Power Electronics laboratory Manual BEE504

Expt. No.1

Static Characteristics of SCR

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SCR CHARACTERISTICS.

NATURE OF GRAPH:

[Link] of SCR:

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[Link].1
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

AIM: 1) To plot the static characteristics of the given SCR.

2) To find Latching and Holding current of the given SCR.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 SCR TY604/612 1 No
2 Resistor 2.2KΩ 1 No
3 Resistor 560Ω 1 No
4 Ammeter (DC) 0-60mA 1 No
5 Ammeter (DC) 0-30mA 1 No
6 Voltmeter (DC) 0-60V 1 No
7 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 3 Nos

THEORY:
An SCR is a 4-layer, 3-junction, 3-terminal device. When anode is positive w.r.t cathode, the
curve between VAK and IA is called the forward characteristics. During forward bias condition, the
junction J2 is reverse biased and when across J2 above break over voltage (VBO), J2 breaks down and
heavy current will flow in the device. Hence a load resistance is always connected in series with the
SCR to limit the anode current to safe value.
Latching current is the minimum anode current required to turn ON SCR without gate current.
Holding current is the maximum anode current at which SCR turns OFF from ON condition, with
gate open.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

IG1= mA IG2= mA

[Link]. VAK in Volts IA in A [Link]. VAK in Volts IA in A

IL = mA

IH = mA

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PROCEDURE:
A) To Plot V.I Characteristics:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the regulated power supply. Apply some constant voltage say 30V by varying
VAK source.
3. Gradually increase the gate current by varying VGK source till the SCR becomes ON. Note
down the corresponding value of IG from the milliammeter. Then decrease VAK and VGK
to minimum.
4. Set gate current equal to noted value in step 3 by varying VGK source.
5. Gradually increase VAK in steps of 2V and for each step note down the value of VAK and
IA , and then reduce VAK to minimum.
6. Set gate current to some other value (preferably higher than that of the value set in step 3)
7. Repeat step 5.
8. Plot a graph of VAK versus IA for different values of IG.
B) To find Latching current (IL):
1. Keep proper VAK to trigger SCR by gate current. Then trigger SCR by applying gate
current.
2. Gradually decrease VAK in steps and at each step switch-off the gate supply (i.e. VGK
source) and observe that, whether device remains in the ON state or not.
3. Repeat step 2 (by trial and error method) till the SCR jumps to blocking state, and then
note down the minimum value of IA which keeps device in the on state as Latching
current.
C) To Find Holding current (IH):
1. Keep proper VAK to trigger SCR by gate current. Then trigger SCR by applying gate
current.
2. Switch-Off VGK source permanently. Now gradually decrease VAK and note down the
minimum value of IA below which, the device suddenly falls from ON-state to OFF- state
as Holding current.

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Expt. No.2

Static Characteristics of MOSFET

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS:

Nature of Graph:

Pin configuration of MOSFET:

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[Link]-2
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET

AIM: To plot the Transfer and Drain characteristics of MOSFET and determine
Transconductance and output Resistance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 MOSFET IRF 740 1 No
2 Resistor 560Ω 1 No
3 Ammeter (DC) 0-60mA 1 No
4 Voltmeter (DC) 0-60V 1 No
5 Voltmeter (DC) 0-30V 1 No
6 Multimeter - 1 No
7 VRPS 0-30V 3 Nos
8 Connecting wires - Few

THEORY:
A MOSFET (Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) has three terminals called
Drain, Source and Gate. MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. It has very high input impedance and
works at high switching frequency.
MOSFET’s are of two types 1) Enhancement type 2) Depletion type.

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TABULAR COLUMN:
A) Transfer Characteristics:

VDS1= Volts VDS2= Volts

VGS (V) ID (A) VGS (V) ID (A)

B) Drain Characteristics:

VGS1= Volts VGS2= Volts

VDS (V) ID (A) VDS (V) ID (A)

CALCULATION:

Trans conductance:

gm = ∆ID =______mho at constant VDS

∆VGS
Output Resistance:
∆VDS
R0 = =_________Ω at constant VGS
∆ID

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PROCEDURE:
A) Transfer Characteristics:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially keep V1 and V2 at 0 V.
3. Switch ON the regulated power supplies. By varying V1, set VDS to
some constant voltage say 5V.
4. Vary V2 in steps of 0.5V, and at each step note down the corresponding
values of VGS and ID. (Note: note down the value of VGS at which ID
starts increasing as the threshold voltage).
5. Reduce V1 and V2 to zero.
6. By varying V1, set VDS to some other value say 10V.
7. Repeat step 4.
8. Plot a graph of VGS versus ID for different values of VDS.

