Human Anatomy & Physiology | FY 2023/2024
Chapter 4 – Tissue: The Living Fabric
Revision QuesGons
___(1)___ are groups of ___(2)___ that are ___(3)___ in structure and perform a common or related
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___(4)___.
different
cells
similar
tissues
function
If we summarized the role of each primary tissue in a single word, we could say that nervous tissue
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___(1)___, epithelial tissue ___(2)___, connective tissue ___(3)___, muscle tissue ___(4)___.
covers
moves
controls
supports
plays
Cytology is a branch of anatomy that studies tissues, and it complements the study of gross
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anatomy.
A True
B False
Epithelial tissue, or an epithelium, is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body
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cavity.
A True
B False
5 Choose SIX. In epithelium’s role as a boundary-forming tissue, it accomplishes many functions, including:
B Protection
C Absorption
D Filtration
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D Movement
E Excretion
F Secretion
G Sensory reception
G Internal communication
6 All epithelia have 2 surfaces that are different in structure and function.
A True
B False
___(1)___: is not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the
body or the cavity of an internal organ.
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___(2)___: is attached to the underlying connective tissue.
For this reason, we say that epithelia exhibit apical-basal polarity.
Apical surface
Basal surface
Lateral surface
8 All epithelia have at least 9 surfaces that are different in structure and function.
A True
B False
9 Microvilli: fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane. What’s its main function?
A Increases the exposed surface area.
B Decreases the exposed surface area.
C Facilitates cell division
D Stores excess nutrients
10 Choose TWO. Locations where microvilli are dense.
A Stomach lining
B Small intestine
C Skin
D Kidneys
E Brain tissue
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11 Where do you expect to find motile cilia?
A Lining the small intestine
B Covering the surface of skin
C In the trachea and respiratory tract
D Surrounding the kidneys
12 What does the basal lamina consist largely of?
A Smooth muscle cells
B Glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers
C Nerve cells
D Red blood cells
13 Choose TWO. What are the functions of basal lamina?
A Selective filter for molecule diffusion
B Synthesizes hormones for the body
C Stores excess nutrients
D Regulates blood flow to the epithelium
E Scaffolding for cell migration during repair
14 All epithelial tissues are fit closely together except for ______.
A glandular epithelia
B simple squamous epithelia
C transitional epithelia
D pseudostratified columnar epithelia
___(1)___ prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells.
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___(2)___ keep cells from pulling apart.
Desmosomes
Tight junctions
16 Not all epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by connective sheets.
A True
B False
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17 Choose THREE. What is the benefit of basement membrane?
A Reinforces the epithelial sheet
B Helps it resist stretching and tearing
C Defines the epithelial boundary
D Separates between epithelium and different type of tissue, usually muscle tissue.
E Allows for the passage of large molecules.
F Is the site of photosynthesis.
18 Choose TWO. Basement membrane layers are:
A Basal lamina
B Alveolar lamina
C Reticular lamina
19 The reticular lamina is ___ to the basal lamina
A Deep
B Superior
C Lateral
C Superficial
20 Reticular lamina “belongs to” the underlying connective tissue.
A True
B False
21 Although epithelium is vascular, it is innervated.
A True
B False
22 Epithelia are nourished by ___.
A Substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue.
B Blood vessels
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If epithelial cells’ apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts are destroyed, they begin to
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reproduce themselves slowly.
A True
B False
24 How are epithelia named?
A The first name describes the shape of the cells and the second describes the number of cell layers
present.
B The first name describes the number of cell layers present and the second describes the shape of the
cells.
25 Match between “types of epithelia” and their descriptions.
A Quite rare in the body, but mostly found in the ducts of some of
Simple squamous
the larger glands.
Limited distribution in the body. This epithelium also occurs at
B Simple cuboidal transition areas or junctions between two other types of
epithelia.
Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei
C Simple columnar
and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.
D Pseudostratified columnar Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells
E Stratified squamous bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-
secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).
Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are
F Stratified cuboidal cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are
flattened.
Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the
G Stratified columnar free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-
secreting cells and bear cilia.
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal;
H Transitional basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or
squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch.
26 Match between “types of epithelia” and their functions.
A Secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by
Simple squamous
ciliary action.
