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Genetics

The document discusses the principles of heredity and genetic variation, highlighting the work of Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants. It covers concepts such as inheritance, alleles, dominance, co-dominance, and multiple allelism, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic ratios resulting from various genetic crosses. Additionally, it touches on genetic disorders and the importance of test crosses in determining genotypes.

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6 views51 pages

Genetics

The document discusses the principles of heredity and genetic variation, highlighting the work of Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants. It covers concepts such as inheritance, alleles, dominance, co-dominance, and multiple allelism, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic ratios resulting from various genetic crosses. Additionally, it touches on genetic disorders and the importance of test crosses in determining genotypes.

Uploaded by

lehrijaideep
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
9 js 024. 1 penthite. Usfincipteo Liberibeuren Pe eee a te 4 1t means Stay of heredity and variation | Herta /ty: Gehtratin to__next or transni'ssian of _generical 5 wnen_some characters_are_passed_on_from one | based information _from_one_generatlan to reek | [nheritence: & me process by whith genetical information js pessed on from one generation to next ( — fats = experimental org. — fea plant. he dd work for (1856-1863 ) “(Garden ha) Ty eles LG Aisum fativum he publish¥d, we He wos 2 monk in a wonastry He was educated jn is journg oe science andl mathematics > He had a good observation , $0 he performed mun in 1865 eaperiments on pea aes in_ the _rnonastry. = Ht _used stabis'ca! analysis a_marhemarical expression nthe Cross: a He was luoky that he ase worked tn pea plant pisum sanvin whith nad sorb genecanten Hime ~ > fea plant hed shart generation Hime, so be Gor esul'S in SS time: AQ; ener art Hime - os ‘ e Lo LOS f ournal 1a which he polished his. ~ He .-ad nok. .hove ressive personality to in z ‘ ; a His work was not _voaderstood others cause pe tistical analysie artical eXpression: arwins (dea. —— fe f his Work. .was- rediscovered (AR a atv) Aniol (AN) hems 4 The part or fragment Of dA ws called as gene. Sop Alleles Lb The (wo Ser of alternating characters of a gene at_dipferent lool on gene pre called ac alleles. — 4 : 4 i ts Wr same haracter then it is coved as pure nes. 14 in fare. Laas came “tyjas oP gine [Link] “# while experementing with them Chances of error bun wredluces : y M y i oe 6b it 16 A Cro bjw two plants for one character and its two trats. lg eli tig fled Zu : @ We Geuesatinns . TT x £% ina | (a) fel fist ptial Set Tb Te ie, Tt | peeathaadn ait een @ Mig Tk xT “4 } < T LTT Tee laeiene Da ieee ea ee a 2 Lliated = Zz EX tt ene Seat. Ley. Eh, 2iy, La i [Qf {ii all_siuptated . 