B) Drain or Output Characteristics:

1.
Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially keep V1 and V2 at zero volts.
3. By varying V2, set VGS to some constant voltage (must be more than
Threshold voltage).
4. By gradually increasing V1, note down the corresponding value of VDS
and ID. (Note: Till the MOSFET jumps to conducting state, the voltmeter
which is connected across device as VDS reads approximately zero voltage.
Further increase in voltage by V1 source cannot be read by VDS, so connect
multimeter to measure the voltage and tabulate the readings in the tabular
column).
5. Set VGS to some other value (more than threshold voltage) and repeat step 4.
6. Plot a graph of VDS versus ID for different values of VGS.

Note: If VDS is lower than VP (pinch-off voltage) the device works in the constant resistance region
that is linear region. If VDS is more than VP, a constant ID flows from the device and this operating
region is called constant current region.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF IGBT CHARACTERISTICS

NATURE OF GRAPH:

Pin configuration of IGBT:

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STATIC CHATACTERISTICS OF IGBT

AIM: To plot the Transfer and output characteristics of an IGBT and determine
Trans-conductance and output resistance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 IGBT BC 20S 1 No
2 Resistor 560Ω 1 No
3 Ammeter (DC) 0-60mA 1 No
4 Voltmeter (DC) 0-60V 1 No
5 Voltmeter (DC) 0-30V 1 No
6 Multimeter - 1 No
7 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 3 Nos
8 Connecting wires - Few

THEORY:
IGBT is a new development in the area of power MOSFET technology. This device combines
in to it the advantages of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high input impedance like a MOSFET
and low ON-state power loss in a BJT.
The parameters of and their symbols are similar to that of MOSFET’s except that the subscripts
for source and drain are changed to emitter and collector respectively. The current rating of a IGBT can
up to 400A and the switching frequency can be up to 20KHz. IGBT’s finding applications in medium
power applications such as dc and ac motor drives, power supplies, solid-state relays and contactors.

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TABULAR COLUMN:
A) Transfer Characteristics:

VCE1= Volts VCE2= Volts

VGE (V) IC(A) VGE (V) IC(A)

B) Output Characteristics:

VGE1= Volts VGE2= Volts

VCE(V) IC(A) VCE(V) IC(A)

Calculation:

Tran conductance:

gm = ∆IC =______mho at constant VCE

∆VGE
Output Resistance:
∆VCE
R0 = =_________Ω at constant VGE
∆IC

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PROCEDURE:
A) Transfer Characteristics :
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially keep V1 and V2 at 0V.
3. Switch ON the regulated power supplies. By varying V1, set VCE to some
constant voltage say 5V.
4. Vary V2 in steps of 0.5V, and at each step note down corresponding value of
VGE and IC. (Note down the value of VGE at which IC starts increasing as
Threshold voltage).

5. Reduce V1 and V2 to zero.

6. By varying V1, set VCE to some other value say 10V.

7. Repeat step 4.

8. Plot a graph of VGE versus IC for different values of VCE.

B) Output Characteristics:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially keep V1 and V2 are at 0V.
3. By varying V2, set VGE to some constant voltage (must be more than
threshold voltage).
4. By gradually varying V1, note down the corresponding value of VCE and IC.

(Note: Till the the IGBT jumps to conducting state, the voltmeter which is
connected across device as VCE reads approximately zero voltage. Further
increase in voltage by V1 source cannot be read by VCE, so connect
Multimeter to measure the voltage and tabulate the readings in the tabular
column).
5. Set VGE to some other value (more than threshold voltage) and repeat step 4.
6. Plot a graph of VCE versus IC for different values of VGE.

Note: If VCE is lower than VP (pinch-off voltage) the device works in the constant resistance region
that is linear region. If VCE is more than VP, a constant IC flows from the device and this operating
region is called constant current region.

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Expt. No 03

V-I Characteristics of TRIAC

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TRIAC CHARACTERISTICS

Nature of Graph

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[Link]-3
V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAC

Aim: To study the V-I characteristics of TRIAC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 Traic BTM36/BT136 1 No
2 Resistor 1KΩ 1 No
3 Resistor 1KΩ 1 No
4 Ammeter (DC) 0-60mA 1 No
5 Ammeter (DC) 0-60mA 1 No
6 Voltmeter (DC) 0-30V 1 No
7 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 3 Nos

Theory: An TRIAC is a device which can be turned on through the gate pulse for both positive

and negative values of VAK and turned off using power circuit i.e., turn on is controlled but

turn off is uncontrolled in a TRIAC. The voltage at which the TRIAC gets into conduction state

is called forward breakover voltage(VBO) for positive voltages and reverse breakover voltage