B Simple cuboidal Secretion and absorption
C Simple columnar Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ.
D Pseudostratified columnar Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other
E Stratified squamous substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells)
by ciliary action.
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Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where
F Transitional protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in
serosae (linings of ventral body cavity).
27 Match between “types of epithelia” and their locations.
Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to
rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands;
A Simple squamous
ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some
regions of the uterus.
Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus,
B Simple cuboidal mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of
the skin, a dry epithelium.
Limited distribution in the body. Small amounts are found in the
pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. This
C Simple columnar
epithelium also occurs at transition areas or junctions between
2 other types of epithelia.
Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands;
D Pseudostratified columnar
ovary surface.
Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels,
E Stratified squamous
and lymphatic vessels; serosae.
F Stratified cuboidal Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.
Quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some the
G Stratified columnar
larger glands (sweat glands, mammary glands).
Ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper
H Transitional respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males’ sperm-carrying
ducts and ducts of large glands.
___(1)___ provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs
of the cardiovascular system
28 ___(2)___ is the epithelium found in serous membranes, the membranes lining the ventral
body cavity and covering its organs.
Both epithelia are considered ___(3)___.
Stratified squamous
Mesothelium
Simple squamous
Endothelium
The cells of different types of epithelia have the same height, especially for the pseudostratified
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columnar epithelium.
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A True
B False
A ___(1)___ consists of one or more ___(2)___ that make and secrete a particular product. This product
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is called ___(3)___ and it is an aqueous fluid that usually contains protein.
gland
tissues
cells
secretion
31 Unicellular glands ______.
A Are scattered within epithelial sheets.
B Are formed by invagination.
C Are called “ductless” glands.
D Are divided by structure into compound & simple.
32 All multicellular glands in the human body are merocrine except:
A Sweat glands
B Salivary glands
C Sebaceous(oil) glands
D Mammary glands
33 How do multicellular glands form?
C Sebaceous(oil) glands
D By invagination of epithelia into the underlying connective tissue.
34 At inception unicellular glands have ducts.
A True
B False
35 All endocrine glands arise from epithelia.
A True
B False
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36 Choose FOUR. List of endocrine secretions:
A Amino acids
B Peptides
C Glycoproteins
D Steroids
F Nucleic acids
G Minerals
37 What is the function of fibrous capsules?
A Increase surface area of contact
B Increase flexibility and elasticity
C Protect the structures it contains
D Divides the glands into lobes
38 Goblet cells ______.
A accumulate & secrete enzymes to help digest the proteins.
B form duct structures
C are distended from the top of the cell
D have microvilli to help propel the food
39 Endocrine glands secrete in which of the following?
A Skin
B In the small intestine
C In the blood stream
D In the mouth
40 Sort from the lowest to highest (what is more vascular).
Dense CT
Other types of CT
Cartilage
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Connective tissue proper has two classes: loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues. Match
41 between these “two classes” and their subdivisions.
Note: You may repeat the letter in your answers
A Loose connective tissues Irregular
B Dense connective tissues Areolar
Elastic
Reticular
Adipose
Regular
Areolar connective tissue is the most widely distrusted connective tissue in the body, and it is
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known to be avascular.
A True
B False
___(1)___ connect muscle and bone together.
___(2)___ connect two bones together.
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Both ligaments and tendons are considered ___(3)___.
Tendons
Ligaments
epithelial tissues
connective tissues
muscle tissues
___(1)___ is/are the unstructured material that fills the spaces between the cells and contains
the fibers.
It has 3 components:
___(2)___: function as a molecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved
44 substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and the cells.
___(3)___: serve mainly as a connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach
to the extracellular matrix.
___(4)___: consist of a protein core to which large polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans
(GAGS) are attached.
Cell adhesion proteins
Ground substance
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Proteoglycans
Interstitial fluid
45 The higher the GAG content, the more viscous the ground substance.
A True
B False
46 The fibers of connective tissue are ______ that provide support
A fat
B proteins
B glycogens
47 The most abundant and strongest fibers are ______.
A reticular
B areolar
C collagen
D elastic
Collagen fibers are made of the fibrous protein ___(1)___. Collagen molecules are secreted
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into the ___(2)___ space, where they assemble spontaneously into cross-linked fibrils.
collagen
intracellular
endocrine
extracellular
vast
49 Collagen fibers are extremely tough because the fibrils that make up the fibers are cross-linked.
A True
B False
Elastic fibers are found where stress and strength is needed, for example, in the bones and
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tendons.
