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List Operations
Iteration Statement
(Looping)
🔹 List Repetition
List repetition is done using * operator.
An iteration statement repeats a block of
code until a certain condition is met. Example:
Iteration is also called looping. [1, 2, 3] * 3
Python supports iteration over: 👉 Output: [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
● List 📌 This repeats the list 3 times.
● Tuple
● String
List Slicing (Fragment of
● Set
● Dictionary List)
Slicing is used to shorten or extract part of a
Indexing in Python (Left & list.
Right) Syntax: list[start : end]
Python follows zero-based indexing. Example:
lst = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
➤ Left to Right Indexing
lst[1:4]
● Starts from 0
👉 Output: [20, 30, 40]
➤ Right to Left Indexing
List Functions
● Starts from -1
🔹 Example: 🔹 append() Function
lst = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] ● Adds one element at the end of the
list.
Value 10 20 30 40 50
Example:
Index 0 1 2 3 4
(Left) lst = [10, 12, 14, 16]
[Link](18)
Index
(Right)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
👉 Output: [10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
📌 Negative indexing starts from the right
side.
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🔹 Updating List Value (Index
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A function is a named block of code that
Assignment) performs a specific task.
Used to change an existing value.
Types of Functions in
Example: Python
lst = [10, 12, 14, 16]
lst[2] = 22
[Link] Functions
👉 Output: [10, 12, 22, 16] ● Stored in modules
● Must be imported before use
📌 Means: Put 22 at index 2 Example:
🔹 extend() Function import math
[Link](25)
● Adds multiple elements
● append() → only one element Other examples:
● extend() → more than one element
● log10()
Example:
● sin()
lst = [1, 2] ● cos()
[Link]([3, 4, 5])
👉 Output:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] [Link]-in Functions
● Already available in Python
Variable Scope – LEGB ● No need to import
Rule
Examples: max(), min(), len(), str(), sum()
Python searches for a variable using the
LEGB rule. [Link]-Defined Functions
LEGB stands for: ● Created by the programmer
● Defined using def keyword
1. L – Local (inside function)
2. E – Enclosing (function inside Example:
another function)
3. G – Global (top level of script) x = 20
4. B – Built-in (predefined functions) y = 30
def sum():
📌 Python checks variables in this exact z=x+y
print(z)
order.
sum()
Functions in Python
Files in Python
➤ Definition:
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Python allows us to create two types of files:
1. Text File
seek() and tell() Methods
2. Binary File
Used for random access in files.
File Access Modes ➤ seek(position, mode)
Mode Meaning Mode Meaning
r / rb Read 0 Beginning of file
w / wb Write 1 Current position
2 End of file
r+ / rb+ Read + Write
a / ab Append ➤ tell()
a+ / ab+ Append + Read ● Returns current cursor position
wt Write text
Types of Errors in Python
File Methods
🔹 flush() 🔹 IOError
Occurs when file is not found or inaccessible.
🔹 EOFError
● Transfers data from buffer to file
🔹 read(size) Occurs when trying to read beyond end of
file.
● Reads specified number of characters
🔹 TypeError
🔹 readline() Occurs when wrong data type is used.
● Reads one line from file Example: "5" + 10
🔹 write() 🔹 ValueError
Occurs when correct type but invalid value is
● Writes a string into file
given.
🔹 writelines() Example: int("abc")
● Writes multiple lines into file
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Q1. What is an iteration statement in Python? (b) -1
(a) Executes code once (c) 1
🔵
(b) Repeats code until condition is met (d) -2
(c) Stops program execution (b)
🔵
(d) Defines a function
(b) Q8. Which operator is used for list repetition?
(a) +
Q2. Iteration in Python is also known as: (b) %
(a) Selection (c) *
🔵
(b) Recursion (d) /
(c) Looping (c)
🔵
(d) Branching
(c) Q9. What is the output of [1,2]*3?
(a) [1,2,3]
Q3. Which of the following supports iteration (b) [1,2,1,2,1,2]
in Python? (c) Error
🔵
(a) List (d) [3,6]
(b) Tuple (b)
(c) String
🔵
(d) All of these Q10. List slicing is used to:
(d) (a) Delete list
(b) Sort list
Q4. Python uses which type of indexing? (c) Extract part of list
🔵
(a) One-based (d) Reverse list
(b) Zero-based (c)
(c) Random
🔵
(d) Two-based Q11. Which is the correct slicing syntax?