(VBR) for negative voltgaes.. If the gate current is increased then the forward breakover and

reverse breakover voltages will be reduced. The current at which the TRIAC turns on is called

latching current (IL). Once the TRIAC is turned on , no need of the gate pulse i.e., gate pulse

can be removed once the device is turned on. The minimum current required for the device to

keep the thyristor on is holding current(IH). The ratio of latching to holding currents will be 3-

5. When the gate current is increased, the breakover voltage values will be reduced.

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PROCEDURE:-

TRIAC characteristics:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram

2. The TRIAC is connected in forward direction and supply is switched ‘ON’

3. VMT1MT2 is varied by varying RPS2 and then vary Ig by varying RPS1

4. The corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted and tabulated.

5. Next the TRIAC is connected in reverse direction.

6. The above procedure is repeated.

TABULAR COLUMN:

[Link]. VMT1MT2 in Volts IMT2 in mA

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Expt. No.4

SCR Turn ON Circuit using Synchronized UJT

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SYNCHRONIZED UJT TRIGGERING

NATURE OF GRAPH:

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[Link].4
SCR TURN ON CIRCUIT USING SYNCHRONISED UJT

AIM: To Trigger the given SCR operating on AC supply using UJT relaxation
oscillator in Synchronous mode.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 UJT firing Module - 1 No
2 Rheostat 220Ω,2.8A 1 No
3 SCR Module - 1 No
4 Auto-Transformer 230/0-270V 1 No
5 Isolation Transformer 230V 1 No
6 CRO and probe - 1Set
7 Multimeter - 1 No
8 Connecting wires - Few

THEORY:
UJT works very satisfactorily as relaxation oscillator. Output pulses of variable time period are
possible by suitable increase in the Emitter to Base 1 voltage from very low voltage level to peak voltage
level, either by employing a constant current or by charging the capacitor by a resistor. The RC network
can be easily employed to obtain output pulses, since the time period is fixed by RC circuit through the
capacitor voltage VC.

In phase controlled rectifier circuit, trigger pulses to SCR must be synchronized with the AC
supply frequency. This helps constant DC output voltage across the load for a specified triggering angle.
On the other hand if synchronization is not achieved, then even for a minute variation in AC supply
frequency, triggering angle of SCR varies from instant to instant resulting in variation in DC output
voltage across the load. To overcome this problem, the supply voltage to UJT circuit is derived from
the AC mains using a step down transformer, rectifier and Zener diode as shown in the circuit diagram.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No Firing angle (α) Output voltage in Vdc (theoretical)

Volts Vdc=2Vm/π(cosα +1)

NATURE OF GRAPH :

Output
voltage
V

Firing angle α

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON power supply to UJT firing circuit.

3. Observe the waveform of step down AC voltage, output of bridge rectifier, the voltage
across Zener diode, capacitor and across primary of pulse transformer using CRO.
4. By varying R, Observe the variation of frequency of triggering pulses at pulse
transformer secondary terminals.
5. Connect the output of pulse transformer to the Gate and Cathode of SCR.
6. By varying R, observe the load voltage waveform and voltage waveform across
SCR for different firing angles.

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Expt. No.5

Generation of Firing signals for Thyristors using Digital Circuit

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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[Link].5
GENERATION OF FIRING SIGNALS FOR THYRISTORS
USING DIGITAL CIRCUIT
AIM: To Study SCR turn ON process using Digital Triggering for half wave rectifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 Digital firing Module - 1No
2 Rheostat 220Ω, 2.8Amps 1No
3 SCR Module - 1No
4 Auto-Transformer 0-260V 1No
5 Isolation Transformer 230V 1No
6 CRO and probe - 1Set
7 Multimeter - 1 No
8 Connecting wires - Few

THEORY:
This firing circuit generates line synchronous pulse transformer isolated trigger output to
trigger SCR’s in
i) Single phase half wave converter.
ii) Single phase full wave converter.
iii) Triac firing.
iv) Chopper.
The firing scheme is a based on zero Crossing Detector (ZCD) using digital IC’s, mono
pulse generator and high frequency carrier generator and pulse transformer isolation method.
Zero crossing detector generates a narrow pulse whenever AC signal goes to its zero position.
This pulse is triggering pulse for monostable. A variable pulse width can be obtained by varying the
potentiometer. Output of the mono#1 is connected to mono #2 to generate a narrow pulse at the trailing
edge of the mono#1. Mono pulse generator together generates envelop for firing pulses. IC555 generates
high frequency carrier pulses. These high frequency carrier pulses are amplified and isolated by pulse
transformer isolation circuit. Finally isolated pulses can be connected to gate and cathode to trigger
SCR/TRIAC.

