Module–4 : Vector Calculus

Department of Applied Science and Humanities

[Link] 1st Semester

Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 1 / 15
 Module Outline

1 Vector valued functions

Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 2 / 15
 Vector Valued Functions

Vector Valued Function

Definition
A vector valued function is

⃗r (t) = x(t)iˆ + y (t)jˆ + z(t)k̂

Example y = x2

⃗r (t) = t iˆ + t 2 jˆ + 2t k̂
Steps:
d⃗r x
1 Velocity ⃗v =
dt
2 ⃗v (t) = iˆ + 2t jˆ + 2k̂
Department
3 ˆ
of Applied Science and Humanities ˆ 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus
ˆ ([Link] 3 / 15
 Gradient and Directional Derivative

Gradient

Definition
For a scalar field ϕ(x, y , z),

∂ϕ ˆ ∂ϕ ˆ ∂ϕ Geometric Meaning
∇ϕ = i+ j+ k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∇ϕ
ϕ=c
Example
ϕ = x2 + y2 + z2
Steps:
1 ∂x ϕ = 2x, ∂y ϕ = 2y , ∂z ϕ = 2z Gradient is normal to level surface.
2 ∇ϕ = 2x iˆ + 2y jˆ + 2z k̂
3 At (1, 1, 1): 2(iˆ + jˆ + k̂)

Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 4 / 15
 Gradient and Directional Derivative

Directional Derivative

Definition
Directional derivative of ϕ in the direction of unit vector
n̂:
Dn̂ ϕ = ∇ϕ · n̂ Important Result
Maximum directional derivative:
Example
ϕ = x 2 + y 2 at (1, 1) along n̂ = √1 (1, 1) max Dn̂ ϕ = |∇ϕ|
2
Steps:
Direction is along ∇ϕ.
1 ∇ϕ = (2x, 2y )
2 At (1, 1): (2, 2)
√
3 Dn̂ ϕ = (2, 2) · √1 (1, 1) =2 2
2

Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 5 / 15
 Divergence and Curl

Divergence

Definition
For F⃗ = P iˆ + Q jˆ + R k̂,
∂P ∂Q ∂R
∇ · F⃗ = + + Physical Meaning
∂x ∂y ∂z
Source: ∇ · F⃗ > 0
Example Sink: ∇ · F⃗ < 0
F⃗ = x iˆ + y jˆ + z k̂ Solenoidal field: = 0
Steps:
1 ∂x x = 1, ∂y y = 1, ∂z z = 1
2 ∇ · F⃗ = 3

Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 6 / 15
 Divergence and Curl

Curl

Definition
Let F⃗ = P iˆ + Q jˆ + R k̂, then

iˆ jˆ k̂
⃗
∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
P Q R Interpretation
Curl measures rotation of vector field.
Example
F⃗ = (−y , x, 0)
Steps:
1 Evaluate determinant
2 ∇ × F⃗ = 2k̂
Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 7 / 15
 Line Integral

Line Integral

Definition
Z
F⃗ · d⃗r
C

represents work done by force F⃗ along curve C . Curve

Example
F⃗ = (y , x), C : y = x 2 , (0, 0) → (1, 1)
Steps:
1 Parametrize: x = t, y = t 2 , d⃗r = (dt, 2t dt)
2 F⃗ = (t 2 , t)
3 F⃗ · d⃗r = 3t 2 dt
R1 2
0 3t dt = 1
4

Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 8 / 15
 Integral Theorems

Green’s Theorem

Statement
Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise smooth, simple closed curve bounding a region R in
the plane. If P and Q have continuous partial derivatives on R, then
I ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
(P dx + Q dy ) = − dA
C R ∂x ∂y

Conditions
C anticlockwise, region simply connected.

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 Integral Theorems

Green’s Theorem: Solved Example

Problem
I
Evaluate (x dx + y dy ) where C : x 2 + y 2 = a2 . Region
C

Solution
Step 1: P = x, Q = y
Step 2: ∂x Q = 0, ∂y P = 0
Step 3: ZZ
(0 − 0) dA = 0
R

Answer: 0

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 Integral Theorems

Gauss Divergence Theorem

Statement
Let V be a solid region bounded by a closed surface S with outward unit normal n̂. If F⃗ has
continuous partial derivatives in V , then
ZZ ZZZ
⃗
F · n̂ dS = (∇ · F⃗ ) dV
S V

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 Integral Theorems

Gauss Theorem: Solved Example

Problem
Find the flux of F⃗ = (x, y , z) across the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 . Surface
n̂
Solution
Step 1: ∇ · F⃗ = 3
4
Step 2: Volume of sphere = πa3
3
Step 3:
ZZ ZZZ
⃗
F · n̂ dS = 3 dV = 4πa3
S V

Answer: 4πa3
Department of Applied Science and Humanities ([Link] 1st Semester) Module–4 : Vector Calculus 12 / 15
 Integral Theorems

Stokes’ Theorem

Statement
Let S be an oriented smooth surface bounded by a closed curve C with unit normal n̂. If F⃗
has continuous partial derivatives, then
I ZZ
⃗
F · d⃗r = (∇ × F⃗ ) · n̂ dS
C S

Orientation
Right–hand thumb → n̂, curl of fingers → C .

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 Integral Theorems

Stokes’ Theorem: Solved Example

Problem
Evaluate C F⃗ · d⃗r for F⃗ = (−y , x, 0), C : x 2 + y 2 = a2
H
Orientation
in xy –plane.

Solution
Step 1: ∇ × F⃗ = 2k̂
Step 2: Choose S as disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ a2
Step 3: ZZ
2 dS = 2πa2
S

Answer: 2πa2

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 Integral Theorems

Thank You

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