3) auljny =! zi, [Link] rior Li lye tere te ee L | ese? Ate caeieany 7 — ">= Munthe ;—iL= iw t Li > Wlebeypow donundut L plow Lobos, L violet yur Ht . jo Vad VV vy Lt Gel fk ve If. 9). Ft ViVi xe Ww v| Vv). Vv. | | v[Vv |W | a : VWoWw Ww W ie: L Au violet” : : Vv HW is L_3e) Aulfiog Vv x Vv 4 [ v LW [wy L WW & Ww L ie 2 3:1 i fabtaso typ re | 2 Aawlvount VV Apnzugeud Seared TS aT YA wary gous dowinour Vy 2 hen aygous clones BY + Woy zygous recent = i ¥ P h Sound. nee — Le RR Monat Any . ae % eae Reni 4 ; Koruna 4 ee Ma | Re Ba Rae A 1 radian 2: + pie —polie 11 | BRO homozygous dowayaut 1 hn 2 Wee Zygon wna | BAD Wdmocygous reaboive= | lower Poatlicn —_ leiod Brrtnod a | patubet Al x Oe. \ | \ q - gy ; FI rau 7. fe 1 ol Oba? Lup a 1 0 E. AL Ao fa a0. | f y nsf i i medio 121 AB > howaygous eoriee | Aa > helerayyqous demure 1 all aa? povno7ygo = AM Ef Coe naa - : | & /f explains tat if a dominant allele igs the inant recessive allele _o the trail of recessivé will not be txpresseo io Mn 4 Gineratioa of monohy brid cross or in__the Ff, _genertttion or _mondhybrid cross wherever the gdominand alléle pone présent along with recessive allele fre ‘only *torinant characrer das _expreccert Fm Te TE TE ee b au tal. Fa eRe A un PETE ball tall. (Buss. XX xe ee PO a ee Ex ened Xe KX SS xR mt a eR phuwolyple ratio > 3:) genotypic ratio > yi gs [> hemotwaoy Fecesve Tamaya Speer Domine 7 ae XX —> homozygous dormirrant- Xa > neberzygous domiranF 4k. > homozygous recessive. —————— =, genotypic ratio > I! | Gasp ants Tl 2 XX > homozygous dominant Xu? heterozygous dominoat Dihutrtiol (nosh: & Ao ts: far 20 charace Qnd_its four C2 pairs) eg traits . deed colour x ‘eel. nr Rl rg id oe | fellow Aatsed dbl el “i =e a Bs. => sd plows sus be 9 Henig ples fal VR hy ys ky yn gamer YK Vr udu twee | ups erase Aufig He Us 4H 1 : 7 a YN Y bh tna igh Ge Ry RR | Yy Rn byyeel y yea ha | Tam, fash ly] ane Gee meg 3. fad * WYellow 4» ‘yellow green o S greeny. Round 4: wrinkled. round TOFIMKTeq mY Heinen oe i (22:4 posi.2:) 3 atl > Make @ dihybrid crogés b/w two plots for flower aloor ond flower position: a Ps 0 7 yoy Posse ean oan ep" voter whi Oxted SS Ferminal- Vv Ao 5 all wit be yinet anc? axiar- La ot When Va Ay | "va i vinetanct b axial while ania Viged i termina Termin, White eae and Terminal x Terminal d lour ‘od shape ol colour, K IT ii G 99- enerazion: Z », S yellow Fit i > all will be, inflated and green- —L > lated inflated greene. a Th a & nstricted a Ge $d A is ldw explains ,the process +haf +he gp ne i i ent or INO Ff, generation saqregates curing garmerogenesis., This Cah be explained by both rrondgybri 7 L enti b i xplains that’ au the with ther a. 2 the fF generailon independenr of each other neration lb different teh € be Seen as a & 222224 rr 2:): 2) #) Pee Ne 2) at ‘| Arcomptele. Dominance *> : L_in_Incomplere dominance the fy generation aa 1 the blending or mixing vf of cheract traits OF Bo a je dominant and recessive allele = It was Observect_in_snapdragon /dlagflower , in Whith when red colovred flower parent wag Crossed with while coloured flower parent tne F, generation was developing ail the pink Flows, hence, +he phenotypic and genotypic ‘a0 of the ea: + Gigo_ absent Aufl “4 Ra, Ras a | RR Ra Ao 4 al Phenotypic [oh ot 7 4 ratio a 1 Saudhll 3 aed pink efleatee i Tower a 4d QenofyPic - : 2 4 10 1 ; aa The; 9 theration > Tht fF, generation represents the represents the blending 1 Qa ai. @ Dt a omi nant “pt, t, ren > || Phenotyp’e ratio is 3:1 | > Bh Phenotyple ralios|!2:1 > \Genoty pic ratio > 112-4 > Genotypic_ratio 2 12231 = |lRececsive_trait_could not _\ > Bow recessive % dominant express itself in the tral. ould blend prisstnce af dominant themselves and gave a tral. different phenotype exp ressten 94: Pisum Sativw m. —> (ea size [size of pea seed). 