ENOBONGJOSEPH ODUOBUK P.

HD
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❖ Kinematics describes the motion of points, bodies, and
systems of bodies without considering the causes (i.e. forces)
of motion.
❖ It defines key concepts related to motion such as
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their linear and
angular counterparts
❖ Kinetics
❖ It describes the forces acting on objects in
motion.
❖ It also deals with mass of objects.
❖ It is employed in automobile and aircraft designs. 2
❖ Distance (s)
❖The total path travelled or covered by a body.
❖It may not be a straight line.
❖It is a scalar quantity.
❖Units: metre (m)
❖Distance (s) = speed (v) x time (t)

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❖ Displacement (s)
❖Concerned about the change of position of a body
in a specified direction or a straight line.
❖The shortest path travelled between two points.
❖It is a vector quantity. (it can be +ve or –ve
depending on the direction).
❖Unit: metre (m)

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 Speed (v)
▪ The is simply the distance an object travels over
time.
▪ It is a scalar quantity.

▪ Average Speed: Thus is the total distance covered

divided by the total time spent.

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❖ Velocity (v)
❖ The rate of change of displacement with time.
❖It is a vector quantity.

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 Acceleration (a)
▪ The rate of change of velocity over time.
▪ It explain how fast the velocity changes with time.

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 Velocity – Time Graph Analysis

❖ Slope/Gradient (division): acceleration

❖ Area (multiplication): displacement and

distance.

❖ At constant velocity;
❖∆v = 0
❖a=0
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 Velocity – Time Graph Analysis
❖ uniform velocity:
❖∆v increases
❖ ∆v ≠ 0
❖a = positive (+ve)

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❖ Uniform Velocity
❖ ∆v decreases
❖ ∆v ≠ 0
❖ a = negative (-ve)

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❖ Non-uniform Velocity
❖ ∆v varies non-uniformly
❖ ∆v ≠ 0
❖ a = -ve and +ve respectively

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❖ Non-uniform Velocity:
❖ ∆v varies non-uniformly
❖ ∆v ≠ 0
❖ a = decay/decreases negatively

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 Useful mathematical formula
 Area:
▪ Triangle = Length 1Τ2(B x H)
▪ Rectangle = L x B
▪ Trapezium = 1Τ2 H(L x B)

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 Differentiate between instantaneous velocity
and average velocity.

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Class activity 1: Calculate the distance in metres
covered by a body moving with a uniform speed of
180 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 in 30 secs.

Solution:
180𝑘𝑚
180𝑘𝑚 𝑋 1000𝑚 180,000𝑚
Speed = = 1𝑘
1𝑘𝑚
= = 50𝑚𝑠 −1
1ℎ𝑟 𝑋 60 𝑋 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
1ℎ𝑟
Then,
Distance = speed x time
Distance = 50𝑚𝑠 −1 x 30 secs = 1500m 16
Class Activity 2: A body moves 3000m due east in
40 secs, then 4000 m due north in 60 secs. Calculate,
its average,
(a) speed.
(b) velocity for the whole journey.

Solution
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
(a) Average speed =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
3000+4000 7000
= = = 70 𝑚𝑠 −1
40+60 100
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(b) Magnitude of displacement = AC = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐴𝐶)2
AC = 30002 + (4000)2 = 5000m
5000𝑚
Magnitude of velocity = = 50𝑚𝑠 −1
100 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
𝑂𝑝𝑝 𝐵𝐶 4000
Direction of velocity (θ) = tan θ= = =
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝐵 3000
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tan θ =
3
0
θ = 53.13
Note: Velocity is 50 𝑚𝑠 −1 on a bearing of 036.870 ,
hence the direction of the velocity is 36.87 0 east of
north.
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Class activity 3: A car is brought to rest from 180
𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 in 20 secs. Determine its retardation.
Solution
180𝑘𝑚
180𝑘𝑚 𝑋 1000𝑚 180,000𝑚
Speed = = 1𝑘
1𝑘𝑚
= = 50𝑚𝑠 −1
1ℎ𝑟 𝑋 60 𝑋 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
1ℎ𝑟

V = 0 𝑚𝑠 −1 , t = 20 secs,
𝑣 −𝑢 0 −50 −50
a= = = = − 2.5 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑡 20 20

Retardation = - 2.5 𝑚𝑠 −1 19
Class activity 4: A body is uniformly accelerated
from rest to a final velocity of 100 𝑚𝑠 −1 in 10 secs.
Calculate the distance covered.