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NATURE OF GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. No Firing angle Output voltage

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PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply to Digital firing circuit.
3. Observe AC reference signal and compare it with ZCD output.
4. Connect one channel of the CRO to the AC reference terminal and other
to the clock generator output terminal using CRO probes with respect
to ground terminal of ZCD.
5. Adjust potentiometer ‘R’ such that, it generates 10 pulses in half cycle.
6. Set the thumbwheel switch to some number (as soon as
synchronized signal crosses zero, counter starts counting clock
pulses in down counting mode from the set value).
7. Observe train of pulses across TP and TN.
8. Connect T1 and T′1 of driver circuit to the gate and cathode of
SCR module.
9. Switch ON power supply to SCR power circuit by
keeping autotransformer knob at minimum position.
10. By varying auto transformer knob gradually, set voltage across
SCR about 80V (measure set voltage using Multimeter)
11. By setting different numbers in thumbwheel switch (each step
corresponds to 18° firing angle delay), Observe load voltage and
SCR voltage waveforms.

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Expt. No.6

Single Phase Full Wave rectifier with R & R-L Load

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

With R- Load

With RL-Load

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[Link]-6
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH R & R-L LOAD

AIM: To Study the output characteristics of full wave rectifier with R and RL load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 FWR module - 1No
2 CRO and probes - 1Set
3 Rheostat 0-200Ω,2.8A 1No
4 Firing module - 1No
5 Auto-transformer 230/0-260V 1No
6 Isolation Transformer 230V 1No
7 Tachometer - 1No
8 Multimeter - 1No
9 Connecting Wires - Few

THEORY:
In bridge rectifier all the four arms of SCR’s are connected as control switches. This is called
fully controlled bridge. The advantage of fully controlled bridge rectifier is the capability of wide
voltage variation, between +VDC (AV) to -VDC(AV). Such rectifier finds application in DC motor for
both motoring and electrical braking.
Power module consists of four SCR’s and a freewheeling diode. In addition, protections are
provided by miniature circuit breaker (MCB) for short circuits and four fuses for thyristor protection.
The thyristors are mounted on individual heat sinks and protected by fast fuses. A well designed snubber
circuit is provided for dv/dt protection.
Firing unit generates four line synchronized firing pulses to trigger four SCR’s of single phase
fully controlled bridge power circuit. Firing circuit is based on ramp generator.
Comparator, pulse generator, pulse amplification and pulse triggering method. Gate pulses are taken
out through isolation pulse transformer. Firing angle can be varied from 180° to 0° on gradual scale
marked.

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TABULAR COLUMN: FOR R- LOAD

Av. Output Voltage Av. Output Voltage

Firing angle
[Link] Vm (Practical values)
in Degrees VDC(AV) = π (1+cosα)
1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 60
8 70
9 80
10 90
11 100
12 110
13 120
14 130
15 140
16 150
17 160
18 170
19 180

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PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the gate cathode terminals of SCR’s to respective
points on firing module.
3. Initially set auto-transformers knob to minimum position.
4. Switch ON the power supply to SCR power module and firing module.
5. By connecting CRO probe at appropriate terminals on firing
module, check for triggering pulses.
6. Gradually increase supply voltage by varying autotransformer knob,
set to some constant voltage (say 100V).
7. Observe output voltage waveform on CRO (if the output is not
observed, interchange line and neutral connections at the input of
single phase converter).
8. Vary firing angle potentiometer in steps of 10° (for firing angle
range 0-180°) and at each step note down output voltage magnitude
from waveform on CRO.
9. Calculate average output voltage theoretically using

formula VDC(AV)=( πV m )(1+ cosα) – for R – Load

π
VDC(AV)=2V m (cosα) – for R –L Load

10. Plot a graph of firing angle v/s average output voltage for
practical values.

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TABULAR COLUMN: FOR R –L LOAD

Av. Output Voltage Av. Output Voltage

Firing angle
[Link] VDC(AV) = 2Vm (cosα) (Practical values)
in Degrees π
1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 60
8 70
9 80
10 90
11 100
12 110
13 120
14 130
15 140
16 150
17 160
18 170
19 180

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NATURE OF GRAGH:

NATURE OF GRAPH: FOR R- LOAD

NATURE OF GRAPH: FOR R-L LOAD

Nature of Graph: Average Output Voltage Vs firing angle

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Expt. No.7

Speed control of separately excited DC motor using full wave

rectifier

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SPEED CONTROL OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR USING

SEMICONVERTER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NATURE OF GRAPH:

