REPRODUCTI

ON

THEMALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM

STRUCTUREOFTHEHUMANTESTI
S
FUNCTI
ONSOFTHEPARTS

- Thesemi
nif
eroust
ubul
espr
oducet
hemal
egamet
es.

- Ley
eli
gcel
l(i
nter
sti
ti
alcel
l
s)–pr
oducet
hemal
esexhor
mone(
test
ost
erone)

- Dar
tosmuscl
esmov
est
het
est
ist
owar
dsorawayf
rom t
hebodyaccor
dingt
o
t
heout
sidet
emper
atur
einor
dert
omai
ntai
nsper
m pr
oduct
ionatanopt
imum
l
evel
.

- Vasef
fer
ent
ia–col
l
ectandt
ransf
ersper
mst
otheheadoft
heepi
dymi
swher
e
t
heyar
econcent
rat
edbyr
e-absor
pti
onoff
lui
dsebet
edf
rom t
hesemi
nif
erous
t
ubul
[Link]
msmat
urei
nthi
sregi
on.

- Vasdef
erens–conv
eyssper
mst
otheur
ethr
aandi
tact
sassper
m st
ore.

- Pr
ost
ategl
and–secr
etesami
l
kywhi
tef
lui
dthatnut
ral
i
sest
heaci
dit
yofany
t
racesofur
ineandhel
pspr
otectsper
mfr
om aci
dicsecr
eti
onsi
nthef
emal
e
body
.

- Semi
nal
vesi
cles–secr
eteat
hickycl
earf
lui
dthatnour
ishest
hesper
m.

- Cowper
sgl
and(
bul
bour
ethr
algl
and)t
hatsecr
eteal
ubr
icant
.
STRUCTUREOFTHEHUMANFEMALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHEPARTS

Ov
ary–pr
oducef
emal
egamet
esandsecr
etef
emal
esexhor
mones.

Cor
tex–composedofdev
elopi
ngf
oll
i
clesf
rom whi
chsper
msar
epr
oduced.

Medul
l
e–composedofst
romecont
aini
ngconnect
ivet
issue,bl
oodv
esselandmat
ure
f
oll
i
cles.

Fal
l
opi
ant
ube–conv
eysf
emal
egamet
esf
rom ov
aryt
otheut
erus.I
tisl
i
nedwi
tha
ci
l
iat
edepi
thel
i
um andal
sot
hemuscl
ewal
lhasper
ist
alt
icmov
ement
s.

Ut
erus:
has3l
ayer
s

- Ser
oushat–out
erl
ayer

- My
omet
ri
um –hassmoot
hmuscl
essensi
ti
vet
ooxy
toci
ndur
ingbi
rt
h.
 - Endomet
ri
um –t
ubul
argl
andsandspi
ral
art
eri
oles.

- Cer
vix–separ
atesut
erusf
rom t
hev
agi
na.

- Vul
vamadeupofl
abi
amakor
aandbabi
ami
nopr
otect
sthecl
i
tor
is,v
agi
nal
or
if
iceandur
ethr
aov
ifi
ce.

- Cl
i
tor
is–er
ect
il
est
ruct
ure.

- Vest
ibul
argl
andsl
ocat
ed wi
thi
n wal
l
s oft
he v
ulv
arel
eases and hel
ps t
o
l
ubr
icat
ethepeni
sdur
ingi
nter
cour
se.

- Vagi
na–r
ecei
vesofsemenandpassagef
orababy
.

GAMETOGENESI
S

A sequenceofmi
tot
icandmecot
icdi
vi
sionunder
gonebyt
hecel
l
soft
heger
minal
epi
thel
i
um i
nbot
hmal
eandf
emal
egonado.

I
nbot
hcasest
hepr
ocessi
nvol
ves3st
ages

- Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionst
age

- Agr
owt
hst
age

- Amat
urat
ionst
age.

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
nvol
vesr
epeat
edmi
tot
icdi
vi
sionspr
oduci
ngmanysper
mat
ogoni
aand
Oogoni
a.

Mat
urat
ionst
agedur
ingwhi
cht
hef
ir
standsecondmer
oti
cdi
vi
sionsoccurf
oll
owedby
di
ff
erent
iat
ionoft
hehapl
oidcel
l
sandt
hef
ormat
ionofgamet
es.
SPERMATOGENESI
S

Sequenceofcel
ldi
vi
sionspr
oduci
ngsper
mat
ozoa.