4 fe bb © seed seed CB-gene produces C b- gene - Produces less mire starch) SFarCAD - ————fpusaadeod 66 bb e, 5 4 Bb de ize OF pea seecd) apap Bh | F gentatem> = =—BB Bb Bb bd. oe ES Large motlerate Small pea (ea Sie pea site Site 4 lt 1s seen in AG blood group Of humans Tota! their are 4 Blood groups (4 phenolypia OXPTESS E756, bs ee MO. ee 2 it 6 zt oA = > | ze Pare ean > |r* i Tou bis 2 (r* zs rer We a > Ir ro 1S Wag | > fi it Gm : — _ In _co- aomjnance when two alleles are present together they borh express themselves individually and do not mask +he affect of each orher, hence Phenotypic expression Shows tA L. Lh ee m L. the trait of both the aileles fppether. i Blood pe Ab. c i 1 Tht abe (allele iS recessive ob uv 18 Gornjnaved b7 ther c= domi nonce WT" ir by TF alee AF The above expression justifies both ~Co- dominance se. Cras equal @ 28 05%. 587 hich means (7 borh pia 2% are present on 1856 then blood gf of person will be AB, whereas if SHH & i auele Is i A 6 polesen. altag, WHRATE ior I then blaod gp. will be p/ther A ar B v # Human blood gp CA, &/AG4+OJ represents co-dominane, |__domingina o recessiveness le Only AB blood gp. shows co- dominance. es > Thtre are total 6 genotypes # 4 phenotypes J of human blood grips. : Lk The R86 of a person bears sugar poumer ! either as 1° or as r% : * fhere are no sugar polymers founol over thé KCB of a person with blood gp 0. Lhcomplete- Dominance (0 - dominance Definotion:2 = defination | piending or mixture of aueles | Borh the occurs in incomplete dominance| themselves and do not blend. 2 it fs seen In _snaparagon,|> op? PB blood oP 1n humans. Mirabilis. jolpa_e size of pea_Stea_in (pisve sativim.) Page No, Date: able edi SS 6 Presence of more than two _aiitles for one charcerey Or ght phenotype ;. Caled acy Poul De ali cy Pee —= Alleles Whith corresporids +0 one Horacter. Lb ea alivLisrn in bormos Po Pularen——_ forvlerdgp. |X _muitiple alielism fora blood 9P represents tre Whole population but not an inayidua) bea. In_@n_individua) jor a blood gp- there are only two alleles | showing }) —nuttip le | oft CFLS I gone = ft is a phenomenan in whith pre gene or pne_allele have ability to show multiple epfects ale One on: e. id ne. roxy Jas, re. rane gene it codes for 3 AD_Skin_ pigmentation fair drop Absent WY Other metabolic role Gene_X vu Phenyjkeronvria- Page Ho. = Date: — Ph fonurlo ys a genttinas disorder phich occors~ due tO_latk of e3zyme —pheny/ alanine hyrorylase , ba. the gene predvcing It is either t aed: Mi ole ebe! Ss |_ doneby sts enryme fee bOdly appected in the body. Test Doss. pal Ana, wets - |b across bly £4 individual with a recessive parent. i @D it 2 vsed to elec Wats June that Gaon 7 OPC E A Caen TAT fi U 4 This cross tell us about the genotype df the ‘ EF, [Fz @ individaal— that pweae whiter ft has : G aA le per was homozygous gorrinat - i L a ae er rex eo = Aloo ae L We CCUG tt tt ft Tt t i Call yall) \ By if A [4 plant was hererezygaes dominant Te x te Tee tt ween > ae > 2 tall Zz door : [Page No, Date C2 plang LL Sew farmer has. Le lanted 22 / O07 S 27s Whatis the geno eof recessive pea pla? L at aa bg making test cross iE 17 1402. Z a 1 end § wert s work He worked on _an hosect Drasypnila mela ashen ee Pe wg id Ccheap tulture media is required } vs 0 ey HA 0 jo) Ct hasn le span of # weeks i. Male xy XX. t has onfferent male ¢ female aximum genttHcal oxperimments have been Aone on eos 