Speed in rpm Vs firing angle in degrees

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[Link]-7
SPEED CONTROL OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR
USING SEMICONVERTER
AIM: To obtain speed v/s firing angle characteristics for the given DC motor using
fed by Single-phase semiconverter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Apparatus Range Qty
1 FWR module - 1 No
2 CRO and probes - 1 set
3 Rheostat 0-200Ω/2.8A 1 No
4 Firing module - 1 No
5 Autotransformer 0-240V 1 No
6 Isolation transformer 0-230V 1 No
7 Tachometer 0-30V 1 No
8 Multimeter - 01No
9 DC Motor - 01No
10 Connecting wires - Few

THEORY:
In bridge rectifier all the four arms of SCR’s are connected as control switches. This is called
fully controlled bridge. The advantage of fully controlled bridge rectifier is the capability of wide
voltage variation, between +VDC (AV) to -VDC(AV). Such rectifier finds application in DC motor for
both motoring and electrical braking.
A freewheeling diode is provided across the bridge output for inductive load. An MCB is
provided in the input side to switch ON/OFF the supply to the power circuit and for over current
tripping. The FWR power module also contains a diode bride to get DC supply for energizing field of
DC motor (220V, 2A).

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TABULAR COLUMN:

Firing angle Speed

[Link]
in degrees in rpm

NATURE OF GRAPH:

Speed in rpm Vs firing angle in degrees

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PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch ON power supply to SCR power module and firing module.
3. Measure voltage across field terminals using multimeter in DC mode. (Note: In case
of separately excited DC motor control, field excitation is separate. Field supply
should be ON before giving armature supply and OFF only after switching OFF
armature supply)
4. Gradually, increase supply voltage by varying autotransformer knob. (set to some
constant voltage say 60V to observe that, whether DC motor is running properly without
jerks or not by varying firing angle potentiometer, then set firing angle potentiometer at
minimum position and gradually increase supply voltage to 230V)
5. Vary firing angle potentiometer in steps of 10° (for firing angle range 0-180°) and at
each step note down speed of motor using tachometer.
6. Plot a graph of firing angle v/s speed in rpm.

RESULT:

CONCLUSION

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Expt. No.8

Speed Control of Stepper Motor

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SPEED CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR

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[Link]-8
SPEED CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR

AIM: To Study the Stepper motor operation and

i) To calculate error in speed
ii) Programming for different step.
iii) To verify truth table.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 Stepper Motor - 1No
Stepper Motor control
2 - 1No
module
3 Stop watch - 1No
4 Connecting wires - few

THEORY:
Stepper motors are special motors that are used when motion and position have to be precisely
controlled. As their name implies, stepper motors rotate in discrete step corresponding to a pulse that is
supplied to one of its stator windings. Depending upon its design a stepper motor can advance by 90°,
45°, 18°, or by as little as a fraction of a degree per pulse. By varying the pulse rate, the motor can be
made to advance vary slowly, on one step at a time, or to rotate stepwise at speeds as high as 4000
rpm/minute.
Stepper motors can turn clockwise or anticlockwise, depending upon the sequence of the
pulses that are applied to the windings. There are three types of stepper motors:
1) Variable reluctance stepper motors
2) Permanent magnet stepper motors
Hybrid stepper motors

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TABULAR COLUMN:

[Link]. Steps/Revolutions Actual degree of Indicated degree of %Error=(Ea-Ei)/Ea

rotation (Ea) rotation (Ei)

TRUTH TABLE:
Half Step

A1 A2 B1 B2
Red Black Blue Green
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0

Full Step

A1 A2 B1 B2
Red Black Blue Green
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1

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PROCEDURE:
To Find Error:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply to the module.
3. Press set button, select RPM/Step mode by pressing INC/DEC,
then press ENT button.
4. Adjust the RPM to the particular value say 5 by pressing INC/DEC
and Then press ENT button.
5. Choose directions forward / Reverse by pressing INC /DEC and
then press ENT button.
6. Choose rotation in half or full step by pressing INC / DEC and
then press ENT button.
7. Press RUN and switch ON stop watch.
8. Note down angle rotated in one minute.
9. Calculate % error using
formula % Error = [(Ra-
Ri)/Ra] X 100

Programming for different Step:

1. Select step control.
2. Select say 10 steps by adjusting INC /DEC.
3. Select forward / Reverse.
4. Select Full / Half step.
5. Press RUN and Observe number of steps
moved. Note: One Step=1.8°

1. Select step control.

2. Select one step by adjusting INC /DEC.
3. Select forward / Reverse.
4. Select Full / Half step.
5. Press RUN and Observe A1, B1, A2, and B2 LED’s by
referring respective truth table. Hence verify truth table.