Solution:
u = 0, v = 100 𝑚𝑠 −1 , t = 10 secs and S = ?
1
S =ut + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
𝑣 −𝑢 100 −0
a= = = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑡 10
1
S = 0 x 10 + x 10 x (10)2
2
S = 500 m
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Class activity 5: A body whose initial velocity is
30 𝑚𝑠 −1 moves with a constant retardation of
3 𝑚𝑠 −2 . Calculate the time taken for the body to
come to rest.
Solution:
v = 0 𝑚𝑠 −1 , u = 100 𝑚𝑠 −1 , t = ? and a = 3 𝑚𝑠 −2
Using, v = u + at
0 = 30 + (-3) x t
-30 + 0 = -3t
t = 10 secs.
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Class activity 6: A body moving with uniform
acceleration of 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 covers a distance of 320m. If its
initial velocity was 60 𝑚𝑠 −1 , calculate its final velocity.

Solution:
v = ?, u = 60 𝑚𝑠 −1 , s = 320m and a = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2
From 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2as, we have,
𝑣 2 = 602 + 2 x 10 x 320
𝑣 2 = 3600 + 6400
Squaring both sides, we have
𝑣 2 = 10,000
V = ±100 ≈ 100 𝑚𝑠 −1
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Motion of gravity: Free fall
Acceleration of free fall due to gravity “g” is
approximately 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2 or 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 , where
horizontal (linear) equations of motion can be
written as:
V = u + gt
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S =ut + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2gs

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Class activity 7: A stone is released from the top of a
cliff 180m high. Calculate:
(a) The time it takes to hit the water
(b) The velocity with which it hits the water. (take g =
10 𝑚𝑠 −2 ).

Solution:
(a) Given, S = 180m, g = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 , u = 0 𝑚𝑠 −1 and t =
?
1
From S =ut + 𝑔𝑡 2 , we have,
2
1
180 =0 x t + x 10 𝑋 𝑡 2
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180 = 0 + 5 𝑡 2
180 = 5 𝑡 2
2 180
𝑡 =
5
2
𝑡 = 36
t = 36
t = 6 secs.

(b) Using v = u + gt
v = 0 + 10 x 6
v = 60 𝑚𝑠 −1
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Relative motion

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❖ Definition: It refers to the movement of an object in
relation to another object or frame of reference.

❖ It is the perception of motion from a particular frame

of reference.

❖ Frame of reference: This is coordinate system within

which objects, positions, velocities are measured.

❖ Understanding relative motion is essential in various

fields such as physics, astronomy, transportation etc. 27
Idealization: In the study of relative motion, all
motion is relative to something.

❖ Usually that something is a reference point that is

assumed to be at rest (i.e. the earth).

❖ Motion can be relative to anything…even another

moving object.

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❖ Relative motion problems involve solving
problems with multiple moving objects which
may or may not have motion relative to the
same reference point.

❖ In fact, you may be given motion information

relative to each other.

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Notation for Relative Motion
❖ Note: We use a combination of subscripts to indicate
what the quantity represents and what it is
relative to.

❖ For example, “va/b” would indicate the velocity of

“object a” with respect to “object b”.

❖ Note: Object b in this example is the reference

point and the “reference point” object is
assumed to be at rest.
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Illustration 1: Airplane and Wind
❖ When an airplane is flying, its motion is affected
by the wind.
❖ If the wind is blowing the same direction as the
plane, it will experience a tailwind, which
increases its speed relative to the ground.
❖ Conversely, if the wind is blowing in the
opposite direction, the airplane will experience
headwind, which decreases its speed relative to
the ground.
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❖ This example demonstrates how relative
motion can be influenced by external factors.

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Class activity 8: A plane flies due north with an airspeed
of 50 𝑚𝑠 −1 , while the wind is blowing 15 𝑚𝑠 −1 due East.
What is the speed and direction of the plane with
respect to the earth?

Solution
Note:
❖ Airspeed” means the speed of the plane with respect to
the air 𝑣Ԧ𝑝Τ𝑎 .
❖ wind blowing” refers to speed of the air with respect to
the earth 𝑣Ԧ𝑎Τ𝑒 .
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❖ But the speed” of the plane with respect to
the earth 𝒗𝒑Τ𝒆 is unknown.
❖ In this case, we know that the speed and
heading of the plane will be affected by both
it’s airspeed and the wind velocity, so… just
add the vectors.