A True
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B False
The reticular fibers connect to the coarser collagen fibers, but they branch extensively, forming
51 delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support the bones in the skeletal
system.
A True
B False
Each major class of connective tissue has a resident cell type that exists in immature and
52 mature forms.
Immature cell’s name ends with ___(1)___ and mature cell’s name ends with ___(2)___.
blast
cyte
53 Match between “types of epithelia” and their descriptions.
A Fibroblasts Cartilage
B Chondroblasts CT proper
C Osteoblasts Bone
Once the ___(1)___ blast cells synthesize the matrix, the blast cells assume their ___(2)___.
54 The -cyte cells maintain the health of the matrix. However, if the matrix is injured, they can
easily revert to their ___(3)___ active blast form to repair and regenerate the matrix.
immature
more
less
mature
Connective tissue is also home to an assortment of other cell types.
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Match between “cells” and their function
A Adipocytes Concerned with tissue response to injury.
Detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory
B White blood cells
responses against them.
C Mast cells Dispose of dead tissue cells and fight infection.
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D Macrophages Store energy as fat.
Choose FOUR. Mast cells typically cluster along blood vessels. They contain secretory granules with
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chemicals that mediate inflammation, especially in severe allergies. These chemicals include:
A Leukotrienes
B Histamine
C Heparin
D Cyclobenzaprine
E Proteases
F Other enzymes
Macrophages are large, regularly shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign
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materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles.
A True
B False
58 Macrophages dispose of dead tissue cells, and they are central actors in the immune system.
A True
B False
Mature connective tissues arise from a common embryonic tissue called mesenchyme.
59 Mesenchyme has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped
mesenchymal cells.
A True
B False
60 All connective tissues are called CT (connective tissue) proper.
A True
B False
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61 Match between “types of connective tissue” and their descriptions.
A Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers;
Areolar connective tissue
osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.
Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes,
B Adipose connective tissue
or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an
C Reticular connective tissue imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and
when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
Dense regular connective Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage;
D
tissue thick collagen fibers predominate.
Dense irregular connective Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,
E
tissue macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of
F Elastic connective tissue
elastic fibers.
G Hyaline cartilage Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic
H Elastic cartilage
fibers; fibroblast is the major cell type.
Loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance;
I Fibrocartilage
reticular cells lie on the fibers.
J Bone (Osseous Tissue) Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix.
Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell
K Blood
type is the fibroblast.
62 Match between “types of connective tissue” and their functions.
A Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other
Areolar connective tissue cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and
macrophages.
Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists
B Adipose connective tissue
compressive stress.
C Reticular connective tissue Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.
Supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the
Dense regular connective muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat;
D
tissue marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation
(hematopoiesis).
Dense irregular connective Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports
E
tissue and protects organs.
Allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow
F Elastic connective tissue of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following
inspiration.
Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other
G Hyaline cartilage
substances.
Withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides
H Elastic cartilage
structural strength.
Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to
I Fibrocartilage bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is
applied in one direction.
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Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize
J Bone (Osseous Tissue) bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and
conveys tissue fluid.
Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great
K Blood
flexibility.
63 Match between “types of connective tissue” and their locations.
A Areolar connective tissue Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long
B Adipose connective tissue bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs;
cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
C Reticular connective tissue Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
Dense regular connective
D Bones
tissue
Dense irregular connective Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs;
E
tissue within abdomen; in breasts.
Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with
F Elastic connective tissue
the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes.
G Hyaline cartilage Contained within blood vessels.
Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin;
H Elastic cartilage
submucosa of digestive tract.
I Fibrocartilage Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.
Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina
J Bone (Osseous Tissue) propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds
capillaries.
K Blood Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis.
___(1)___ are ___(2)___ tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement. Muscle
64 cells are tightly packed together. They possess ___(3)___, elaborate network of the actin and
myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.
Connective tissues
avascular
Well-vascularized
Epithelial tissues
myofilaments
Muscle tissues
65 Match between “types of muscle descriptions” and their descriptions.
A Skeletal muscle Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations.
