -ve ,
zero ) sequence
Line to ground
L- G 85 % impedance ,
fault
connected in
series.
( + ve , -ve ,
zero ) sequence
Double line to
2L- G 5% impedance ,
ground fault
connected in
parallel.
Only ( + ve , -ve)
Line to line sequence
L-L 8%
fault impedance, no
zero sequence .
Symmetrical
Three phase
3- Φ 2% fault, balanced
fault
fault
1-3 Effects Of Faults
The most dangerous type the fault is a short circuit as it may have the following
effects on a power system:- { if it remains uncleared }
(I) Heavy short circuit current may cause damage to equipment or any other
element of system due to overheating and high mechanical forces.
(II) Arcs associated with short circuits may cause fire hazards.
(III) There may be a loss of system stability.
(IV) The above faults may be cause interruption of supply to consumers. ( loss of
revenue) .
(V) An unlearned heavy short circuit may cause the total failure of the system
1-4 need for protective system:-
For the above Effects Of Faults we need the protection system to : -
Clear the fault as quickly as possible (a fraction of a second).
Isolate the faulty element to keep the healthy section of the system in normal operation.
1-5 the basic requirements of protective system:-
Speed (Fast Operation):-
- A protective system should be fast enough to isolate the faulty element of the
system as quickly as possible to minimize damage to the equipment and to
maintain the system stability.
Stability:-
- A protective system should be remain stable even when any a large current is
flowing through its protective zone due to an external fault .
Selectivity or discrimination:-
- A protective system is able to discriminate between:-
Fault and the normal operation in its protective zone.
Fault in its protective zone and a fault outside protective zone.
Sensitivity:-
- A protective relay should be sensitive to operate when operating current just
exceeds its pick – up value.
Reliability:-
- A protective system (protective relay, C.B, CT, VT, Battery, wiring, etc
… ) is a high degree of Reliability to operate reliably when a fault occurs in its
protection zone. The Failure of any protective element causes Failure for
protective system. (A typical value of Reliability of protective scheme is 95%).
Overcurrent And Earth Fault Protection
4.1 Intoduction :-
Overcurrent protection relay: - a relay which operate when the magnitude of
current exceeds its pick-up value. An Overcurrent protection relay is used for
transformers , transmission lines ,distribution , bus coupler ,bus section , and
motors. ets.
Overcurrent protection relay is connected in series with Current Transformer
CT.
Overcurrent protection relay includes short – circuit times (5-20) full load.
Overcurrent protection relay includes overload protection ( generally machine).
4.2 Overcurrent protection relay has following types:-
Instantaneous Overcurrent protections relay {50}:-
- Instantaneous Overcurrent protection relay is one, which has no
Intentional time – delay {relay operates within 20 – 60 msec. in actual practice
there can be no zero time of operation.} disadvantage of this type of OC relay.
sometime make false operation in case of two short sequence lines , relay cannot
make discrimination between the fault in each line.
Definite time Overcurrent protection relay (DT) {51}:-
- A relay in which the operating time is independent of the magnitude of the
actuating current. Relay setting I˃, t˃}.
Inverse minimum time Overcurrent protection relay (SI ):-
- A relay in which the operating time is inversely proportional to the magnitude of
the operating current. (as shown in figure 4.1 )
OC & EF RELAY Testing and commissioning
TESTING FOR NON DIRECTIONAL OC, EF RELAY:-
1- Make sure that the feeder of this relay under test is opened and isolated.
2- Connect OC & EF relay to any secondary test kit (OMICRON,
FREJA,) by using test plug to isolate current, trip, and alarm signal………., etc..
3- Check relay settings for OC & EF values from relay.
Example:-
4- Start to test relay as following:-
Function test and continuity current circuits. By injection any values of current
(0.1 or 0.5 IN as example) for each phase
( one by one R ,Y,B ). Take the measure values for each phase in relay.
Compere between injection and measured values.
Pick up value of current test and drop off for relay .
Tripping time measurements.
For ( IEC SI ) take trip time for pick up value , and with 2.0 IN {as Shawn the
following table}
( time must be = 10 tms value at 2.0 In )
If The Setting I ˃ = 1.0 IN , TMS = 0.5 SEC,
Inject 2.0 a . Time measuerd must be 1.0 sec.
After finishing pick up and time test for relay .test both of input and
output binary for relay according setting.
For earth fault relay you can repeat the above with E/F .
{as Shawn the following table}
Test CB Trip , And Alarm Signals.
repeat the above steps for all phases , and phase to neutral.
If I˃˃ , I ˃˃˃ Are setting in relay , must be test it.
TESTING FOR DOC , DEF RELAY :-
Repeat the above Test For Pick Up And Time Test .
But connect both current and voltage sec. injection kit (OMICRON ,
FREJA,…..) .
Test directionality of OC and EF as shown in table 4-6 . this test
according torque angle setting and polarity
Of CT , VT and according the direction of power
{as Shawn the following table}