𝒗𝒑Τ𝒆 = 𝒗𝒑Τ𝒂 + 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒆

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❖ So, we are adding these vectors and see how it
looks like.
❖ Draw the diagram, show the vectors tip to tail and
solve it.

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❖ We write the vector addition formula as follows:

Note:
❖ We can use the subscripts to properly line up the
equation, then rearrange that equation to solve for
any of the vectors.
❖ Always draw the vector diagram, then you can solve
for any of the vector quantities that might be missing
using components or even the law of sines. 36
Points to note:
❖ Other quantities can be solved for in this way,
including displacement.
❖ Remember that it is possible to see a problem that
may give you some displacement information and
other velocity information but not enough of either
to answer the question directly
❖ When solving these, be very careful that all the
quantities on your diagram and in your vector
formula are alike (i.e. all velocity or all displacement).
Do not mix them!
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❖ Class activity 9: An airplane flies at 250 𝑚𝑠 −1 to
the east with respect to the air. The air is moving at
15 𝑚𝑠 −1 to the east with respect to the ground.
Find the velocity of the plane with respect to the
ground.
Solution:
Given: 𝒗𝒑Τ𝒂 = 250 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒈 = 15 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝒗𝒑ൗ𝒈 = 𝒗𝒑Τ𝒂 + 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒈
𝒗𝒑ൗ𝒈 = 250 + 15
𝒗𝒑ൗ𝒈 = 265 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
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❖ Class activity 10: An airplane flies at 250 𝑚𝑠 −1 to the
east with respect to the air. The air is moving at 35
𝑚𝑠 −1 to the north with respect to the ground. Find the
velocity of the plane with respect to the ground.
Solution:
Given: 𝒗𝒑Τ𝒂 = 250 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒈 = 35 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝒗𝒑ൗ𝒈 = 𝒗𝒑Τ𝒂 + 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒈
Taking the resultant, we have,
𝒗𝒑ൗ𝒈 = 250 + 35
𝒗𝒑ൗ𝒈 = 252 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
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 Illustration: Two cars on a highway
❖ Imagine two cars travelling on a highway. Car A is
moving at a speed of 60 mph and car B is moving
at a speed of 70 mph. If you are sitting in a car A,
car B will appear to be moving at a speed of 10 mph
relative to you. This example demonstrates how
relative motion depends on the observer’s frame of
reference.

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1-Dimensional relative motion
Clas activity 11: If car A is moving 5 𝑚𝑠 −1 East and
car B, is moving 2 𝑚𝑠 −1 West, what is car A’s speed
relative to car B.

Car A Car B

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Solution
❖ So, we want to know…if we are sitting in car B,
how fast does car A seem to be approaching us?
❖ Common sense tells us that Car A is coming at us
at a rate of 7 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
❖ How do we reconcile that with the formulas?
❖ We start with defining the reference frame for
the values given, because both cars have speeds
given with respect to the earth.

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 Car A Car B
❖ We are looking for the velocity of A with respect to B, so va/b
=?
❖ If we set up the formula using the subscript alignment to tell
us what to add, we get…
𝒗𝒂Τ𝒆 = 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒃 + 𝒗𝒃Τ𝒆

But we need to solve for 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒃 .

𝒗𝒂Τ𝒃 = 𝒗𝒂Τ𝒆 - 𝒗𝒃Τ𝒆
𝒗𝒂Τ𝒃 = 5 – (-2) = 7 𝑚𝑠 −1
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Class activity 12: A train travels at 60 𝑚𝑠 −1 to the
east with respect to the ground. A businessman on
the train run at 5 𝑚𝑠 −1 to the west with respect to
the train. Find the velocity of the man with respect
to the ground.

Solution
𝑣𝑡ൗ𝑔 = 60 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑣𝑚Τ𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑣𝑚Τ𝑔 = 𝑣𝑚Τ𝑡 + 𝑣𝑡ൗ𝑔
𝒗𝒎Τ𝒈 = -5 + 60 = 55 𝑚𝑠 −1 44
Illustration 2: Earth Rotation and Orbit
❖ The concept of relative motion is also evident in the
movement celestial bodies.
❖ The earth rotates on its axis, completing one rotation
in approximately 24 hours.
❖ This rotation gives us the perception of the sun rising
and setting.
❖ However, from a broader perspective, we know that
the Earth’s rotation is relative to the sun.
❖ The Earth also orbit around the sun, completing one
revolution in approximately 365 days.
❖ This orbital motion is relative to the other planets in
our solar system
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END

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