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Expt. No.9

Speed control of single phase universal motor using a TRIAC

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Expt. No.9
SPEED CONTROL OF SINGLE PHASE UNIVERSAL MOTOR
USING A TRIAC
AIM: To obtain speed v/s firing angle characteristics for the given single phase universal motor using
a
TRIAC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Apparatus Range Qty

1 TRIAC module - 1 No
2 CRO and probes - 1 No
3 TRIAC firing module - 1 No
4 Transformer 0-230V 1 No
5 Tachometer 0-30V 1 No
6 Multimeter - 01No
7 Universal Motor - 01No
8 Connecting wires - few

THEORY:
By connecting a reverse parallel pair of thyristors or Triac between AC supply and load, the
applied Load can be controlled. This type of power controller is known as AC voltage controller or AC
regulators. Therefore AC voltage regulators converts fixed mains voltage directly to variable alternating
voltage without change in the frequency. The important applications where AC voltage controllers are
widely used are: speed control of induction motors, domestic and industrial heating, light controllers,
ON load transformer tap changing, static reactive power compensators etc. Since the AC regulators are
phase controlled converters, thyristors and Triacs are line commutated and as such no complex
commutation circuitry is required in these controllers.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No. Firing angle Speed in Vo in volts Io in amps

(α) RPM

Nature of Graph:

Speed in rpm Vs firing angle in degrees

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

2. Apply the input voltage through transformer.
3. Vary the firing angle and note down the speed of universal motor using tachometer
4. Plot the graph of output v/s firing angle.

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

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Expt. No.10

AC voltage controller using Diac, Triac combination

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER USING TRIAC DIAC:

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Expt. No.10
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER USING DIAC, TRIAC COMBINATION
AIM: To study the phase control of triac by diac triggering method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Qty

[Link]
1 AC Voltage regulator module - 1 No
2 Patch cords - 1 No
3 CRO with probes - 1 Set
4 Multimeter - 1 No
5 Rheostat 0-200Ω/2A 1 No
6 Inductive load 1 No

THEORY:
By connecting a reverse parallel pair of thyristors or Triac between AC supply and load, the
applied Load can be controlled. This type of power controller is known as AC voltage controller or AC
regulators. Therefore AC voltage regulators converts fixed mains voltage directly to variable alternating
voltage without change in the frequency. The important applications where AC voltage controllers are
widely used are: speed control of induction motors, domestic and industrial heating, light controllers,
ON load transformer tap changing, static reactive power compensators etc. Since the AC regulators are
phase controlled converters, thyristors and Triacs are line commutated and as such no complex
commutation circuitry is required in these controllers.
Though a triac may be fired into conduction state by simple R or R-C triggering circuit, more
reliable and faster turn-on may be had if a switching device used in series with the gate. One of the
switching devices that can trigger a triac is the [Link] is illustrated in this experiment.
Fig shows a triac firing circuit employing diac. Variable resistor R controls the charging time
of the capacitor C and therefore the firing angle of triac. When R is small, the charging time constant is
small, diac triggers triac earlier and firing angle is small. Similarly when R is high, firing angle of the
triac is large.
The waveforms of this circuit produce asymmetrical waveform for the positive and negative
half cycles of load voltage. This asymmetry is, to some extent, due to triac characteristics but it is mainly
due to hysteresis present in the capacitor. This means that when Vs is zero, Vc is not zero. In other
words capacitor retains some charge of the initial voltage applied across its plate when source voltage
falls to zero.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No. Firing angle (α) Output voltage (v)

NATURE OF GRAPH

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as given in the circuit diagram

2. Switch ON the mains supply.
3. Vary the firing angle potentiometer and observe the variation in lamp brightness.
4. Note down the voltage variation across lamp for various firing angles.
5. Repeat the above steps with R-L load.
6. Plot the graph of output voltage v/s firing angle

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Expt. No.11

DC Motor speed control (Using power MOSFET/IGBT Chopper)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

IDEAL GRAPH FOR DC MOTOR CONTROLLER:

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[Link]
DC-MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING POWER MOSFET/ IGBT CHOPPER
AIM: To study the phase control of triac by diac triggering method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Qty

[Link]
Power MOSFET/IGBT
1 - 1 No
Module
2 DC Motor - 1 No
3 Tachometer - 1 Set
4 Connecting wires - 1 No