Sper
mat
ogenesi
sisf
oll
owed by a compl
ete pr
ocess of di
ff
erent
iat
ion cal
l
ed
sper
mat
ogenesi
s.

The epi
thel
i
um oft
he semi
naf
erous t
abul
e consi
stofan out
erl
ayerofger
minal
epi
thel
i
alcel
l
s(pr
imor
dial
ger
m cel
l
s).

Thei
nit
ialdi
vi
sionsoft
heger
minalepi
thel
i
alcel
l
sgi
ver
iset
omanysper
mat
ogenesi
s
whi
chi
ncr
easei
nsi
zet
ofor
m pr
imar
ysper
mat
ocy
tes.

Theseunder
got
hef
ir
stmar
oti
cdi
vi
siont
ofor
m hapl
oidsecondar
ysper
mat
ocy
lesand
t
hesecondmeot
icdi
vi
si
ont
ofor
m sper
mat
ids t
hissecondar
ysper
mat
ocy
teswi
l
l
become embedded i
nthi
s manyi
nvagenat
ions oft
he ser
tol
icel
l
s whi
ch pr
ovi
de
mechani
cal
suppor
t,pr
otect
ionandnour
ishmentdur
ingmat
urat
ionofsper
mat
ozoa.

Thesper
mat
alsl
atermat
urei
nto sper
mat
ozoa. Themat
urat
ion ofsper
mat
ed t
o
sper
mat
ozoai
nvol
vesdi
ff
erent
iat
ion.

Bel
ow Summar
y di
agr
am of t
he pr
ocess of human sper
mat
ogenesi
s and
sper
miogenesi
snotdr
awnt
oscal
e
Di
agr
am showi
ngt
heSt
ruct
ureofamat
urehumansper
mat
ozoo

St
ruct
ureoft
hesper
mat
ozoa

Acr
osome–cont
ainshy
drol
yti
cenzy
meswhi
chwi
l
lbei
nvol
vedi
nthepenet
rat
ionsof
t
heOocy
tebyt
hesper
mimmedi
atel
yaf
terf
ert
il
izat
ion.

Mi
tochondr
ia– r
eleasesener
gyi
nthecont
ract
il
emechani
smswhi
ch br
ing about
mov
ementoft
hef
laget
hum.

Ot
herf
unct
ionsoft
het
est
is

Undert
hei
nfl
uenceofi
ntei
nisi
nghor
mone,t
hel
eydi
ngcel
l
soft
het
est
ispr
oducea
st
eroi
dhor
monecal
l
edt
est
ost
erone

Test
ost
eroneaf
fect
sbot
hpr
imar
yandsecondar
ysexualchar
act
eri
sti
csdur
ingpuber
ty
andmai
ntai
ningt
hem t
hroughoutadul
tli
[Link]
ncl
ude:
-

(
1) Dev
elopmentofmal
eex
ter
nal
geni
tal
i
a

(
2) Dev
elopmentofecconor
ygl
andsoft
her
epr
oduct
ion

(
3) I
ncr
easedmuscl
edev
elopment

(
4) Enl
argementoft
hel
ary
nxpr
oduci
ngdeepeni
ngoft
hev
oice.

(
5) Gr
owt
handdi
str
ibut
ionofhai
r.

(
6) Behav
iour
alact
ivi
ti
esenoci
atedwi
thmat
ingandpar
ent
alconcer
n.

OOGENESI
S

For
mat
ionofoocy
tes/Ov
a.

Thepr
oduct
ionofov
ainf
emal
esbegi
nsbef
orebi
rt
handi
scompl
etedonl
yaf
ter
f
ert
il
izat
ion.

Dur
ingt
hef
etaldev
elopmentpr
imor
dialcel
lunder
gor
epet
it
ivemi
tot
icdi
vi
sionsand
pr
oducemanyl
argercel
lcal
l
edOogoni
a.

Theseunder
goMi
tosi
sandf
orm pr
imar
yoocy
teswhi
chr
emai
natpr
ophaseoft
his
st
ageunt
olj
ustbef
oreov
ulat
ion.