(b) (a) list(start,end)
(b) list[start-end]
Q5. What is the left-side index of the first (c) list[start:end]
🔵
element in a list? (d) slice[list]
(a) 1 (c)
(b) -1
(c) 0 Q12. lst[1:4] will return elements from index:
🔵
(d) None (a) 1 to 4
(c) (b) 1 to 3
(c) 0 to 4
🔵
Q6. Negative indexing in Python starts from: (d) 2 to 4
(a) 0 (b)
(b) 1
(c) -2 Q13. Which function adds only one element to
🔵
(d) -1 a list?
(d) (a) insert()
(b) extend()
Q7. What is the right-side index of the last (c) append()
🔵
element in a list? (d) add()
(a) 0 (c)
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(a) function
Q14. Which function adds multiple elements (b) define
to a list? (c) def
🔵
(a) append() (d) fun
(b) extend() (c)
(c) push()
🔵
(d) update() Q21. Which type of function must be
(b) imported?
(a) Built-in
Q15. What does lst[2] = 22 do? (b) User-defined
(a) Adds new element (c) Module function
🔵
(b) Deletes element (d) Local function
(c) Updates existing value (c)
🔵
(d) Sorts list
(c) Q22. [Link]() belongs to which function
type?
Q16. Variable scope in Python follows which (a) Built-in
rule? (b) User-defined
(a) LEBG (c) Module
🔵
(b) GLEB (d) Anonymous
(c) LEGB (c)
🔵
(d) BELG
(c) Q23. Which of the following is a built-in
function?
Q17. In LEGB rule, what does L stand for? (a) sqrt()
(a) Loop (b) sin()
(b) Local (c) max()
🔵
(c) Library (d) log10()
🔵
(d) List (c)
(b)
Q24. User-defined functions are created by:
Q18. Which scope is checked first in Python? (a) Python
(a) Global (b) Compiler
(b) Built-in (c) Programmer
🔵
(c) Local (d) Interpreter
🔵
(d) Enclosing (c)
(c)
Q25. How many types of files are there in
Q19. Built-in scope contains: Python?
(a) User variables (a) One
(b) Loop variables (b) Two
(c) Predefined functions (c) Three
🔵 🔵
(d) File objects (d) Four
(c) (b)
Q20. A function is defined using which Q26. Which is a text file mode?
keyword? (a) rb
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🔵
(b) wb (d) close()
(c) wt (b)
🔵
(d) ab
(c) Q33. tell() method returns:
(a) File size
Q27. Which mode opens file for reading only? (b) File name
(a) w (c) Current cursor position
🔵
(b) r (d) File mode
(c) a (c)
🔵
(d) r+
(b) Q34. In seek(), mode 0 means:
(a) End of file
Q28. Which file mode is used for appending (b) Current position
data? (c) Beginning of file
🔵
(a) w (d) Middle of file
(b) r (c)
(c) a
🔵
(d) rb Q35. Which error occurs when file is not
(c) found?
(a) EOFError
Q29. flush() method is used to: (b) TypeError
(a) Close file (c) IOError
🔵
(b) Clear file (d) ValueError
(c) Transfer buffer data to file (c)
🔵
(d) Read file
(c) Q36. EOFError occurs when:
(a) File is empty
Q30. Which method reads a single line from (b) File is deleted
file? (c) End of file is crossed
🔵
(a) read() (d) File is closed
(b) readline() (c)
(c) readlines()
🔵
(d) write() Q37. "5" + 10 causes which error?
(b) (a) ValueError
(b) NameError
Q31. Which method writes multiple lines at (c) TypeError
🔵
once? (d) IOError
(a) write() (c)
(b) read()
(c) writelines() Q38. int("abc") raises:
🔵
(d) readline() (a) TypeError
(c) (b) ValueError
(c) EOFError
🔵
Q32. Which function moves the file cursor? (d) IOError
(a) tell() (b)
(b) seek()
(c) open()
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Q39. Which error is related to invalid value
with correct type?
(a) TypeError
(b) IOError
(c) EOFError
🔵
(d) ValueError
(d)
Q40. Which statement is TRUE?
(a) append() adds multiple values
(b) extend() adds one value
(c) Negative indexing starts from -1
🔵
(d) Indexing starts from 1
(c)