THEORY:
This trainer kit consists of two parts. A) Power circuit and B) Control circuit to study speed
control of DC motor.
A) Power circuit: The power circuits mainly consists of power MOSFET, IGBT, a freewheeling
diode and built in DC source for the chopper circuit and Digital meters to measure DC voltage and
current.
A Power MOSFET (IRF-460), an IGBT (IRGPH20KD) and a freewheeling diode are mounted
on a suitable heat sink and protected by snubber circuit and fuses. All the device terminals brought out
on the front panel. A built in DC source is provided in the unit for input to the chopper circuit. AC
mains supply of 230V is step down using a transformer with tapings and different AC output voltage is
selected using a rotary switch. The selected AC voltage is fed to a diode bridge rectifier to get rectified
DC voltage and filtered using filter capacitor. A glass fuse is provided in series with the DC supply for
protection. Different DC voltages of 24V, 48V, 110V and 220V can be selected using the rotary switch.
Different DC voltages are required to run DC motors of different ratings like 24V, 48V, 110V and
220Volts.
One more diode bridge rectifier is provided to get 220V ±10% DC voltage from 230Volts AC
mains for field supply of DC shunt motor. The field supply is not required for speed control of
permanent magnet DC motor. A digital voltmeter and Ammeter are provided to measure DC voltage
and current.
B) Control Circuit: The control circuit is 89C51 microcontroller based to accurately generate the control
output. The duty cycle can be varied from 0-100%, Frequency of the chopper can be varied from
50Hz to 500Hz.
2 Line X 16 character LCD display to indicate the parameters and their values. 4 keys to
increment and decrement the chopper frequency or Duty cycle and to Run/Stop the output wirh soft
start and stop feature. Opto coupler based driver circuit to drive MOSFET/ IGBT.

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Front Panel Details:

1. Mains: Power ON/OFF switch to the unit with built-in indicator.
2. LCD display: 2 line x 16 characters LCD display to display the parameters.
3. Key board:
a. FRQ/DCY: Key to select the variable parameter- Frequency/Duty cycle.
b. INC: Key to increment the selected parameter value.
c. DEC: Key to decrement the selected parameter value.
d. RUN/STOP: key to RUN/STOP the chopper with soft start feature.
4. Driver Output + & - :
Driver output terminals to be connected to Gate/Emitter of IGBT or Gate/Source of
MOSFET.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No Vin in volts Frequency Duty cycle Vo in volts Io in amps Speed in

in Hz in % RPM

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the voltage select switch at OFF position and switch ON the main supply of the unit.
3. Initially select 24V by keeping the voltage select switch at position1.
4. Vary the duty cycle and correspondingly tabulate the output voltage, current and the speed of
the motor.
5. Repeat the above procedure for the 2,3,4 position of the voltage select switch and note down
the corresponding output voltage, current and the speed of the motor.
6. Plot the graph of output voltage V/S duty cycle for various selected input voltage.

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Expt. No.12

IGBT based single phase PWM Inverter

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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[Link]
IGBT based single phase PWM Inverter

AIM: To study the PWM techniques for single phase inverter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Qty

[Link]
IGBT inverter
1 - 1 No
Module
2 RPS - 1 No
3 Rheostat 100Ω/2A 1 Set
4 Connecting wires - 1 No

THEORY:

In many industrial applications it is required to control the output voltage of inverters

1) To cope with the variations of dc input voltage
2) For voltage regulation of inverters and
3) For the constant volts/frequency control requirement.
There are various techniques to vary the inverter gain. The most efficient method of
controlling the gain is to incorporate pulse width modulation (PWM) control within the
inverters. The commonly used techniques are
1. Single pulse width modulation
2. Multiple pulse width modulation
3. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation
4. Trapezoidal modulation
5. Stair case modulation

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TABULAR COLUMN:

Type of modulation Modulation index Frequency in Hz Output voltage

(Vo)

NATURE OF GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch ON the mains supply and observe LCD display showing 1-ph inverter with,
M-00 and F-100Hz, and in OFF position
3. Set the value of M- 25% using INC and DEC key and set F-100 in same way
4. Press start/stop key and tabulate M, F, Vo
5. Vary M up to 100% in steps of 25% and not down the readings
6. Repeat the above procedure for other types of modulations

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Expt. No.13

Commutation of SCR using LC circuits and auxiliary circuits

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

AUXILIARY COMMUTATION

LC COMMUTATION

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[Link]
Study of commutation of SCR using LC circuits and auxiliary circuits

AIM: To study the commutation methods of SCR

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Qty

[Link]

1 Forced commutation study unit - 1 set

2 RPS - 1 No.
3 Rheostat 100Ω/2A 1 No.
4 Connecting wires - 1 No.
5 CRO 1 No.

THEORY:

The thyristor can be turned off by reverse biasing the SCR or by using active or passive
components. Thyristor current can be reduced to a value below the value of holding current.
Since, the thyristor is turned off forcibly it is termed as a forced commutation process. The basic
electronics and electrical components such as inductance and capacitance are used as
commutating elements for commutation purpose.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

Auxiliary commutation
Ton in ms Toff in ms T in ms Ton=π*sqrt(LC)
(practical)
L1,C1
L2,C2
L3,C3

LC commutation

Ton in ms Toff in ms T in ms Ton=π*sqrt(LC)

(practical)
L1,C1
L2,C2
L3,C3

NATURE OF GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:

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1. Make connections as per circuit diagram

2. Apply dc voltage and observe output waveforms across the load by varying the L and
C values.
3. Observe the output waveforms and note down the different values.