Pr
imar
yoocy
tesar
eencl
osedbyasi
ngl
elay
ercel
l
s,t
hemembr
anegr
anul
i
zeandf
orm
st
ruct
uresknownaspr
imor
dial
fol
l
icl
es.

Pr
iort
oov
ulat
ion,t
hepr
imar
yoocy
cleunder
got
hef
ir
stmer
otcdi
vi
siont
ofor
mthe
hapl
oidsecondar
yoocy
teandt
hef
ir
stpol
arbody
.

Thesecondmer
oti
cdi
vi
si
onpr
oceedsasf
arasmet
aphasebutdoesnotcont
inueunt
il
asper
m wi
tht
heoocy
te.

Atf
ert
il
izat
iont
hesecondar
yOocy
teunder
got
hesecondmer
oti
cdi
vi
sionpr
oduci
nga
l
arget
heov
um andasecondpol
arbody
.

Thepol
arbodi
esar
esmal
lcel
l
s. Theyhav
erol
einoogenesi
sbutr
ecei
vehal
fthe
chr
omosomesmaki
ngt
heov
um hapl
[Link]
ent
ual
l
ydegener
ate.
SUMMARYDI
AGRAM OFTHEPROCESSOFHUMANOOGENESI
S

MENSTRUALCYCLE

Acy
cli
calact
ivi
tywi
thaper
iodi
cit
yofappr
oxi
mat
ely28day
sandi
nvol
veschangesi
n
st
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionsoft
hewhol
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem.

(
1) Fol
l
icul
arphase–f
oll
i
cledev
elopment(
FSH,
LH&Oest
rogen)
 (
2) Ov
ulat
ion–Oocy
ter
eleases(
LH&FSH)

(
3) Lut
eal
phase–cor
pusl
uteum dev
elops(
progest
erone)

(
4) Menst
ruat
ion(
int
eal
regr
essi
on,
progest
eromnewi
thdr
awn)

Theev
ent
soft
hemenst
rual
cycl
einv
olv
es

(
a) Ov
ari
es(
ovar
iescy
cle)

(
b) Ut
erus(
uter
inecy
cle)

Summar
yofphasesoft
hehumanmenst
rualcy
cle

Ov
ulat
ion

14

(
7)Fol
l
icul
arphase I
nteal
phase(
21)

Menst
ruat
ion

28

N.
BFi
gur
eindi
cat
eday
sconf
idi
ngwi
thphasesoft
hecy
cle.

Ov
ari
ancy
cle

Thi
sbegi
nswi
thdev
elopmentofsev
eralpr
imar
yfol
l
icl
es(
cont
aini
ngpr
imar
yoocy
tes)
i
nducedbyt
her
eleaseoff
oll
i
clest
imul
ati
nghor
mone(
FSH)f
rom ant
eri
orpi
tui
tar
y
gl
and.
Onl
yonecont
inuest
ogr
ow whi
l
stt
her
estbr
eakdownbyadegener
ati
vepr
ocess
(
fol
l
icul
arat
resi
a).

Thecel
l
soft
hemembr
anegr
anul
oseoft
hef
oll
i
clepr
oli
ter
atet
opr
oduceanout
er
f
ibr
ousl
ayersev
eralcel
l
sthi
ckknownast
het
hecai
nter
naandani
nnerv
ascul
arl
ayer
,
t
het
hecai
nter
na.

Thegr
anul
osecel
l
ssecr
eteaf
lui
dwhi
chcol
l
ect
sandf
ormsaspace,t
heat
rum wi
thi
n
t
hef
oll
i
cle.

Lut
erni
singhor
mone(
LH)r
eleasedf
rom t
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
andst
imul
atest
hecel
l
soft
he
t
hecaet
opr
oducest
eroi
dspar
ti
cul
arl
y17βoest
radi
ol.

Oest
radi
ol–causest
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
andt
odecr
easepr
oduct
ionofFSHl
evel
sinbl
ood
(
day4-H)(
-vef
eedback)
.

Oest
rogel
evel
sreachamaxi
mum aboutt
hreeday
sbef
oreov
ulat
ionandatt
hist
ime
hav
eaposi
ti
vef
eedbackact
ionont
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
andcausi
ngt
her
eleaseofbot
hFSH
andLH.