7050p hte “Wheneratior ~ Aed gye X White eye x i ie ' : Se 1 | F , i Panentol Recormbinatiooe ee neliais aes L 877+ | E facleptndenp acsortment found fates, rathe fn Drosophila there (no Ls oH oe fe Deep 2\g: ER CA RraBeors, Fn 5 EF OSS} AG OV A eid AG fan away? ‘recembinangk wil be Sermea which is le | 0B > Close —> Linkage > The cl0se assdclubion of the the fwo genes on tne chromasone | (6 in such way rhar these gents, Ore passed oy the ex? Generation Gs such. <> These ges umd Showing Wnkege will not seggregare: <1 5 Recom binghon/cressi'n | over, —_In_the above adlogram genes P¥R Gre located far away whereas the gure P+ 8 are Cotaped very near perce /F Dering Pactfene stage of mefosis—r [Ary a f 6 gene Por e Shi are here Poze will > nor show crassing over ab/ they are close) linked. & they shoo linkage the gene P*# 6 @ will assed on as such 1 Me next generation, The_aistonce bly the two, enes on the Chromasomes is re presenreot / Cm J Centimory @ y 35 cm. yee S E (a) _ ES SS =F : i Moon 5d rt : Diskanee b/0 EP AT Ea. al EP= 20cm. EQ = 30 w- . Qe who pap pli in. genetic. what, he has “mad. heel chromosomal mapping was given by TH: Horgan - He unit Cents morgan 2 is e jo! dy L by it fells abovt_a family history Ot a family in i relation to any pee genetical dicorde, L = by pedigree analysis one _can Get Clear cu. mation — abovt the pattern 2, ‘ransmisson Gene Digeases ia a farrlty. |L_1“maie O> femare —____||_ igen o symbols og pedigree Araallyaus > _- | 4 > unspecified se Bl @ @ > diseased. individuals 1Q) £3 carrier individuals O—t => CNating b/w the parents) G ] = _corsangi nous. mating Cmarrigge 6/0 close relatives) eS x = Latent an shej ay SS Young ones fiabe tS : Ord = Pa ats _cuth wa aseased chila A five puna “a. OF Offs prings IK by using these signs and sy*bols, We make a_pedigree chart o¢ a jormly % by tis Way _ped/greo Avo lysis acts at a strong toatl LL to__Getermine A genetical try n. afamily 20d pow does tt trans mits fp, a_certain aAjseace =i = s> Tl Humans ¥ Drosophila: fence tnate xX x xy xx mY PX—X4 [female mare fere-le—mere. la _Melondrina Cin thj 2t alsa simile cia Sex weterminalion i's seen Ike human & RKresop pila,). #) Page No. [7 haa oes Female male Female male r — (yuexx) (yt ny) (6txx) Gtxy) - aD i agit (2 Fae © aoe —- failine (2222 OIE) (BRIDGE i ] ' = L | = - UUREYY (uuexy) (GR) (aux G46) C49 ive C46) le wmode two He iy — S$. ake (6+) GBt+xC3+y) # Henbln in 189) ‘frateal thee Sor, or als gens 0 bike |sfructuse and Sor. fo not haw K bod - ain & te sctpligt gor Uy drm x dimemecane 7 a! alee = > a _——— } preety nf Bee (20) j=-— Page No. =A @ oP on hs as z pO Co ; Jertirirovion = Drone /male bee es CsGpenay Cey parthenogenesis) c bee / queen = eB Fygoe bee? a een m2 2. loicl ger re a ie, 16 Chromosomes in st /t form the oY Sperry 2, 6 chromosome whereas the ferPle 2 honey hee has diplald cet op Chrarrasom a pees 3A bea PF wpe 7. formed by a Pasthenapeneds ‘ke the ryase gee rather it _| has farm. he_ process pp fere iti zar-m-—| = whin fmok Aaaty be! pdlery, Bnefeoeresis | then eng Us with [6 chremoeseme — noch wre Mt medl. oa | Aur aloes anate Gud feuredts onugber |_ Ataurbts ? = egg + gpekto._pe tll bs thd die. if dermale honty pee ic formed an pare cIO) - Fertil. a ieee then the haplra L 70. oS nn, $ £9g Cel la, male fone y bee eS Faplorcl cet a chromo - me. |

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