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

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Expt. No.14

Design of snubber circuit

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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[Link]
Study the design of snubber circuit

AIM: To study the design of snubber circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Range Qty

[Link]
SCR module
1 - 1 No
2 RPS - 1 No
3 Resistance 100Ω/2A 1 Set
4 Capacitance
4 Connecting wires - 1 No

THEORY:

A snubber circuit consists of a series combition of resistance Rs and capacitance Cs in

parallel with the thyristor. When switch S is closed, a sudden voltage appears across the
circuit. Capacitor Cs behaves like a short circuit, therefore voltage across SCR is zero. With
the passage of time voltage across Cs builds up at a slow rate such that dv/dt across Cs and
therefore across SCR is less than the specified maximum dv/dt rating of the device.
In actual practice Rs, Cs and the load circuit parameters should be such that dv/dt across
Cs during its charging is less than the spefied dv/dt rating of the SCR and discharge current
at the turn –on of SCR is within reasonable limits. Normally Rs, Cs and load circuit
parameters form an underdamped circuit so that dv/dt is limited to acceptable values. The
design of snubber circuit parameters is quite complex. In practice, designed snubber
parameters are adjusted up or down in the final assembled power circuit so as to obtain a
satisfactory performance of the power electronics system.

Formula:

dv 0.632 Vs
=
dt Rs ∗ Cs
Where RsCs is the snubber time constant
Vs
Rs =
I
Where ITD is the discharging current of the capacitor

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PROCEDURE:

1. Switch S is turned On at t=0, a step voltage is applied across SCR. This voltage
will have high dv/dt. The value of snubber circuit component is calculated by
using formula.
2. When SCR is in forward blocking state the capacitor will charge.
3. Therefore voltage across SCR will increase gradually. Thus the rate of change of
voltage across SCR is reduced.
4. When SCR is turned on the charged capacitor will discharge through resistance R
and SCR. Thus R will limit discharge current of the capacitor and prevents
damage of SCR due to over current.

NATURE OF GRAPH:

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Power Electronics laboratory (21EEL55)

Viva questions

1. Definition of Power Electronics?

2. What is holding current in SCR?
3. What is latching current in SCR?
4. What are the different turn on methods of SCR?
5. What is snubber circuit?
6. What is hard switching of the thyristor?
7. What is firing angle?
8. What is meant by commutation?
9. What are the advantages of freewheeling diode in rectifier circuit?
10. What is meant by cyclo-converter?
11. What are the types of cyclo-converters?
12. What is ac voltage controller?
13. What is inverter?
14. What are the types of inverter?
15. What is duty cycle?
16. Can fuses with an ac voltage rating be used in a dc applications?
17. What are the different operation regions of the SCR?
18. What are the different losses that occur in thyristor while operating?
19. What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?
20. Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker?
21. What is the difference between isolator and circuit breaker?
22. What are the advantage of freewheeling diode in a full wave rectifier?
23. What is chopper?
24. What are the types of commutation? (Or) turn off methods?
25. What is step down chopper?
26. Name some of the current controlled (current driven) devices?
27. Name some of the voltage driven (voltage controlled) devices.
28. What are the advantages of IGBT over BJT, MOSFET?
29. Why IGBT is very popular nowadays?
30. What is the difference between power diode and signal diode?
31. What are the different types of power MOSFET?
32. What is meant by phase controlled rectifier?
33. Mention some of the applications of controlled rectifier?
34. What is meant by delay angle?
35. What is meant by input power factor in controlled rectifier?
36. What are the applications of dc chopper?
37. What is meant by duty-cycle?
38. What are the main classification of inverter?
39. Why Thyristors are not preferred for inverters?
40. What are the advantages of PWM control?
41. What are the methods of reduction of harmonic content?

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42. Compare CSI and VSI?

43. What are the applications of ac voltage controllers?
44. What are the two methods of control in ac voltage controllers?
45. What are the two types of cyclo-converters?
46. Draw the two transistor model of scr and derive an expression for anode
current?
47. What does the Voltmeter in AC mode show? Is it RMS value or peak value?
48. What is Universal Motor?
49. What are the main components used for isolating the Power Circuits, Power
Semiconductor from the low-power circuit?
50. Give some examples of power electronics applications in the day-to-day life?

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