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Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at
B Cardiac muscle
specialized junctions (intercalated discs).
Cells are spindle shaped (tapered on both ends) with central
C Smooth muscle
nuclei; no striations; cells are arranged closely to form sheets.
66 Match between “types of muscle descriptions” and their functions.
A As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary
Skeletal muscle
control.
Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along
B Cardiac muscle
internal
Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the
C Smooth muscle
environment; facial expression; voluntary control.
67 Match between “types of muscle descriptions” and their locations.
A Skeletal muscle Attached to bones or occasionally to skin.
B Cardiac muscle Mostly in the walls of hollow organs.
C Smooth muscle The walls of the heart.
___(1)___ is the main component of the nervous system. It contains two major cell types:
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neurons and ___(2)___.
Red blood cells
Creeper
Supporting cells
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
69 Neurons are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. Typically,
they are branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions or processes that enable them to:
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- Respond to stimuli (via processes called axons)
- Transmit electrical impulses over substantial distances within the body (via processes
called dendrites)
A True
B False
Supporting cells are non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and protect the delicate
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neurons.
A True
B False
71 The cutaneous membrane is wet; mucous and serous membranes are dry.
A True
B False
72 Choose TWO correct statements about the body’s membranes.
A There is only one tissue type that constitutes the body’s covering and lining membranes.
B The cutaneous membrane consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium firmly attached to a
thick layer of connective tissue (dermis).
C Mucosae line all body cavities that open to the outside body, such as the hollow organs of the
digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.
D Serous membranes have a visceral layer and a parietal layer separated by lamina propria.
E The serosae are named according to their tissue type.
F The pleurae enclose the abdominopelvic viscera.
73 Choose FOUR incorrect statements about the tissue repair.
A When the body’s barriers are compromised, the inflammatory and immune responses are disactivated.
B Repair usually starts very slowly.
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C Repair is the function of the inflammatory process.
D Tissue repair required that cells divide and migrate, activities that are initiated by growth factors
released by injured cells.
E Repair occurs in major two ways: replacement & fibrosis.
F In the initial part of wound healing, a special tissue is formed, and it is a type of nervous tissues.
One of the first events of the embryonic development is the formation of the three primary
74 germ layers, which lie one atop the next like a 3-layered pancake. These layers are the
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
A True
B False
The ques(ons below were taken from Dr. Rizwan’s PowerPoint slides.
Johan sustained a severe injury during football practice and is told that he has a torn knee
1
cartilage. Can he expect a quick, uneventful recovery?
A Yes
B No
B I don’t know 🤷 ﺣﻄﯿﺘﮫ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺣﺴﯿﺖ ﺧﯿﺎرﯾﻦ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ وﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺷﻮ اﻛﺘﺐ
2 The membrane which lines body cavities that open to the exterior is:
A Cutaneous membrane
B Mucous membrane
C Serous membrane
3 The tissue that lines body cavities and covers surfaces.
A Epithelial tissue
B Connective tissue
C Muscle tissue
D Nervous tissue
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Provide examples from the body that illustrate 4 of the major functions of the connective tissue.
4 Recall that the major functions include: (1) binding and support, (2) protecting, (3) insulating,
(4) storing reserve fuel.
Name the specific connective tissue type found in the following body locations
Forming the soft packing around organs: ___(1)___.
5 Supporting the ear pinna: ___(2)___.
Forming “stretchy” ligament: ___(3)___.
Forming the intervertebral discs: ___(4)___.
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Dense CT
Loose areolar
Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue relative to structure, body
6
location, and specific function.
Which of the following type of tissue is referred to be voluntarily, that is controlled under our
7
consciousness.
A Cardiac muscle
B Skeletal muscle
C Smooth muscle
D Neurons
8 The smooth muscle tissue is found at which of the following locations?
A Attached to bones or the skin.
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B In the walls of the heart.
C In the walls of the hollow organs.
D In the tongue.
9 Which of the following is the characteristic feature of muscle tissue?
A Functions in lining, covering, and in glandular tissue.
B Involved in protecting, supporting, and binding
C In the walls of the hollow organs.
D In the tongue.
10 This type of tissue is in the brain and spinal column?
A Smooth muscle
B Nervous tissue
C Cardiac muscle
D Skeletal muscle
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