FSH-St
imul
atet
hegr
owt
hoff
oll
i
cles.

Themat
uref
oll
i
clei
snowcal
l
edgr
eat
ianf
oll
i
cle.

Atov
ulat
ion,
thesecondar
yOocy
tedet
achesf
rom t
hewal
loft
hef
oll
i
cleandi
srel
eased
i
ntot
heper
it
onealcav
ityandpanei
ntot
hef
all
opi
ant
[Link]
yoneoocy
lei
srel
eased
eachmont
h.

Theov
ulat
edoocy
teconsi
stsofacel
lwhosenucl
eusi
sinmet
aphase1ofmer
osi
s
sur
roundedbyacel
llay
erknownast
hezonapat
hel
i
deandal
ayerofgr
anul
i
zecel
l
knowascor
onar
adi
ati
onwhi
chpr
otectt
heoocy
teupt
ofer
ti
li
zat
ion.

Fol
l
owi
ngov
ulat
ion,LH l
evel
sfal
ltof
oll
i
cul
arl
evelandi
nthepr
esenceofanot
her
gonadst
rophi
npr
olact
in,t
hecel
l
soft
her
upt
uredf
oll
i
clechanget
ofor
mthecor
pus
i
nter
im(
yel
l
owbody
).
Thi
sbegi
nst
o secr
eteand r
eleasepr
ogest
eronehor
moneand smal
lamount
sof
aest
rogen.

Theset
wohor
monesmai
ntai
nthest
ruct
ureoft
heendomet
ri
um oft
heut
erusand
i
nhi
bitFSHandLHr
elease(
-vef
eedbackorhy
pot
hal
amas)
.

I
ffer
ti
li
zat
iondoesnotoccur
,thecor
pusl
uteum r
egumesper
sist
ingasascar
edar
ea
cal
l
edcor
pusal
l
icant
us.

Ther
efor
epr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogenl
evel
sdecr
ease,
resul
ti
ngi
nFSHbei
ngnol
onger
i
nhi
bit
edandast
heFSHl
evel
risesanewcy
cleoff
oll
i
cledev
elopmentoccur
.

Di
agr
ammat
icr
epr
esent
ati
onofasect
iont
hroughahumanov
aryshowi
ngt
hest
agesi
n

t
hedev
elopmentofaGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cle,
ovul
ati
onandt
hef
ormat
ionandr
egr
essi
onoft
he
cor
pusl
[Link]
lthesest
ageswoul
dbeseent
oget
her
.Thenumber
sindi
cat
ethe
sequenceoft
hest
ages.

Ut
eri
necy
cle
Theut
eri
necy
cleconsi
stsof3phasesr
epr
esent
edbyst
ruct
ural
andf
unct
ional
changes
oft
heendomet
ri
um.

(
1) Menst
rual
phase

Thi
sist
hesheddi
ngoft
heepi
thet
hal
li
ningoft
heendomet
ri
um.

Epi
thehalcel
l
soft
heendomet
ri
um duet
otheconst
ruct
ionofspi
ralar
ter
iol
es
i
nthewal
loft
heut
eruswhi
chcut
sof
fthebl
oodsuppl
y.

Becauseofconst
ruct
ionofspi
ralar
ter
iol
es,
thi
swi
l
lresul
tini
ncr
easedbl
ood
f
low andt
hel
i
ningofut
eruswi
l
ldet
ach.I
tshedt
oget
herwi
thbl
oodi
nthe
menst
rual
flow.

(
2) Pr
oli
fer
ati
vephase

Thi
sconci
deswi
tht
hef
oll
i
cul
arphaseoft
heoest
rouscy
cleandi
nvol
vest
he
r
api
d pr
oli
fer
ati
on of endomet
ri
alcel
l
s causi
ng t
he t
hickeni
ng of t
he
endomet
ri
um undert
hecont
rol
ofoest
rogen.

(
3) Secr
etor
yphase

Dur
ing t
his phase pr
ogest
erone f
rom t
he cor
pus i
nteum st
imul
ates t
he
secr
eti
onofmor
cusf
rom t
heut
erusandt
hismai
ntai
nst
hel
i
ningoft
he
ut
erusi
ntheaccept
ivest
atef
ort
hei
mpl
ant
ati
onofaf
ert
il
izedov
um.